Com o aumento do processamento de petróleos mais pesados, torna-se interessante realizar um estudo dos possíveis mecanismos de deterioração que poderão ocorrer em função do aumento do Índice de Acidez Total (IAT). Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar as linhas e equipamentos que compõe a bateria de pré-aquecimento da carga de uma unidade de Hidrotratamento (HDT) de diesel. Esse trecho teoricamente está susceptível a ocorrência de corrosão por ácidos naftênicos devido a dois principais fatores: a presença desses ácidos com teores de neutralização superiores a 0,5 mg KOH/g na composição química da carga e a temperatura de processamento, que se encontra em um intervalo de 200 a 400ºC, adequado para existência de tal mecanismo de deterioração. Os dados obtidos em campo referentes à taxa de corrosão das linhas e dos equipamentos foram parametrizados em suas variáveis operacionais e através de uma análise comparativa com dados encontrados na literatura foram obtidas informações importantes para avaliar a ocorrência de corrosão naftênica. / With the increased processing of heavier oils, it is interesting a study of possible mechanisms of deterioration that may occur due to the increase of the Total Acid Number (TAN). Thus, this study aims to evaluate the main lines and equipment that comprise the battery of preheating of the load of a unit of Hydrotreating (HDT) of diesel. This excerpt is theoretically likely to occur from corrosion by naphthenic acids due to two main factors: the presence of these acids with levels of neutralizing more than 0.5 mg KOH/g in the chemical composition of the load and the temperature of processing, which is in a range from 200 º C to 400 º C, suitable for the existence of such a deterioration mechanism. Data from field concerning to the rate of corrosion of the lines and equipment were parameterized in their operational variables and through a comparative analysis with data found in literature were obtained important information to evaluate the occurrence of naphthenic corrosion.

Com o aumento do processamento de petróleos mais pesados, torna-se interessante realizar um estudo dos possíveis mecanismos de deterioração que poderão ocorrer em função do aumento do Índice de Acidez Total (IAT). Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar as linhas e equipamentos que compõe a bateria de pré-aquecimento da carga de uma unidade de Hidrotratamento (HDT) de diesel. Esse trecho teoricamente está susceptível a ocorrência de corrosão por ácidos naftênicos devido a dois principais fatores: a presença desses ácidos com teores de neutralização superiores a 0,5 mg KOH/g na composição química da carga e a temperatura de processamento, que se encontra em um intervalo de 200 a 400ºC, adequado para existência de tal mecanismo de deterioração. Os dados obtidos em campo referentes à taxa de corrosão das linhas e dos equipamentos foram parametrizados em suas variáveis operacionais e através de uma análise comparativa com dados encontrados na literatura foram obtidas informações importantes para avaliar a ocorrência de corrosão naftênica. / With the increased processing of heavier oils, it is interesting a study of possible mechanisms of deterioration that may occur due to the increase of the Total Acid Number (TAN). Thus, this study aims to evaluate the main lines and equipment that comprise the battery of preheating of the load of a unit of Hydrotreating (HDT) of diesel. This excerpt is theoretically likely to occur from corrosion by naphthenic acids due to two main factors: the presence of these acids with levels of neutralizing more than 0.5 mg KOH/g in the chemical composition of the load and the temperature of processing, which is in a range from 200 º C to 400 º C, suitable for the existence of such a deterioration mechanism. Data from field concerning to the rate of corrosion of the lines and equipment were parameterized in their operational variables and through a comparative analysis with data found in literature were obtained important information to evaluate the occurrence of naphthenic corrosion.

