The conceptualization of intimacy within adolescent romantic relationships has typically taken a linear approach: Adolescents experience initial romantic encounters within a group context and progress towards an exclusive dyadic dating relationship. This study uses a person-centered approach and conceptualizes adolescent romance as multi-dimensional.In Study 1, a large, nationally representative dataset (the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health) was used to classify 10th and 11th grade adolescents into ideal romantic relationship styles via Latent Class Analysis. Four classed emerged: Concealers (3.6%; n=276), Abstainers (32.6%; n=2508), Engagers (51.4% of the sample; n= 3955), and Family Builders (12.5%; n=959). Concealers, primarily non-White ethnicities, preferred low social/emotional involvement but moderate sexual activities. Most adolescents with same-sex attractions were concealers. Concealers reported the greatest miss-match between ideal and real relationship activities. Abstainers, predominantly females, preferred: high social/emotional activities, to talk less about contraception/STDs, and low sexual activities. Engagers, predominantly male and White, scored highest on all social, emotional, and physical activities (exception of 'seeing less of friends', 'sex', 'pregnancy', and 'marriage'). Family builders, overly-represented by Latino, preferred high social, emotional, and physical dimensions including seeing less of friends, sexual intercourse, pregnancy, and marriage. Moderate discrepancies occurred between ideal and real activities.Study 2 was a focus group study of White and Latino adolescents (N=75) entering 10th through 12th grades. Using a symbolic interactionism theoretical framework, adolescents described four types of sexual relationships within their social subjective realities: Going-out, dating, friends with benefits, and hooking up. Going-out relationships, an exclusive and emotionally/physically close relationship, were the most easily described and the most intense and committed relationships. Dating relationships, however, were the most common type of sexual relationship and were less easily defined, partially due to the ambiguity of the relationship itself which is to 'get to know each other'. These relationships were somewhat exclusive and required less obligations. Friends with benefits (primarily physical relationships) and hooking up (single physical encounters) were casual relationships that required little to no commitment.Findings are interpreted via a developmental/feminist lens. Gender inequality and sexual double standards are potent forces that continue to shape adolescent's sexual behaviors, feelings, and experiences.

The sociocultural model of eating disorders suggests that awareness of a thin physical ideal directly affects internalization of that ideal, which in turn, directly affects body dissatisfaction. The current study evaluated the general accuracy of the sociocultural model and examined the potential for ethnicity to protect against eating disorder symptomatology by moderating the relationships between awareness and internalization and between internalization and body dissatisfaction. Spanish (n = 100), Mexican American (n = 100), and Euro-American (n = 100) female participants completed various questionnaires measuring sociocultural attitudes towards appearance and body dissatisfaction. Analysis of covariance with tests of homogeneity of slope and path analysis using maximum likelihood with robust standard errors tested the two relationships by ethnic group. Results supported the sociocultural model: there was strong evidence for the mediational effect of internalization on the relationship between awareness and body dissatisfaction. Furthermore, ethnicity moderated the relationships such that both relationships were significantly stronger for Euro-American women than for Mexican American or Spanish women. Within the Mexican American group level of acculturation also moderated these relationships. Taken together, the results of this study highlight how ethnicity can protect against the development of eating disorder symptoms. Denouncing the thin ideal, minimizing appearance as an indicator of female value, and emphasizing personal traits other than appearance as determinants of worth are important in protecting against the development of body dissatisfaction and more severe eating pathology.

ABSTRACT Title: Elle & Café – a study of fashion magazines cover pages. Number of pages: 38 Author: Greta Simonsson Tutor: Amelie Hössjer Course: Media and Communication Studies D Period: Spring Semester 2008 University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University Aim: The purpose of this essay is to:  Analyze the cover images from the 2007 editions of the magazines Elles and Café, using semiotic analysis.  Analyzes eventual resemblances or differences between the two magazine's cover images based upon the result of the semiotic analysis. Material and methods: The study of Elles's and Café's cover pages has been done using a model built upon semiotic analysis, developed with the purpose of suiting observation and examination of cover pages of fashion magazines. The cover pages were analyzed from the categories character, context, and environment. Main results: The main results include the observation that both Elles and Café chooses well-known figures from women's fashion industry as prime characters on their covers. In Elles, all main characters are famous women emerging from the music, television and fashion industries. The women in Café are known for similar professions. However, the men in Café are associated with politics, sports and music. Men and women are, through the ideals and styles conveyed in the magazines, associated with gender-specific roles, contrasting and contributing to, a problematic contemporary definition of gender, identity and ideal. Keywords: Fashion magazines, semiotic analysis, identity, gender ideal and information society.

