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[pt] A presente pesquisa busca expor aspectos e proporcionar reflexões a respeito das formações de massas humanas e, mais especificamente, pensar as particularidades do lugar ocupado pela figura de liderança nesse fenômeno. Para isso, partiremos de uma exposição detalhada daquilo que ficou conhecido como massa, grupos ou multidões. Em seguida, retornaremos às origens daquilo que ficou conhecido como psicoterapia, tomando como ponto de partida o trabalho realizado por Mesmer a partir de sua terapêutica magnética. Seguindo nesse percurso, abordaremos os caminhos e estudos posteriores das práticas hipnóticas dos reconhecidos Charcot e Bernheim, para depois chegar à formulação da clínica freudiana propriamente. Outra tarefa primordial para esse trabalho será a articulação de conceitos metapsicológicos fundamentais para essa discussão: sugestão, hipnose e regressão. Nosso intuito com esse roteiro é melhor compreender o fenômeno da transferência: desde sua percepção embrionária nos tratamentos mais variados, passando pela técnica psicanalítica até chegar em sua compreensão a partir do fenômeno das massas. Servirmo-nos do trabalho freudiano de 1921, Psicologia das Massas e Análise do Eu, para melhor desenvolver essa explanação e articulação. Escolhemos esse texto, pois, além de trabalhar os conceitos supracitados, também apresenta outro cenário no qual estão presentes vínculos transferenciais, mesmo que em outro contexto e manejados por outro tipo de figura: o líder. Como afirma Freud, o fenômeno da transferência não é exclusivo à psicanálise. Dessa forma, a partir dessa leitura, torna-se possível entrever a relação entre o indivíduo da massa e o líder e a maneira com a qual o último se vale do seu lugar de influência a partir de seus objetivos de dominação e de exercício de poder. / [en] This research seeks to expose aspects and provide reflections regarding the formations of human masses and, more specifically, to think about the particularities of the place occupied by the leadership figure in this phenomenon. To do this, we will start with a detailed exposition of what became known as masses, groups or crowds. Next, we will return to the origins of what became known as psychotherapy, taking as a starting point the work carried out by Mesmer based on his magnetic therapy; Following this path, we will address the paths and subsequent studies of the hypnotic practices of the renowned Charcot and Bernheim, to then arrive at the formulation of the Freudian clinic itself. Another primary task for this work will be the articulation of metapsychological concepts fundamental to this discussion: suggestion, hypnosis and regression. Our aim with this guide is to better understand the phenomenon of transference: from its embryonic perception in the most varied treatments, through psychoanalytic technique until reaching its understanding based on the phenomenon of the masses. We use the 1921 Freudian work, Mass Psychology and Analysis of the Self, to better develop this explanation and articulation. We chose this text because, in addition to working on these concepts, it also presents another scenario in which transference bonds are present, even if in another context and handled by another type of figure: the leader. As Freud states, the phenomenon of transference is not exclusive to psychoanalysis, so, from this reading, it becomes possible to glimpse the relationship between the individual in the mass and the leader and the way in which he uses his place of influence, from its objectives of domination and exercise of power.