Uma das desvantagens dos bio-óleos precursores do biodiesel é a alta carga de compostos oxigenados que diminuem seu poder de combustão, reduzindo sua eficiência e inviabilizando seu uso em larga escala. Nesse contexto, o processo de hidrodesoxigenação (HDO) é relevante, dado que elimina esses compostos através de uma reação catalítica e, portanto, aumenta o poder calorífico do combustível. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a HDO do guaiacol (2-metoxifenol) como composto modelo dos bio-óleos derivados da biomassa e avaliou-se o desempenho de catalisadores de Ni e Mo no processo. Estudou-se a performance de um catalisador suportado em SBA-15 - um material mesoporoso de sílica de alta área superficial - em comparação a de um catalisador tradicional suportado em gama-alumina. Para tal, utilizou-se um sistema contínuo em fase gasosa e reator de leito fixo. Utilizaram-se técnicas de caracterização de catalisadores, como adsorção de N2, MEV, MET, DRX, TPR-H2, FTIR, TPO-O2, Raman e TGA. Através das análises DRX e MET, comprovou-se que se formaram partículas de NiO e MoO3 de menor tamanho e mais dispersas no caso do catalisador de SBA-15, devido à menor interação com o suporte e maior área superficial, o que resultou em um grau de redução de 91,6 % deste catalisador, em comparação a 73,4 % do outro, analisados por TPR-H2. Os testes catalíticos mostraram que o catalisador de NiMo/SBA-15 supera o de alumina em termos de conversão no intervalo de 200 a 300 °C, com ciclohexeno e ciclohexano como principais produtos, em face à maior seletividade a catecol e fenol no NiMo/?-Al2O3. A 300 °C, o catalisador suportado em sílica alcançou taxas de 66,5 % para a HDO e 35,3 % HDA (hidrodesaromatização), enquanto o de alumina obteve somente 30,8 e 2,7 %, respectivamente. Finalmente, comprovou-se que o SBA-15 teve uma taxa de desativação por coque de 1,14 mgcoque gcat-1 h-1, 31 % menor que a taxa do catalisador de alumina, cujos depósitos foram de carbono grafítico bem estruturado e irreversível. Em vista dos resultados obtidos, esta dissertação apresenta as rotas e mecanismos de reação do guaiacol nos catalisadores estudados, conhecimento que é relevante para o desenvolvimento e aprimoramento de futuros catalisadores da HDO. / A key disadvantage of the bio-oils precursors of biodiesel is the high load of oxygenated compounds that reduce their heat of combustion, dropping their efficiency and making them unfeasible on a large scale. In light of that, the hydrodeoxygenation process (HDO) is relevant, since it eliminates these compounds through a catalytic reaction, thus increasing the calorific value of the fuel. In this work, the HDO of guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol) as a model compound of the bio-oils derived from biomass was studied and the performance of Ni-Mo catalysts was evaluated. A catalyst supported on SBA-15 - a high surface area mesoporous silica material - was compared to a traditional gamma-alumina-supported catalyst. For this purpose, a continuous gas phase setup with fixed bed reactor was employed. The catalysts properties were identified by N2 adsorption, SEM, TEM, XRD, H2-TPR, FTIR, O2-TPO, Raman and TGA techniques. Through XRD and TEM, it was verified that smaller and more dispersed NiO and MoO3 particles were formed in the case of the SBA-15 catalyst, due to the lower interaction with the support and the greater surface area, which resulted in a degree of reduction of 91.6% for this catalyst, as opposed to 73.4% for the other one, both analyzed by H2-TPR. The catalytic tests showed that the NiMo/SBA-15 outperforms the alumina catalyst in terms of conversion in the range of 200 to 300 °C, with cyclohexene and cyclohexane as main products, in contrast with major selectivity to catechol and phenol on NiMo/?-Al2O3. At 300 °C, the silica-supported catalyst achieved rates of 66.5% for HDO and 35.3% for HDA (hydrodearomatization), whereas alumina reached only 30.8 and 2.7%, respectively. Finally, it was shown that the SBA-15 catalyst had a coke deactivation rate of 1.14 mgcoke gcat-1 h-1, 31% lower than the alumina catalyst, whose coke deposits consisted of well-structured irreversible graphitic carbon. In view of the results, this dissertation proposes the routes and reaction mechanisms of guaiacol on the studied catalysts, knowledge that is pertinent for the development and improvement of future HDO catalysts.

