<p><p>Through interaction with customers, companies can acquire knowledge about- and satisfy the needs of customers. In retailing, the ranges of products are standardized and staffing numbers are scarce. How do companies in retailing deal with adaptation towards their customers given the small staffing numbers? The purpose of this study is to examine if and if so, how companies in the Swedish retailing industry are making adaptations towards their customers and also why these adaptations are being made. To answer this purpose, observations in the retailing industry are conducted and the results show that companies adapt to customers’ needs. However, this is not done through personalization. Finally, this study shows that companies in the retailing industry adapt to their customers mainly through mass-customization.</p></p> / <p><p>Genom interaktion med kunder kan företag skaffa sig kunskap om kundernas behov och tillgodose dessa. Inom dagligvaruhandeln är sortimenten standardiserade och personalstyrkan liten, något som torde missgynna interaktionen mellan parterna. Hur arbetar företag i dagligvaruhandeln med anpassningar till sina kunders behov när personaltätheten är förhållandevis låg? Syftet med studien är att undersöka om och i sådana fall hur ett företag inom den svenska dagligvaruhandeln anpassar sig till sina kunders behov, samt varför detta sker. För att besvara syftet görs observationer inom dagligvaruhandeln och resultaten visar att anpassning görs, dock ej personlig anpassning till enskilda kunders behov. Avslutningsvis visar studien att anpassning sker inom dagligvaruhandeln och att detta främst sker genom massanpassning.</p></p> / Betyg: VG

Biofilmes de estafilococos têm se tornado uma das grandes preocupações da indústria de lácteos, principalmente em decorrência do ritmo de produção intenso, automação das plantas de processamento e exigência cada vez maior quanto à qualidade microbiológica de leite e derivados. O presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar cepas de S. aureus potencialmente produtoras de biofilmes isoladas de 3 laticínios produtores de queijo Minas frescal, avaliar a influência da temperatura e da superfície de contato (aço inoxidável e polipropileno) no processo de adesão bacteriana, bem como a eficácia de um protocolo simulado de limpeza e sanificação na remoção das células aderidas. Para as análises genotípicas pesquisaram-se os genes icaA e icaD nos isolados, relacionados à produção de polissacarídeos de adesão celular e exopolissacarídeos da matriz de biofilmes. Os ensaios de biofilmes foram realizados em cupons incubados em um reator de biofilmes, comparando-se a adesão frente a duas temperaturas (5°C e 35°C), duas superfícies (aço inoxidável e polipropileno) e quatro tempos de contato (3, 6, 12 horas e após processo de limpeza e sanificação). Para avaliação da eficácia do processo na remoção das células aderidas, foram utilizados detergente neutro (3,5% v/v) e sanificante à base de hipoclorito de sódio (1000 mg.L-1), de modo a simular a situação observada em um dos laticínios estudados. Foi detectada a presença dos genes icaA e icaD em 74% e 77% dos isolados, respectivamente; 70% dos isolados apresentaram ambos os genes, enquanto 19% não apresentaram nenhum. O número de células aderidas em ambas as superfícies foi em torno de 3 e 6 log10 UFC.cm-2 nas temperaturas de 5°C e 35°C, respectivamente, para a maioria das situações avaliadas, com aumento significativo no decorrer dos períodos avaliados. De maneira geral, a temperatura de 35°C favoreceu uma maior adesão de S. aureus. A 5°C, houve considerável número de células aderidas, mas em populações significativamente inferiores às observadas a 35°C. O protocolo de limpeza e sanificação mostrou-se ineficaz na remoção das células aderidas; uma melhor atuação do hipoclorito de sódio foi observada a 5°C, o que deve estar relacionado à menor adesão observada nessa temperatura. De qualquer forma, o processo não foi capaz de reduzir a níveis seguros a quantidade de S. aureus aderida a ambas as superfícies, nas condições avaliadas. O estudo demonstrou a capacidade de adesão de S. aureus isolados de laticínios em superfícies comumente encontradas na produção de queijo Minas frescal, situação que pode favorecer o desenvolvimento de biofilmes em equipamentos e utensílios, conferindo risco à saúde dos consumidores. / Staphylococci biofilms have become a major concern for the dairy industry, mainly due to the intensive production flow, automation of processing plants and increased demand on the microbiological quality of dairy products. This study aims to identify isolated S. aureus strains potentially producers of biofilms from 3 dairies of Minas fresh cheese, evaluate the influence of temperature and the contact surface (stainless steel and polypropylene) in the bacterial adhesion process, as well as the efficacy of an hygiene and sanitation simulated protocol in removing the adhered