In his study of spectra of f-rings via pointfree topology, Banaschewski [6] considers lattices of l-ideals, radical l-ideals, and saturated l-ideals of a given f-ring A. In each case he shows that the lattice of each of these kinds of ideals is a coherent frame. This means that it is compact, generated by its compact elements, and the meet of any two compact elements is compact. This will form the basis of our main goal to show that the lattice-ordered rings studied in [6] are coherent frames. We conclude the dissertation by revisiting the d-elements of Mart nez and Zenk [30], and characterise them analogously to d-ideals in commutative rings. We extend these characterisa-tions to algebraic frames with FIP. Of necessity, this will require that we reappraise a great deal of Banaschewski's work on pointfree spectra, and that of Mart nez and Zenk on algebraic frames. / Mathematical Sciences / M. Sc. (Mathematics)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:31:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Rocha Daud.pdf: 882702 bytes, checksum: 0f64f19095c7945f5db96610e608fca6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The interdisciplinary field defined by psychoanalytic and juridical practises and their mutual interactions is necessarily a disputed field, raising problems and disagreements either political, ideological and theoretical. On the one hand we find a colonization of psychoanalysis by law, mainly when the later builds on natural law conceptions which make in a broad sense coincident both human nature and the fundamental rights inherent to it. On the other hand, we find a colonization of law by psychoanalysis, which may build on conceptions less strict theoretically but apt to be used in juridical practise whenever it faces aporiae which are not of normative nature, but due to society and its conflicts. I propose to use some base categories, namely, incidence of law, norm, ideal and superego, as means of establishing a promising conversation between the two disciplines, and less subjected to vices and prejudices prevalent with so much persistence in this field. I face the controversy of accomodating the social and the individual, resuming the freudian text so as to find once again the social in the individual, and the individual in the social, casting aside the schematic opposition between the two and searching for the proper mechanisms that permits transition between the one and the other, building on aforementioned categories. Norm, as juridical and general category, serves to accuse the metaphoric nature of the notion of Law as foundation of subjectivity, and replaces the later as recourse, although needed, for the subject to resort to when dealing with the vicissitudes and anguishes of being in the world, allowing for more or less autonomy in face of symptoms and inhibitions. Therefore, there is no correspondence between norms of society and of the subject, since there is not a norm of the subject that isn t internalized from norms obtained in his social context. The process of this internalization, for its part, built upon identification phenomena, implies modes of generational transmission of such norms, by means of which, not as much of their substance is transmitted as is their incidence models themselves, which perpetuate, at the same time yielding to the discontents inherent to culture and enabling significant modifications in normative contents that reign over civilization at each given place and moment / O campo interdisciplinar definido pelas práticas psicanalíticas e jurídicas e suas interações é necessariamente um campo em disputa, levantando problemas e oposições políticas, ideológicas e teóricas. De um lado, encontramos uma colonização da psicanálise pelo direito, mormente quando este parte das concepções jusnaturalistas que fazem coincidir, em larga medida, a natureza humana e os direitos fundamentais inerentes a ela. De outro lado, encontramos uma colonização do direito pela psicanálise, a partir de concepções teoricamente pouco rigorosas, porém aptas a serem utilizadas na prática jurídica quando esta se depara com aporias que não são normativas, mas próprias à sociedade e a seus conflitos. Propomos a utilização de algumas categorias base, quais sejam, a incidência da lei, a norma, o ideal e o superego, a fim de estabelecer um diálogo promissor entre as duas disciplinas, e menos submetido aos vícios e preconceitos que vigoram com tanta insistência nesse campo. Enfrentamos a problemática da adequação entre o social e o individual, retomando o texto freudiano a fim de encontrar novamente o social no indivíduo, e o indivíduo no social, afastando a oposição esquemática e buscando, a partir das categorias mencionadas, os mecanismos próprios pelos quais a transição se efetua de um para o outro. A norma, como categoria jurídica e geral, visa apontar o caráter metafórico da noção de Lei como fundante da subjetividade, aparecendo em seu lugar como um recurso, embora necessário, do qual se vale o sujeito para lidar com as vicissitudes e angústias do estar no mundo, permitindo em maior ou menor medida sua autonomia frente a sintomas e inibições. Dessa forma, não existe correspondência entre as normas da sociedade e do sujeito, por não haver norma do sujeito que não seja internalizada a partir das normas obtidas do contexto social em que se acha. O processo dessa internalização, por sua vez, sustentado a partir dos fenômenos identificatórios, significa modos de transmissão geracional dessas normas, através dos quais é menos o conteúdo delas que se transmite, muito mais seus modelos de incidência, os quais se perpetuam, a um tempo produzindo o mal-estar inerente à cultura e possibilitando alterações significativas nos conteúdos normativos que regem a civilização em cada momento e lugar