Com o aumento do processamento de petróleos mais pesados, torna-se interessante realizar um estudo dos possíveis mecanismos de deterioração que poderão ocorrer em função do aumento do Índice de Acidez Total (IAT). Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar as linhas e equipamentos que compõe a bateria de pré-aquecimento da carga de uma unidade de Hidrotratamento (HDT) de diesel. Esse trecho teoricamente está susceptível a ocorrência de corrosão por ácidos naftênicos devido a dois principais fatores: a presença desses ácidos com teores de neutralização superiores a 0,5 mg KOH/g na composição química da carga e a temperatura de processamento, que se encontra em um intervalo de 200 a 400ºC, adequado para existência de tal mecanismo de deterioração. Os dados obtidos em campo referentes à taxa de corrosão das linhas e dos equipamentos foram parametrizados em suas variáveis operacionais e através de uma análise comparativa com dados encontrados na literatura foram obtidas informações importantes para avaliar a ocorrência de corrosão naftênica. / With the increased processing of heavier oils, it is interesting a study of possible mechanisms of deterioration that may occur due to the increase of the Total Acid Number (TAN). Thus, this study aims to evaluate the main lines and equipment that comprise the battery of preheating of the load of a unit of Hydrotreating (HDT) of diesel. This excerpt is theoretically likely to occur from corrosion by naphthenic acids due to two main factors: the presence of these acids with levels of neutralizing more than 0.5 mg KOH/g in the chemical composition of the load and the temperature of processing, which is in a range from 200 º C to 400 º C, suitable for the existence of such a deterioration mechanism. Data from field concerning to the rate of corrosion of the lines and equipment were parameterized in their operational variables and through a comparative analysis with data found in literature were obtained important information to evaluate the occurrence of naphthenic corrosion.

L’objectif de ce travail est de développer une approche de type science des surfaces pour étudier l’effet de support sur la genèse et la structure de la phase active des catalyseurs d’hydrotraitement à base de sulfure de molybdène supporté sur alumine, utilisés pour la purification des coupes pétrolières. L’originalité réside dans une approche science des surfaces en solution avec un dépôt du précurseur métallique (molybdates) en phase aqueuse selon deux voies de synthèse (adsorption à l’équilibre et imprégnation) sur des monocristaux d’alumine α (modèle de l’alumine γ) de 4 orientations différentes (C (0001), R "(1" ¯("1" ) "02)" , A "(11" ¯("2" ) "0)" et M "(10" ¯("1" ) "0)" ). La combinaison de techniques (XPS, AFM, MET, EXAFS) a permis de montrer que chaque orientation cristalline gouverne la force des interactions métal-support à l’état oxyde et donc le taux de sulfuration et la taille des particules de la phase sulfure. Cette phase sulfure a ainsi pu être reliée à une phase de type I (interactions métal-support fortes, plus faible sulfurabilité) pour la face R "(1" ¯("1" ) "02)" et de type II (interactions métal-support plus faibles et meilleure sulfurabilité) pour les faces C (0001), A "(11" ¯("2" ) "0)" et M "(10" ¯("1" ) "0)" . Les résultats obtenus sur la face C (0001) par EXAFS suggèrent une orientation majoritairement basale des feuillets de phase sulfure tandis qu’une orientation aléatoire est mise en évidence sur les autres faces. Les analogies structurales établies entre alumine α et γ ont permis de transposer ces résultats au support industriel (γ-Al2O3) pour conclure que le contrôle de la morphologie du support constitue un levier pour maîtriser la genèse de la phase sulfure et améliorer les performances des catalyseurs d’HDT. / The objective of this work was to develop a surface science approach to study the support effect on the genesis and structure of the active phase (molybdenum sulfide) on alumina supported Mo based hydrotreating catalysts supported on alumina which are used for petroleum refining. The originality of the work lies in the aqueous phase metal precursor deposition (molybdates) according to two synthetic routes (equilibrium adsorption and impregnation) on α alumina single crystals (γ alumina surrogate) with 4 different orientations (C (0001), R "(1" ¯("1" ) "02)" , A "(11" ¯("2" ) "0)" and M "(10" ¯("1" ) "0)" ). The combination of several physico-chemical characterization techniques (XPS, AFM, TEM, EXAFS) has shown that the surface structure of each crystal orientation governs the strength of metal/support interaction in the oxide state and thus the sulfidation degree and size of the sulfide active phase nanoparticles. This sulfide phase has been associated to a type I (strong metal/support interactions, lower sulfurability) for the R "(1" ¯("1" ) "02)" plane and to a type II (weaker metal/support interactions and better sulfurability) for C (0001), A "(11" ¯("2" ) "0)" and M "(10" ¯("1" ) "0)" planes. In addition, EXAFS results suggest a predominantly basal orientation of the sulfide phase on the C (0001) plane while a random orientation is highlighted on the other faces. The surface structural analogies between α and γAl2O3 polymorphs allows us to transpose these results to the industrial support (γ-Al2O3) and hence, to conclude that a proper control of the industrial support morphology constitutes a way to tune the genesis of the sulfide phase and improve the performances of hydrotreating catalysts.

Le développement de technologies plus propres et économes en énergie amène aujourd’hui l’industrie du raffinage à modifier ses stratégies de préparation de catalyseurs et à se tourner vers l'utilisation plus massive de catalyseurs hétérogènes plus actifs, sélectifs, stables et régénérables.Récemment une méthode originale a été développée par Dufaud et al. (J. Mater. Chem., 2009, 19, 1142-1150) pour encapsuler des polyoxométallates (POMs) dans les murs des silices mésoporeuses. Le projet de thèse a visé l’élaboration de nouveaux catalyseurs basés sur cette nouvelle méthodologie qui devrait conduire à des systèmes à haute teneur en métal actif Mo/W bien dispersé, avec une meilleure proximité spatiale entre le Mo/W et son promoteur. Afin de mettre en évidence cette proximité, différentes voies ont été envisagées :i) synthèse en deux étapes comportant l'encapsulation des POMs dans les murs de SBA-15, suivie d’une imprégnation à sec des promoteurs (Ni(NO3)2 ou Co(NO3)2)ii) synthèse en une seule étape comportant l'imprégnation à sec de POMs substitués Co3PCoMo11O40H, Ni3PNiMo11O40H, Co3/2PMo12O40 ou Ni3/2PMo12O40 iii) préparation traditionnelle par co-Imprégnation à sec d’une silice SBA-15 par une solution de POMs et Ni(NO3)2 ou Co(NO3)2, afin de mettre en évidence non seulement l'intérêt de la nouvelle méthode de préparation mais aussi le gain lié à l'utilisation de supports de type SBA-15 (par rapport aux supports aluminiques conventionnels) ayant des caractéristiques texturales aussi remarquables. L’effet du traitement de sulfuration sur ces solides a été étudié et l’évaluation des propriétés catalytiques de ces matériaux a été réalisée sur des molécules modèles en hydrogénation du toluène, hydrodésulfuration du thiophène et du 4,6-DMDBT. A partir des résultats obtenus, une des stratégies de synthèse a été optimisée, en vue de l'élaboration de matériaux encore plus actifs. / Economic growth in the developing countries over the past decade has increased the global demand for crude oil. It is projected that the global crude slate will become sourer, with a sulfur content above 1.3 wt%. An overall aim of policymakers is thus to ensure that transportation fuels do not surpass a sulfur content of 10 ppm. Several solutions are possible to achieve the nowadays goals, that affect either the process or the catalyst. The latter solution, which does not involve significant additional costs for refiners, is therefore the most studied. One way to improve the nowadays catalysts would be to increase the content of active metal (eg cobalt and molybdenum in the case of CoMo systems). Nevertheless, at higher metal loadings, the formation of refractory species such as CoMoO4 or Co3O4 by sintering during calcination and/or sulfidation steps has been reported for alumina-Supported catalysts. This PhD project is based on the development of new hydrotreating catalysts, through a 2-Step one-Pot method : synthesis of polyoxometalates-Containing mesoporous SBA-15 materials, followed by incipient wetness impregnation of active phase promoter. The encapsulation of these species within the silica matrix would prevent the agglomeration of large particles during sulfidation reactions and could thus lead to systems with high content of