The aim of the thesis is to compare the results from in situ spectrometry and laboratory determination of the area activity of Cs-137 in samples taken from uncultivated soils. To fulfil the goal, the research question has been determined: Are the results from in situ measurement of the area activity of Cs-137 in uncultivated soil comparable with the results from laboratory measurement of collected soil samples? The theoretical part of the work has been written based on research of book publications, foreign scientific articles and electronic sources, which deal with the issue of radioactivity and its impact on the environment and the principle of semiconductor gamma spectrometry. The practical part of the work deals with the spectrometric measurement using in situ method and the laboratory determination of the area activity of Cs-137 in the soil samples using a semiconductor gamma spectrometer. The measurement and the soil sampling took place in the territory of the Šumava National Park and its adjacent areas in Pilsen Region. There were selected five locations (Nová Hůrka, Prášily, Srní, Nový Brunst and Hadí vrh). By in situ spectrometric measurement the highest values were determined of the area activity of Cs-137 in the location Nová Hůrka (19526 Bq / m2) and the lowest in the location Hadí vrh (5398 Bq / m2). The spectrometric measurements of the soil samples in the laboratory revealed the highest values of the area activity of Cs-137 in the sample from the location Nová Hůrka (10000 Bq / m2) and the lowest values of Cs-137 in the location Hadí vrh (2060 Bq / m2). The contribution of this work is the comparison of in situ spectrometric measurement with the measurement of taken soil samples using the gamma semiconductor spectrometer. The results of this monitoring can provide data on the radiation situation in individual locations in Šumava. By the comparison of the results of the area activity of Cs-137, there has been found a correlation between in situ spectrometric measurements and the laboratory measurements of the soil samples. The results of the area activity of Cs-137 are in an order of magnitude comparable. The differences between the results are probably caused by the measurement conditions.

Le développement de nouveaux antibiotiques est un enjeu majeur de santé publique. Etant donné, le fort potentiel des aminoglycosides en tant qu’antibiotique, ces composés ont attisé l’intérêt de plusieurs groupes de recherche. Cependant, leur usage est encore très limité, malgré leur ancienneté, du fait de leur toxicité et du développement toujours croissant des mécanismes de résistances aux aminoglycosides. Afin de mieux appréhender les problèmes inhérents à leur utilisation, il est crucial de mieux comprendre leur action sur les différentes cibles cellulaires, et d’étudier leur interaction avec leur cible moléculaire (ARN et protéine). En plus de leur pouvoir antibiotique, les aminoglycosides sont également des ligands universels pour des ARN, capables d’interagir spécifiquement avec notamment les ARN du VIH-1 suivants : DIS, TAR, RRE. L’élaboration d’aminoglycosides modifiés présente un énorme avantage car le domaine d’application, et en conséquence les retombées, sont grandes. Néanmoins, la complexité structurale de ces molécules est un frein majeur, la fonctionnalisation chimiosélective est indispensable mais malheureusement peu décrite dans la littérature. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous avons développé deux types d’approches pour cibler le DIS et/ou le site A du ribosome bactérien. La première originale, mais risquée se base sur le concept de click in situ. La seconde approche est traditionnelle et est basée sur la fonctionnalisation sélective de certaines positions clés des aminoglycosides. / The development of new antibiotics is a major public health issue. Given the high potential of aminoglycosides as antibiotics, these compounds have aroused great interest in many research groups. However, despite their maturity, their use is still limited because of their toxicity and the increasing development of resistance mechanisms to aminoglycosides. To better understand the problems inherent to their use, it is crucial to understand their action a cellular level, and to study the interactions with their molecular targets (RNA and protein). In addition to their antibiotic power, aminoglycosides are also universal ligands for several RNAs, capable of specific interactions with RNAs of HIV-1: DIS, TAR and RRE. The elaboration of modified aminoglycosides presents a huge advantage because the domain of application, and therefore the benefits, are important. Nevertheless, the structural complexity of these molecules is a major constraint, chemoselective functionalization is essential but unfortunately poorly described in the literature.In this work, we developed two approaches to target the DIS and/or the A site of the bacterialribosome. The first one, unique but challenging is based on the concept of in situ click chemistry. The second approach is conventional and is based on the selective functionalization of some keypositions of aminoglycosides.