Advertising has a powerful role in today’s society, especially since we are constantly surrounded by it. Advertisement does not only encourage people to make decisions about their purchases but has a big impact on the culture (Lin & Yeh, 2009; Lindner, 2004). Hence, it is a big factor of creating norms and ideas of what is feminine and masculine; thus affecting the perception on gender within societies. Unfortunate is however that to be able to cut through the enormous advertising clutter that people are exposed to daily, advertisers tend to use sexual content and portrayals as tactic, leading to an obscure ideal (Dahl, Segupta & Vohs, 2009; Cortese, 2008; Connell & Pearse, 2015; Butler & Almqvist, 2007). This quantitative and qualitative study examines from a Gender and Feminist theory perspective how women are portrayed sexually and stereotypically in advertisements within Mexican fashion magazines. The advertisements found within the seven biggest fashion magazines in Mexico are being studied both through a quantitative content analyse and qualitative text analyse using a semiotic approach. The result of the study shows that the content of advertisements in Mexican magazines frequently portray females in a sexualised and stereotypical way. Within our qualitative result six different stereotypes could be found. Furthermore, our quantitative result shows that the most commonly portrayed female within the advertisements are White. Henceforth, our result shows that a female ideal where the most crucial attributes are: to be sexy, beautiful, obtain an attractive appearance and to be White.

La tesis aborda como problema de investigación si el estado actual del clima organizacional difiere del estado ideal del clima organizacional según los grupos ocupacionales en una institución de salud del sector público. Para responder a esta interrogante se ha efectuado una investigación descriptivo comparativa con diseño transversal. Para la evaluación de clima organizacional se utilizó el Cuestionario de Clima de la Organización basado en la teoría de Litwin y Stringer que reporta una confiabilidad para el presente estudio de .92 obtenida utilizando la fórmula de Kuder Richardson y una validez de constructo basada en la discriminación de ítems que la conforman. La muestra de estudio fue de 175 personas pertenecientes al personal asistencial y administrativo de una institución de salud fue obtenida de una población de 292 personas aplicando la fórmula de Cochrane. El estudio encontró que existen diferencias en el clima organizacional y entre el clima organizacional actual y el ideal en los diferentes grupos ocupacionales y que el clima organizacional actual se encuentra en un rango que oscila entre la tendencia positiva a la negativa y el clima organizacional ideal entre muy positivo a positivo. Las dimensiones conformidad, responsabilidad, normas, recompensas, claridad, cordialidad y apoyo y liderazgo también muestran diferencias según grupos ocupacionales.

G.A. Cohen argues that John Rawls' method of political philosophy--in particular his sensitivity to the facts of human nature--leads him inexorably to producing a nonideal conception of justice. In this thesis I defend Rawls against this accusation by demonstrating that the facts of human nature that he shows deference towards are a product of the "free development" of his ideal conception of the person. The result is that Rawls' conception of justice has the power and status that Rawls affords it, and that Cohen's critique fails to cause internal damage to Rawls' theory. My thesis is thus what the subtitle says it is: an essay in defence of John Rawls' deference to "human nature" from the "concessionary criticism" of G.A. Cohen.

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Understanding speech in noisy environments is a challenge for normal-hearing and impaired-hearing listeners alike. However, it has been shown that speech intelligibility can be improved in these situations using a strategy called the ideal binary mask. Because this approach requires knowledge of the speech and noise signals separately though, it is ill-suited for practical applications. To address this, many algorithms are being designed to approximate the ideal binary mask strategy. Inevitably though, these algorithms make errors, and the implications of these errors are not well-understood. The main contributions of this thesis are to introduce a new framework for investigating binary masking algorithms and to present listener studies that use this framework to illustrate how certain types of algorithm errors can affect speech recognition outcomes with both normal-hearing listeners and cochlear implant recipients.