active metal well dispersed over the support. One aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of these catalysts in the hydrotreating of several feedstocks, such as diesel oil, gasoline or vegetal oil. A second objective was the understanding of the nature of the different interactions between the active phase precursors and the support, according to each preparation technique.The non-Promoted hybrid catalyst showed a better dispersion of the metallic phase in the oxide state, compared to the catalysts prepared by incipient wetness impregnation, which can be correlated with stronger interactions between encapsulated POM and silica functionalities, such as siloxanes and silanols, as evidenced by Raman spectroscopy. However, the wide-Angle XRD showed the presence of MoO3 crystallites. HRTEM analyzes of the sulfided catalysts showed different species on this catalyst: small MoS2 slabs and metal particles (∼ 1 nm) mainly in the walls but also on the surface of pores; curved MoS2 slabs at mesopores surface leaving the entrance of the pore free; MoS2 hanks blocking the pores.This catalyst showed a relatively low sulfidation rate (determined by XPS), which could be associated with the presence of refractory species already present before activation. Thus, the toluene conversion represented per MoS2 clearly showed the interest of the catalyst prepared by this innovative method, presenting an intrinsic activity two-Fold higher than that of the catalyst prepared by dry impregnation.The subsequent impregnation of the active phase promoter of the hybrid catalyst (Pr(NO3)2, Pr = Ni or Co; 4 <pH <6), resulted in a very heterogeneous distribution of species, which could be attributed to a POM destruction by the impregnation solution, that afterward led to the sintering of large clusters. However, the hybrid catalysts promoted showed improved catalytic performances when compared to the traditional alumina-Based catalysts, when nickel is used as a promoter. However, the sulfidation and promotion rates of these catalysts must be improved: the catalyst with the highest Ni content showed (i) a high Ni/Mo atomic ratio of 0.4, which would lead to a loss of active sites by excessive decoration, and (ii) the formation of species such as NixOwSy or NixSy, which could lead to the loss of active sites, dispersion and access to the active phase.Perspectives towards an enhanced HDT catalyst based on the findings of this project are:Milder synthesis calcination conditionsSulfidationPost-Synthetic treatment in order to introduce Ni and Mo in proximal vicinityRegeneration of HDT hybrid catalysts

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le domaine de la catalyse hétérogène pour des applications en raffinage et en pétrochimie. Plus particulièrement, nous avons choisi d’étudier le cas des catalyseurs d’hydrotraitement largement utilisés dans les procédés de conversion du pétrole en carburant. Ces catalyseurs sont constitués d’une phase métallique sulfurée supporté sur un support poreux inorganique.Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés à la compréhension et la modélisation de la première étape de préparation d’un catalyseur d’hydrotraitement : l’étape d’imprégnation. Une méthodologie innovante basée sur la technique d’imagerie RMN qui permet d’observer operando le transport des précurseurs métalliques dans le support et sur la technique d’Imagerie Raman a été développée. Les résolutions spatiales et temporelles obtenues ont permis de valider cette méthodologie pour caractériser l’étape d’imprégnation en termes de phénomènes physiques (capillarité et diffusion) et chimiques (interaction de surface) et pour identifier les descripteurs clés de cette étape.En conclusion, ces travaux permettront un meilleur contrôle de l'étape d'imprégnation et donc du profil de distribution de la phase active, ce qui aura une forte répercussion sur la performance catalytique / The objective of this work is to characterize the impregnation step in terms of physical phenomena (capillarity and diffusion) and chemical phenomena (surface interaction) in order to identify the key descriptors of this step in order to improve the preparation hydrotreating catalysts. This involves monitor spatial and temporally the transport of the species in the impregnation solution within the porosity, more particularly in the case of Ni(Co)MoP/?