This essay is called In the head of Garibaldi – a study about the portrayal of Garibaldi in biographies and focuses on the literary portrayal of Garibaldi in biographies published in the early 20th century and the early 21st century. The purpose of the essay is to describe the possible changes in the way of portraying Garibaldi in biographies and compare the portraying to the portrayal of Garibaldi that Garibaldi himself gives in the American translation of his memoirs, which were published in New York 1859.I have in this study used a constructivist approach with focus on the attributes, ideals and roles of Garibaldi. Research and thoughts from a wide field of science has been used, for example the works on nationalism by Elie Kedourie and Ernest Gellner. The thoughts on biographies as a scientific genre as described in the anthologies Att skriva människan (Ambjörnsson, Ringby & Åkerman red.) and Med livet som insats (Rosengren & Östling red.) has also been of the utmost importance of the study.The results of the study shows that there has been changes in the way of portraying Garibaldi in biographies, as showed in the more unbiased portrayals in the newer biographies. A larger focus on criticism of the sources is also apparent in the newer biographies. In a comparison between the biographies and Garibaldi‟s memoirs it stands clear that the memoirs and the biographies portrays and depicts the myth of Garibaldi, with more or less focus on fiction.

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In 1990, Fröberg presented a combinatorial classification of the quadratic square-free monomial ideals with linear resolutions. He showed that the edge ideal of a graph has a linear resolution if and only if the complement of the graph is chordal. Since then, a generalization of Fröberg's theorem to higher dimensions has been sought in order to classify all square-free monomial ideals with linear resolutions. Such a characterization would also give a description of all square-free monomial ideals which are Cohen-Macaulay. In this thesis we explore one method of extending Fröberg's result. We generalize the idea of a chordal graph to simplicial complexes and use simplicial homology as a bridge between this combinatorial notion and the algebraic concept of a linear resolution. We are able to give a generalization of one direction of Fröberg's theorem and, in investigating the converse direction, find a necessary and sufficient combinatorial condition for a square-free monomial ideal to have a linear resolution over fields of characteristic 2.

This thesis is an analysis of the rural ideal as it resonates through exhibition at local county museums in southern Ontario. This study brings attention to the potential for museums to perpetuate the rural ideal through the manner in which they frame artifacts and create historical displays. Through a combination of a through historiography which features public history, museums, and rural history, this thesis argues that museums work in a similar manner as text or images to identify with an ideology. Utilizing the Wellington County Museum and Archives as a case study, exhibits of the institution are deconstructed to demonstrate their association with the ideal and the potential influence this may possess on audiences.

Šiame darbe yra sudaryta ir analiziškai išspręsta spindulių eigos idealiuose lęšiuose, diferencialinė lygtis. Rastas paviršius, į kurį kritę spinduliai po lūžimo eina lygiagrečiai simetrijos ašiai. Aprašyta, kaip sklinda perėję per idealųjį lęšį iš idealaus ir ne iš idealaus taškinio šaltinio išėję šviesos spinduliai. / In the present work, the differential equation is being structured and solved by analysis of beams motion in ideal lenses. There was a surface on witch motioned beams, after the refraction, come in parallel with symmetric axis. Also it includes how to gleams spread after passing through the ideal lens from ideal and non-ideal spot source witch they came from.

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The aim of this study is to investigate discipline in German and Swedishclassrooms and describe its cultural contexts. In countries with compulsory educa-tion, it must be assumed that not all students voluntarily attend classes. The man-datory presence of students combined with the ban on corporal punishment inschools means that classroom interaction has to be organized according to certainmanners and rules (Luhmann, 2002a:108a). These rules are understood here as dis-cipline meaning the organization and control of individuals and their actions overspace and time (Foucault, 1987/1975). This study assumes similarities in the funda-mental disciplinary mechanisms, although different contexts (here Germany andSweden) will create different concrete manifestations of the phenomenon. Since theobservation of cultural contexts is not as self-evident and direct as the observationof classroom interactions of teachers and students, the theoretical considerationshere include a detailed discussion of methodology for observing culture. Startingwith Alfred Schütz’ concept of ideal types and Niklas Luhmann’s theory on massmedia, it is argued that culture can be observed through the products of mass me-dia. The empirical data for this study consists of field studies in the form of obser -vations in German and Swedish classrooms as well as the examination of Germanand Swedish films and television series about teachers and students. The classroomobservations were used to create ideal typical descriptions of different implementa-tions of disciplinary procedure. Based on the analysis of teacher figures in variousGerman and Swedish films and television series, several “good” and “bad” teachertypes were initially identified. Combining the two results allowed conclusions tobe made about correlations between disciplinary order and whether a teacher isconsidered “good” or “bad”. This review of the various types of order is the basisfor the description of cultural contexts. The results of classroom observations andfilm studies and their discussion in relation to prior Swedish research, gives thepicture of a cultural context in which various forms of classroom order are avail-able, in which they are critically discussed and also can exist in parallel to each oth-er. On the other hand, the German context seems to allow only one form ofclassroom order, both in actual school operations as well as in the mass media rep -resentation and scientific reflection.