cells. For genotypic analyzes, the presence of icaA and icaD in strains were sought related to polysaccharide production in cell adhesion and exopolysaccharide of biofilm matrix. Biofilms trials were performed in biofilm coupons incubated in biofilm reactor, comparing the adhesion with two temperatures (5°C and 35°C), two surfaces (stainless steel and polypropylene) and four contact times (3, 6, 12 hours and after cleaning and sanitizing process). To evaluate the process effectiveness in removing the adhered cells, neutral detergent (3.5% v/v) and sanitizing based on sodium hypochlorite (1000 mg.L-1) were used in order to simulate the observed situation in one of the dairy products studied. The presence of icaA and icaD genes was detected in 74% and 77% of strains, respectively; 70% of the isolates showed both genes, whereas 19% of it showed no genes. The number of cells adhered on both surfaces was about 3 and 6 log10 FCU.cm-2 in temperatures of 5 °C and 35 °C, respectively, for most situations evaluated, with a significant increase over the evaluation period. In general, the temperature of 35°C favored a greater adherence of S. aureus. At 5°C, there was a considerable number of adhered cells, but in populations significantly lower than those observed at 35°C. The cleaning and sanitizing protocol was ineffective in removing adhered cells; a better performance of sodium hypochlorite was observed at 5°C, which should be related to lower adherence observed at this temperature. At all, the process was not able to reduce the amount of S. aureus adhered on both surfaces to safe levels under the conditions evaluated. The study demonstrated the ability of adhesion of isolated S. aureus from dairy on surfaces commonly found in Minas fresh cheese production, a situation that may favor the development of biofilms on equipment and utensils, indicating health risk to the consumers.

Desde inicios del siglo XXI, la Gestión Integrada de los Recursos Hídricos (GIRH) se ha constituido en el modelo referente de manejo del agua a nivel mundial. Organismos multilaterales, como el Banco Mundial o el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, y organizaciones internacionales, como la Global Water Partnership, han impulsado reformas institucionales en diversos países con el fin de instaurar un modelo de gobernanza que cristalice los principios de la GIRH. En el Perú, dichas reformas fueron introducidas con la Ley de Recursos Hídricos del año 2009, lo que inició una transición hacia una nueva arquitectura institucional del agua que ha transformado la geografía de la gestión de los recursos hídricos en el país, al establecer nuevas instancias político-administrativas basadas en la demarcación natural de las cuencas hidrográficas. La presente investigación pone en discusión la pertinencia y los alcances reales de las reformas institucionales, señalando que dichas reformas se basan en un modelo teóricamente ambiguo y, en tal sentido, con aplicaciones prácticas sin un horizonte claro. De igual modo, a través de un marco conceptual alternativo se propone una lectura que incorpore una visión territorial del poder, ausente en los planteamientos del modelo que los técnicos de la autoridad del agua están implementando en las cuencas del país. Para ello, estudiaremos el caso de la cuenca Ica-Alto Pampas, un espacio complejo que plantea desafíos territoriales (es una cuenca con un trasvase) y sociales (hay un conflicto de una década por el agua), en el cual se ha intentado implementar las reformas del agua. / Tesis

El presente trabajo exhibe los resultados del estudio de un conjunto de variables y/o elementos que forman parte de los hallazgos identificados en el sitio BRIG3117, y que fueron considerados con miras al desarrollo y presentación de un trabajo totalmente incluyente. Esto último, ha sido considerado un factor muy importante para el estudio, y hasta cierto punto necesario; ya que estaría relacionado a un segundo aspecto muy importante: La característica más resaltante que presenta el área funeraria BRIG3117 es el alto grado de alteración y destrucción que ha sufrido el sitio producto del saqueo o“huaqueo” durante varias décadas. Pese a ello, los diferentes elementos de estudio utilizados y el diferente grado de contribución que cada uno provee permiten inferir algunas nociones, partiendo desde una hipótesis central, la cual señala que la cantidad, la variedad y la complejidad de los diferentes componentes de los contextos funerarios del sitio (individuos y asociaciones) guardan una relación directa y proporcional con la ubicación geografica, dimensiones y caracteristicas específicas de las estructuras funerarias identificadas. Permitiendo además, observar la manera en que puede ser manejada y utilizada la información proveniente de sitios y contextos altamente disturbados. / Tesis