-Al2O3 catalysts preparation.An original MRI approach has been developed to follow in-situ the impregnation step from a solution of mixed nature with more than one metal precursor in the presence of an additive. MRI provides access to the spatial distribution of all species within the catalyst with a spatial resolution of 39 × 39 µm. Raman imaging allows an identification of the chemical nature of the species in solution with a spatial resolution of 16.2 × 16.2 µm.First, the phenomena involved in the impregnation of model solutions composed of Ni (or Co), were studied by modifying the parameters of the solution. These experiments were then used as the basis for the development of a mathematical model to rationalize the impregnation step. In a second part, this study was extended to the preparation of hydrotreatment catalysts. Several phenomena have been evaluated here, notably the impact of the presence of phosphorus on the transport of Mo species, possible competition of adsorption between P, Co and Mo and the effect of the presence of citric acid.This study allows a better control of the impregnation step and thus of the distribution profile of the active phase, which has an impact on the catalytic performance

Various distillates are treated with hydrogen gas during hydrotreatment in the presence of catalyst in order to reduce the sulfur and aromatic content of the product. Optimal hydrotreater performance is essential for producing Nynas specialty oils, in order to fulfill the planned production volume and to meet the product specification. Loss of catalyst activity is inevitable during the production. To adjust for the impact of catalyst deactivation, different process variables are manipulated. Different distillates affect the catalyst in different ways due to the variation in distillate composition. Distillates with higher organic nitrogen content and running at a lower temperature tend to deactivate the catalyst more due to the adsorption of nitrogen compounds on the active sites of the catalyst and their slow nature of desorption. In this master thesis, different catalyst deactivation mechanisms with a focus on nitrogen deactivation have been studied. Since nitrogen is not normally measured at Nynas, nitrogen content of different distillates and products and how these values change during operation was not known. Different distillates, blend of distillates and different products were measured to estimate roughly the typical nitrogen value of the distillates and products. The temperature data inside the reactors were analyzed to calculate and plot WABT (weighted average bed temperature) during different product runs and to see whether there is a correlation between the nitrogen content of the feed and operation severity (increase in WABT). Historical process data from hydrotreater unit 2 (mostly from 2013-2014) were analyzed with a view to finding out signs of catalyst deactivation. Similar product runs were also analyzed and compared to see how the catalysts performed at different periods of time. A kinetic model, based on HDS kinetics, has been used for following up two product runs. To do so, sulfur content of the feed and product were measured. Aromatic content of the product was also measured to see whether the product was on specification. .From the calculation and plotting of WABTs, it could be seen that there is an increase in WABT during the product runs operating at lower temperatures and with higher nitrogen content. From the comparison of two P3 product runs at two different time periods, it could be seen that ∆T development over one bed (amount of reaction over the bed) was much lower at one time. This can possibly be a sign of catalyst deactivation since it contributed to lesser amount of reaction over the bed. From the calculations by using the kinetic model, it could be seen that the actual temperatures were higher than the predicted temperatures. The increase in WABTs could also be noticed. These observations can possibly be coupled with nitrogen deactivation of the catalysts.  However, more tests are required to verify whether the temperature differences were significant or not. Other parameters which are also important from product selling point of view such as viscosity, color, flash point, acid number etc. and have not been covered in this degree project need to be taken into consideration before making further conclusions.

L'enjeu de cette thèse réside dans la compréhension et l'amélioration de la sulfuration de catalyseurs à base de W. Elle a pour objectif la rationalisation des différentes étapes de préparation de catalyseurs d’hydrotraitement de type NiWS depuis la préparation jusqu'au test catalytique par une approche moléculaire (appelée «chimie de surface contrôlée» ou CSC), ce qui permet de proposer de nouvelles voies pour lever le verrou majeur, lié à la mauvaise sulfuration du W. Au cœur de cette approche se situe l'utilisation d'une méthode de préparation originale, ayant recours à des composés moléculaires métallo-organiques bien-définis comme précurseurs de la phase sulfurée WS2, combinée à une analyse poussée par spectroscopies multiples (IR, RMN, XPS) et chimie computationnelle.La famille des alcoxydes de tungstène a été sélectionnée ; les précurseurs mono ou di-nucléaires tels que W(OEt)6, [W(=O)(OEt)4]2 ou [W(OEt)5]2 ont été greffés sur silice-alumine partiellement deshydroxylée, et leur conversion en phase sulfure a montré que le type de précurseurs moléculaires influençaient peu les propriétés des catalyseurs non promus (WS2/ASA), en termes de taux de sulfuration (déterminé par XPS) ou d’activité catalytique, en hydrogénation du toluène en présence d’aniline. Le composé [W(OEt)5]2 a ensuite été sélectionné pour approfondir l’étude des catalyseurs préparés par CSC.L'approche visant à améliorer la compréhension des différentes espèces de surface formées a été réalisée par l'étude des matériaux avant et après sulfuration. L'augmentation de la quantité de W déposé sur les matériaux CSC a permis de révéler la formation de (1) une couche d’espèces greffées sur la surface de silice-alumine, puis (2) de couches successives, formées d'espèces plus mobiles. L'étude portant sur la sulfuration de ces matériaux en fonction de leur teneur en W, et de la température de sulfuration, a permis de les comparer aux catalyseurs sulfurés dits «conventionnels». Cette étude approfondie a mis en évidence une amélioration de la sulfuration du W pour les matériaux CSC aux températures habituellement utilisées (350°C). La vitesse intrinsèque d’hydrogénation des catalyseurs CSC, jusqu’à deux fois supérieure à celle des catalyseurs conventionnels, a en partie été expliquée par un meilleur taux de sulfuration, et par la morphologie 2D des feuillets WS2 (STEM-HAADF), de forme triangulaire tronquée, dans le cas d’un catalyseur conventionnel.Finalement, ayant démontré que l’emploi d’espèces moléculaires mono et binucléaires permettait d’améliorer les catalyseurs non promus par rapport à l’approche conventionnelle utilisant des clusters polyanioniques, les catalyseurs promus de type NiW/ASA ont été étudiés. Différents précurseurs ont été utilisés (par exemple Ni(acac)2) ainsi que différentes méthodes de dépôt (dépôt du nickel sur un matériau sulfuré, ou non) et quantités de nickel. Ces travaux ont permis d’estimer l’influence de ces paramètres sur la sulfurabilité du W et du Ni, ainsi que sur l’activité catalytique des catalyseurs, et montrer que l’emploi d'une approche moléculaire dans la préparation des phases NiWS supportées permet d’améliorer la promotion des feuillets sulfures par le nickel, mais aussi d'accéder à des catalyseurs pouvant avoir des vitesses intrinsèques d’hydrogénation quatre fois supérieures celles de catalyseurs conventionnelles de référence. Ces résultats catalytiques sont très probablement liés à une balance optimisée entre «nature» et «quantité» de sites actifs mixtes Ni-W. Cela démontre l’intérêt d’une approche moléculaire pour la préparation de catalyseurs d'hydrotraitement plus performants. / The aim of this thesis is to understand and improve the sulphidation of W-based hydrotreating catalysts by understanding and characterising each step of their preparation, from the synthesis to catalytic tests, via a controlled surface chemistry approach (or "CSC", also referred as surface organometallic chemistry, "SOMC", in the literature). This molecular approach opens new avenues for the improvement of W sulphidation, which is one strong limitation for using this metal in hydrotreatment. The core of this study is based on the use of well-defined metallo-organic precursors as precursors of the tungsten sulphide phase, each step of materials preparation being characterised by multiple spectroscopy techniques (IR, NMR, XPS) combined with ab initio molecular modelling.Mono or dinuclear tungsten alkoxides such as [W(OEt)5]2, W(OEt)6 or [W(=O)(OEt)4]2 were grafted on partially dehydroxylated amorphous