El abrigo rocoso “Las Brujas”, debido a sus características, su conservación y ubicación, supone un lugar propicio para emprender una investigación novedosa sobre ocupaciones tempranas en el desierto costero andino. Es un sitio que impacta no solo por su belleza y posición en el paisaje desértico, sino también por los petroglifos realizados en su pared y techo. Además, la presencia de una suerte de estante natural en el que se ha colocado material lítico trabajado inmediatamente nos lleva a preguntarnos ¿Qué es lo que sucedía en este lugar? ¿Qué actividades se realizaron? ¿Quiénes lo ocuparon? / Tesis

Submitted by Maria Aparecida (cidazen@gmail.com) on 2017-09-04T15:04:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Vinicius Lopes.pdf: 7214975 bytes, checksum: 3d8e5de44c75de5f02b3f6101759f37a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-04T15:04:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Vinicius Lopes.pdf: 7214975 bytes, checksum: 3d8e5de44c75de5f02b3f6101759f37a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 / CAPES / Independent component analysis (ICA) is a method which objective is to find a non gaussian, linear or non linear representation such that the components are statistically independent. As a representation, tries to capture the input data essential structure. One of ICA applications is feature extraction. A main digital signal processing issue is finding a satisfactory representation, whether for image, speech signal or any signal type for purposes such as compression and de-noise. ICA can be aplied in this direction to propose generative models of the phenomena to be represented. This work presents the problem of spike classification in extracellular records, denominated spike sorting. It is assumed that the waveforms of spikes depend on factors such as the morphology of the neuron and the distance from the electrode, so that different neurons will present different forms of spikes. However, since different neurons may have similar spikes, what makes classification very difficult, the problem is even worse due to background noise and variation os spikes of the same neuron. The spike sorting algorithm is usually divided into three parts: firstly, the spikes are detected, then projected into a feature space (with possible dimensionality reduction) to facilitate differentiation between the waveforms from different neurons, finally the cluster algorithm is run for identifying these characteristics so the spikes from the same neuron. Here, we propose the use of ICA in feature extraction stage, being this step critical to the spike sorting process, thus distinguishing the activity of each neuron detected, supporting the analysis of neural population activity near the electrode. The method was compared with conventional techniques such as Principal Component Analysis and Wavelets, demonstrating a significant improvement in results. / A análise de componentes independentes (ICA, do inglês Indepdendent Component Analysis) é um método no qual o objetivo é encontrar uma representação linear ou não linear, não-gaussiana, tal que as componentes sejam estatisticamente independentes. Como uma representação busca capturar a estrutura essencial dos dados de entrada. Uma das aplicações de ICA é em extração de características. Um grande problema no processamento digital de sinais é encontrar uma representação adequada, seja para imagem, sinal de fala ou qualquer outro tipo de sinal para objetivos como compressão e remoção de ruído. ICA pode ser aplicada nesta direção ao tentar propor modelos geradores para os fenômenos a serem representados. Neste trabalho é apresentado o problema da classificação de espículas em gravações extracelulares, denominado spike sorting. Assume-se que as formas de onda das espículas dependem de fatores como a morfologia do neurônio e da distância deste para o eletrodo, então diferentes neurônios irão apresentar diferentes formas de espículas. Contudo diferentes neurônios podem apresentar espículas semelhantes, tornando a classificação mais difícil, o problema ainda é agravado devido ao ruído de fundo e a variação das espículas de um mesmo neurônio. O algoritmo de spike sorting geralmente é dividido em três partes: inicialmente as espículas são detectadas, em seguida são projetadas em um espaço de características (podendo haver redução de dimensionalidade) para facilitar a diferenciação entre as formas de onda de diferentes neurônios, por fim é feito o agrupamento dessas características identificando assim as espículas pertencentes ao mesmo neurônio. Aqui propomos a utilização de ICA na etapa de extração de características das espículas, sendo esta etapa crítica para o processo de spike sorting, permitindo assim distinguir a atividade de cada neurônio detectado, auxiliando a análise da atividade da população neural próxima ao eletrodo. O método foi comparado com técnicas convencionais como Análise de componentes principais (PCA, do inglês Principal Component Analysis) e Wavelets, demonstrando significativa melhora nos resultados.