silica-alumina. Their conversion into sulphide materials reveals that the precursor does not influence significantly the amount of WS2 phase formed (level of sulphidation observed by XPS) as well as catalytic properties in toluene hydrogenation in the presence of aniline. Only [W(OEt)5]2 was used in the following experiments.So as to better understand the genesis of the sulphide phase, CSC materials were characterised before and after sulphidation. Before sulphidation, the use of increasing amounts of W precursor reveals the formation of (1) first, a layer of tungsten surface species grafted on the surface, and (2) second, layers of more mobile species, more loosely bonded to the grafted species. Then, these CSC materials were sulphided into WS2 catalysts (with different W-loading, and different sulphidation temperatures) and were compared to conventionally prepared samples. The results reveal an improvement of tungsten sulphidation for CSC samples already at ambient sulphidation temperature and also at more usual sulphidation temperatures (350°C). Catalytic activities up to 2 times higher than conventional references were also obtained. They are explained in part by the better level of sulphidation of CSC samples and by a different 2D morphology of WS2 crystallites (STEM-HAADF), observed to be hexagonal-like for CSC samples while conventional ones have truncated triangle-like shapes.Then, as non-promoted CSC samples were more active than their conventional counterparts, nickel promoted catalysts (NiWS) were prepared, with the use of different Ni precursors (such as Ni(acac)2), different preparation methods and Ni amounts. This study gives insights into the sulphidation of W and Ni, and reveals that samples prepared via a molecular approach (CSC) can exhibit intrinsic hydrogenation rates up to four times higher than reference catalysts. These results are explained by an optimal balance between the nature of active Ni-W mixed sites and their amount. These interesting results, obtained for non-promoted and Ni-promoted catalysts, show that the use of a molecular approach is suitable to design highly active hydrotreating catalysts.

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude de la diffusion des asphaltènes dans les catalyseurs d'hydrotraitement. La revue bibliographique met en évidence d'importantes lacunes dans les connaissances, d'une part sur l'impact sur les processus de diffusion des fortes températures rencontrées dans les procédés de raffinage et d'autre part, sur la dynamique des asphaltènes dans les réseaux poreux des catalyseurs. Ainsi, une double approche expérimentale a été développée, s'articulant dans un premier temps autour d'une étude de diffusion et d'adsorption dans des conditions proches de celles des procédés, puis dans un second temps une étude de la diffusion en milieu confiné par Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire (RMN) à travers des techniques de mesure de temps de relaxation ainsi que la RMN à gradient de champ pulsé (DOSY). Les résultats obtenus montrent que même à haute température, la diffusion des asphaltènes dans les catalyseurs est un processus très lent, plusieurs jours étant nécessaires pour que le coeur soit atteint. Les techniques de RMN utilisées montrent le caractère fortement confiné des asphaltènes dans le milieu poreux ainsi que de fortes interactions entre les asphaltènes et la surface alumine des catalyseurs, à l'origine d'une très faible dynamique bien que le processus d'adsorption soit dans une certaine mesure quand même réversible / This PhD thesis deals with the diffusion of asphaltenes in hydrotreatment catalysts. The literature review shows weaknesses in knowledge about both, how does the high temperature impact the diffusion phenomena and, what is the dynamic of asphaltenes in the porous media. Therefore, a double experimental approach has been developed, first the diffusion and the adsorption of asphaltenes near process conditions have been studied, and then the dynamic in porous media has been studied by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technics which involves relaxation times measurements and Diffusion Ordered SpectroscopY (DOSY). Results show that even at high temperature, the diffusion of asphaltenes in catalysts is relatively slow; several days are needed to reach the center. The NMR results highlight a slow dynamic of asphaltenes in the porous media, since they are in confined environment and they are in strong interactions with alumina, even if the adsorption is to a certain extent reversible