<p><strong>Title</strong>: Internal Communication Approach – A study of the internal communication-channels of the ICA Administration.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Background: </strong>The ICA Administration is in the process of generating an organizational change with the purpose of improving their external communication. The internal communication, on the other hand, has been put aside and is missing guidelines at the present.  Since the ICA Administration does not know how the staff uses the internal communication-channels they cannot optimize nor develop them. As the literature shows, it is important to choose the channel that is most appropriate for the type of information that it is meant to communicate. Choosing the wrong channel, or using it wrongly, can bring problems consisting of the staff experiencing to receive less information than needed in their daily work.<strong></strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Purpose</strong>: The purpose of this thesis is to explore and describe the internal communication between the employees of the ICA Administration from the existing communication-channels and their usage.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Through the initial interviews with the staff, the internal communication-channels of the ICA Administration were determined. The channels were later studied through further interviews where the real communication and the managers’ vision of the communication were presented.<strong></strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The communication-channels that can be found at the ICA Administration are formal reports, manuals and folders, the Intranet, formal meetings, the email, the telephone, Instant Messenger, face-to-face, and rumors. The study showed that the channels are being used differently. The email for example is believed to be sharing a remarkable excess of information while the telephone on the other hand is hardly being used by the staff in the office. The managers’ vision of how the channels ought to be used is, in large extent, accurate with the employees’ real usage of them. The largest differences between the guidelines consist of channels like the email, the manuals and the formal meetings. These channels are not used, nor do they contribute with information, in the same extent as the managers would want them to. <strong></strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The conclusion that has been drawn, parting from the analysis and result, is that the staff does not use the channels of the ICA Administration in the same extent as their managers feel they should. To solve this problem, guidelines for the internal communication need to be established as well as an updating of the existing channels.</p> / <p><p><strong>Titel:</strong> Internal Communication Approach - En empirisk undersökning av de interna kommunikationskanalerna på ICA Butiksadministration</p><p> </p><p><strong>Bakgrund:</strong> ICA Butiksadministration genomgår en omstrukturering som skall generera i en förbättrad extern kommunikation. Den interna kommunikationen har i sin tur hamnat i bakgrunden och saknar i dagsläget riktlinjer. Då ledningen inte vet hur personalen använder de interna kommunikationskanalerna kan de inte heller optimera eller utveckla dem. Som även litteraturen påvisar är det viktigt att välja den kanal som bäst lämpar sig för den typ av information den skall förmedla. Vid felaktigt kanalval, eller felaktigt användande av densamma, kan problem uppkomma då medarbetare kan uppleva att de får för lite information i sin arbetsvardag.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Syfte:</strong> Syftet är att undersöka och kartlägga den interna kommunikationen mellan medarbetarna på ICA Butiksadministration utifrån de existerande kommunikationskanalerna och hur de används.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Metodplan: </strong>Genom inledande intervjuer med personalen fastslogs ICA Butiksadministrations interna kommunikationskanaler. Kanalerna undersöktes sedan genom ytterligare intervjuer där den reella kommunikationen samt chefernas syn på kommunikation skildrades.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Resultat:</strong> De kommunikationskanaler som återfinns på Butiksadministrationen är formella rapporter, manualer, pärmar, intranät, formella möten, e-post, telefon, Instant Messenger, personlig kontakt och rykten. Undersökningen visade att kanalerna används i olika omfattning, där bland annat e-posten anses ha ett informationsöverflöd medan telefon knappt används mellan medarbetarna på kontoret. Chefernas syn på hur kanalerna bör användas stämde överlag överens med hur personalen verkligen använde sig av kanalerna. De största skillnaderna mellan riktlinjerna och reella kommunikationen utgjordes av kanaler som e-posten, manualer och formella möten.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Slutsats:</strong> Utifrån resultatet och analysen kunde slutsatsen dras att medarbetarna inte använder ICA Butiksadministrations alla kommunikationskanaler såsom cheferna tycker att kanalerna bör användas. För att lösa problematiken bör riktlinjer för den interna kommunikationen upprättas och en uppdatering av de befintliga kanalerna genomföras.</p><p> </p></p>

Through interaction with customers, companies can acquire knowledge about- and satisfy the needs of customers. In retailing, the ranges of products are standardized and staffing numbers are scarce. How do companies in retailing deal with adaptation towards their customers given the small staffing numbers? The purpose of this study is to examine if and if so, how companies in the Swedish retailing industry are making adaptations towards their customers and also why these adaptations are being made. To answer this purpose, observations in the retailing industry are conducted and the results show that companies adapt to customers’ needs. However, this is not done through personalization. Finally, this study shows that companies in the retailing industry adapt to their customers mainly through mass-customization. / Genom interaktion med kunder kan företag skaffa sig kunskap om kundernas behov och tillgodose dessa. Inom dagligvaruhandeln är sortimenten standardiserade och personalstyrkan liten, något som torde missgynna interaktionen mellan parterna. Hur arbetar företag i dagligvaruhandeln med anpassningar till sina kunders behov när personaltätheten är förhållandevis låg? Syftet med studien är att undersöka om och i sådana fall hur ett företag inom den svenska dagligvaruhandeln anpassar sig till sina kunders behov, samt varför detta sker. För att besvara syftet görs observationer inom dagligvaruhandeln och resultaten visar att anpassning görs, dock ej personlig anpassning till enskilda kunders behov. Avslutningsvis visar studien att anpassning sker inom dagligvaruhandeln och att detta främst sker genom massanpassning. / Betyg: VG

Title: Internal Communication Approach – A study of the internal communication-channels of the ICA Administration.   Background: The ICA Administration is in the process of generating an organizational change with the purpose of improving their external communication. The internal communication, on the other hand, has been put aside and is missing guidelines at the present.  Since the ICA Administration does not know how the staff uses the internal communication-channels they cannot optimize nor develop them. As the literature shows, it is important to choose the channel that is most appropriate for the type of information that it is meant to communicate. Choosing the wrong channel, or using it wrongly, can bring problems consisting of the staff experiencing to receive less information than needed in their daily work.   Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to explore and describe the internal communication between the employees of the ICA Administration from the existing communication-channels and their usage.   Method: Through the initial interviews with the staff, the internal communication-channels of the ICA Administration were determined. The channels were later studied through further interviews where the real communication and the managers’ vision of the communication were presented.   Result: The communication-channels that can be found at the ICA Administration are formal reports, manuals and folders, the Intranet, formal meetings, the email, the telephone, Instant Messenger, face-to-face, and rumors. The study showed that the channels are being used differently. The email for example is believed to be sharing a remarkable excess of information while the telephone on the other hand is hardly being used by the staff in the office. The managers’ vision of how the channels ought to be used is, in large extent, accurate with the employees’ real usage of them. The largest differences between the guidelines consist of channels like the email, the manuals and the formal meetings. These channels are not used, nor do they contribute with information, in the same extent as the managers would want them to.   Conclusion: The conclusion that has been drawn, parting from the analysis and result, is that the staff does not use the channels of the ICA Administration in the same extent as their managers feel they should. To solve this problem, guidelines for the internal communication need to be established as well as an updating of the existing channels. / Titel: Internal Communication Approach - En empirisk undersökning av de interna kommunikationskanalerna på ICA Butiksadministration   Bakgrund: ICA Butiksadministration genomgår en omstrukturering som skall generera i en förbättrad extern kommunikation. Den interna kommunikationen har i sin tur hamnat i bakgrunden och saknar i dagsläget riktlinjer. Då ledningen inte vet hur personalen använder de interna kommunikationskanalerna kan de inte heller optimera eller utveckla dem. Som även litteraturen påvisar är det viktigt att välja den kanal som bäst lämpar sig för den typ av information den skall förmedla. Vid felaktigt kanalval, eller felaktigt användande av densamma, kan problem uppkomma då medarbetare kan uppleva att de får för lite information i sin arbetsvardag.   Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka och kartlägga den interna kommunikationen mellan medarbetarna på ICA Butiksadministration utifrån de existerande kommunikationskanalerna och hur de används.   Metodplan: Genom inledande intervjuer med personalen fastslogs ICA Butiksadministrations interna kommunikationskanaler. Kanalerna undersöktes sedan genom ytterligare intervjuer där den reella kommunikationen samt chefernas syn på kommunikation skildrades.   Resultat: De kommunikationskanaler som återfinns på Butiksadministrationen är formella rapporter, manualer, pärmar, intranät, formella möten, e-post, telefon, Instant Messenger, personlig kontakt och rykten. Undersökningen visade att kanalerna används i olika omfattning, där bland annat e-posten anses ha ett informationsöverflöd medan telefon knappt används mellan medarbetarna på kontoret. Chefernas syn på hur kanalerna bör användas stämde överlag överens med hur personalen verkligen använde sig av kanalerna. De största skillnaderna mellan riktlinjerna och reella kommunikationen utgjordes av kanaler som e-posten, manualer och formella möten.   Slutsats: Utifrån resultatet och analysen kunde slutsatsen dras att medarbetarna inte använder ICA Butiksadministrations alla kommunikationskanaler såsom cheferna tycker att kanalerna bör användas. För att lösa problematiken bör riktlinjer för den interna kommunikationen upprättas och en uppdatering av de befintliga kanalerna genomföras.

Bakgrund                                                                                                                                               År 2009 producerade ICA ett flertal reklamfilmer i kampanjen ”Vi kan mer” som syftade till att utmana fördomar kring personer med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning. Reklamfilmerna startade en livlig debatt på Internet och väckte både frågor kring produktionernas syfte och etik. Syfte                                                                                                                                    Studiens ambition har varit att undersöka hur bloggare och bloggkommentatorer uppfattat de tre första reklamfilmerna i kampanjen. Syftet var också att utröna huruvida filmerna har genererat några konsekvenser för bilden av personer med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning. Metod                                                                                                     Studien har till största del baserats på en kvalitativ metod, då syftet har varit att nå förståelse snarare än att försöka nå statistiskt säkerställda resultat. Kritisk diskursanalys användes för att analysera studiens material som bestod av cirka 80 blogginlägg med tillhörande kommentarer. Resultat                                                                                                                                  Studien konkluderar att reklamfilmerna har uppfattats på många olika sätt när det kommer till syfte och etik. Resultatet indikerar även att reklamfilmerna kan ses både reproducera och utmana fördomar gentemot funktionsnedsatta.Företagets initiativ har inte uppnått sitt fulla syfte, men filmerna har inneburit ett viktigt första steg mot normalisering för denna grupp i samhället. / Background                                                                                                                                     In 2009 ICA, one of Sweden’s largest food store chain, produced a series of commercials in a campaign which aimed to challenge prejudices about mental disability. The commercials started a lively online debate, and raised questions regarding both the purpose and ethics of these productions. Purpose                                                                                                                                              The ambition of this study was to examine how the people that participated in the online debate perceived ICA’s three first commercials in the campaign. The aim was also to analyze whether they have generated any consequences for the perception of mental disability. Method                                                                                                                                                   A largely qualitative approach have been used, since the aim has been to reach deeper understanding rather than statistically ensured results. Critical discourse analysis was used to analyze the study’s data which consisted of about 80 blog posts with related comments. Results                                                                                                                                                The study concludes that the commercials have been perceived in many different ways when it comes to purpose and ethics. The results also indicate that ICA’s advertisement both reproduce and challenge existing prejudices towards people with mental disabilities. The company’s initiative has not fulfilled its full purpose, but it constitutes an important first step to reach normalization for this group of society.