Cancers display heterogeneity in genetic profiles of the individual cancer cells and in the composition of different malignant and non-malignant cell populations. Such intra-tumor heterogeneity plays a role in treatment response and the emergence of resistance to cancer therapies. Approaches that address this complexity and improve stratification of patients for treatment are therefore highly warranted. Thus, the aims of this thesis were to further develop and apply in situ technologies for expression and mutation analyses of candidate cancer genes to gain a deeper understanding of cancer biology and to study intra-tumor heterogeneity. In paper I, we established and validated a procedure for scalable in situ hybridization of large gene sets in human formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues for analysis of gene expression. This method was used in paper II for large-scale expression analysis of the tyrosine kinome and phosphatome, two gene families whose members are frequently mutated in many forms of cancers. Systematic, compartment-specific expression mapping at cell type resolution enabled us to identify several novel vascular markers that have gone unnoticed in bulk transcriptomic analyses. In papers III and IV, we used padlock probes for in situ mutation detection in single cells for studies of genetic intra-tumor heterogeneity. In paper III, multiplex detection and genotyping of oncogenic point mutations was demonstrated in routinely processed tissue materials, whereas in paper IV we further the application by demonstrating multiplex detection of fusion gene transcripts. Collectively, the work presented in this thesis employs in situ-based methods to obtain spatial resolution of gene expression and mutation patterns in normal and cancer tissues, thereby broadening our understanding of the cancer genome.

The primary goal of this work is to measure the acoustic properties of a surface in situ. This generally involves sound pressure measurements and a calculation of the acoustic reflection factor of a surface, which may then be used to calculate the acoustic impedance or the acoustic absorption coefficient. These quantities are of use in acoustic simulations, architectural design, room acoustics and problems in noise control. It is of great interest to determine the performance of a particular surface where it is used, as opposed to measurements conducted in a laboratory. In situ measurements are not trivial, caution must be taken to ensure that high signal-to-noise levels are achieved and that the reflections of sound from the measurement environment are taken into consideration. This study presents five measurement methods that may be applied in situ. The acoustic absorption coefficient is calculated for each method on various surfaces spanning the whole range of absorption. Emphasis is placed on frequency resolution, in order to determine absorption characteristics in the bass region (50 Hz to 200 Hz). Advantages and disadvantages of each method are demonstrated and discussed. Finally, the in situ implementation of the surface pressure method is presented and measurements are made in order to test the limitations of this approach.

The diagnosis of cancer today is obsolete, depending upon pattern recognition and non-quantifiable data. The time consuming diagnosis is often performed on biopsies, fixed using non standardised procedures, and leaves room for dubious results. The diagnosis is also invasive, exposing patients to risk of infections and discomfort due to the need of tissue samples. The knowledge about changes in protein expression levels related to cancer can instead be utilized to generate a new diagnostic tool. By adapting the in situ proximity ligation assay (in situ PLA) to cells in solution, it is possible to detect proteins, or protein interactions, within cells without the need for tissue samples. Since the method is both highly sensitive and specific, it delivers reliable results. In this report, the in situ PLA method for cells in solution is combined with flow cytometry readout. Hence, a new and less invasive diagnostic tool for cancer, delivering highly accurate high throughput single cell analysis, may be on the rise.

The primary goal of this work is to measure the acoustic properties of a surface in situ. This generally involves sound pressure measurements and a calculation of the acoustic reflection factor of a surface, which may then be used to calculate the acoustic impedance or the acoustic absorption coefficient. These quantities are of use in acoustic simulations, architectural design, room acoustics and problems in noise control. It is of great interest to determine the performance of a particular surface where it is used, as opposed to measurements conducted in a laboratory. In situ measurements are not trivial, caution must be taken to ensure that high signal-to-noise levels are achieved and that the reflections of sound from the measurement environment are taken into consideration. This study presents five measurement methods that may be applied in situ. The acoustic absorption coefficient is calculated for each method on various surfaces spanning the whole range of absorption. Emphasis is placed on frequency resolution, in order to determine absorption characteristics in the bass region (50 Hz to 200 Hz). Advantages and disadvantages of each method are demonstrated and discussed. Finally, the in situ implementation of the surface pressure method is presented and measurements are made in order to test the limitations of this approach.

Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit einer umfangreichen Charakterisierung des Bruchverhaltens von amorph/kristallinen Multilagen (ZrO2/Ti) mit Schichtdicken kleiner als 100nm. Das Bruchverhalten wird systematisch in Abhängigkeit der Schichtdicke der kristallinen Komponente untersucht.  Die Bruchversuche werden senkrecht und parallel zu den Grenzflächen durchgeführt. Diese werden dabei in-situ in einem Transmissionselektronenmikroskop durchgeführt um zusätzlich Informationen bezüglich der mikrostrukturellen Veränderungen während des Rissprozesses zu erlangen.  Der in dieser Arbeit realisierte Bruchversuch zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass ein Riss kontrollierbar durch das Material getrieben werden kann und zusätzlich die Größe der plastischen Zone direkt sichtbar und zugänglich gemacht wird. Weiterhin können kritische Energiefreisetzungraten anhand der Bildanalyse der Bruchversuche bestimmt werden. Dabei hat sich gezeigt, dass das Bruchverhalten auf der Nanoskala erst über die kombinierte Betrachtung von Energiefreisetzungsraten und der ablaufenden mikrostrukturellen Prozesse während des Bruchs charakterisiert werden kann.  In der Geometrie parallel zu den Grenzflächen wird für die dickeren Titan-Schichtdicken beobachtet, dass sich der Riss in den Titan-Schichten ausbreitet, was anhand der Festigkeitsverhältnisse der einzelnen Schichten und Grenzflächen erklärt werden kann. Lediglich für sehr kleine Titan-Schichtdicken zeigt sich eine Abweichung vom Risspfad hin zur Ausbreitung entlang der Grenzflächen. Auch die quantitativen Energiefreisetzungsraten zeigen ein längenskalenabhängiges Verhalten, welches durch die Festigkeiten der Titan-Schichten sowie durch die Größe der plastischen Zone erklärt werden kann. In der Geometrie der Rissausbreitung senkrecht zu den Grenzflächen zeigt sich das zu erwartende Bruchverhalten. Der Riss breitet sich über die Grenzflächen hinweg aus und in duktilen Titan-Schichten kann eine Rissbrückenbildung beobachtet werden. Bruchversuche in einer Gasatmosphäre bestätigen, dass der Risspfad durch eine Gasatmosphäre beeinflusst werden kann und somit für das gezielte Versagen von Grenzflächen oder auch Materialien in Kompositstrukturen genutzt werden könnte.

A new combustion zone analytical model has been developed in which the combustion front temperature may be calculated. The model describes in the combustion zone, the amount of fuel burned based on reaction kinetics, the fuel concentration and produced gas composition based on combustion stoichiometry, and the amount of heat generated based on a heat balance. Six runs were performed in a 3-inch diameter, 40-inch long steel combustion tube with Jobo crude oil (9-11°API) from the Orinoco Belt in Venezuela. These runs were carried out with air containing three values of oxygen concentration, 21%, 30%, and 40%. The weight percentage of sand, clay, water, and oil in the sand mix was kept constant in all runs at 86.6%, 4.7%, 4.0%, and 4.7% respectively. Injection air rates (3 L/min) as well as the production pressure (300 psig) were kept constant in all runs. The results indicate that the calculated combustion zone temperatures and temperature profiles are in good agreement with the experimental data, for the range of oxygen concentration in the injected air. The use of oxygen-enriched air slightly increased the combustion front temperature from 440°C in a 21 mole % O2 concentration to a maximum of 475°C for air with 40 mole % O2 concentration. Oxygen-enriched air injection also increased the combustion front velocity from 13.4 cm/hr (for 21% oxygen) to 24.7 cm/hr (for 40% oxygen), thus reducing the start of oil production from 3.3 hours (for 21% oxygen) to 1.8 hours (for 40% oxygen). In the field, the use of oxygen-enriched air injection could translate into earlier oil production compared to with not-enriched air injection. The new analytical model for the combustion zone developed in this study will be beneficial to future researchers in understanding the effect of oxygen-enriched in-situ combustion and its implications on the combustion front temperature and combustion front thickness.

Viena iš pagrindinių priežasčių, keičiančių puslaidininkinių prietaisų parametrus, yra elektriškai aktyvūs defektai. Gilieji lygmenys sąlygoja krūvininkų gyvavimo trukmės mažėjimą medžiagoje, todėl blogėja krūvininkų surinkimo koeficientas puslaidininkiniuose detektoriuose, išauga energijos nuostoliai galios prietaisuose bei mažėja šviesos diodų našumas. Elektriškai aktyvių radiacinių bei technologinių defektų charakterizavimas yra aktualus vystant naujų, daugiasluoksnių puslaidininkinių struktūrų formavimo technologijas bei puslaidininkinių detektorių darbo parametrų optimizavimui. Šiame darbe buvo sukurta nesąlytinė laike išskirtosios spektroskopijos metodika giliųjų lygmenų puslaidininkinėse struktūrose įvertinimui kambario temperatūroje. Ši metodika įgalina sinchroniškai kontroliuoti gaudyklių aktyvacijos energiją ir krūvininkų gyvavimo trukmę. Sukurtas, išbandytas ir sukalibruotas mikrobangomis zonduojamo fotolaidumo kinetikų matavimo prietaisas, skirtas krūvininkų gyvavimo trukmės bandinio briaunoje ir plokštumoje įvertinimui bei technologinių procesų kontrolei. Šiais metodais buvo įvertinti defektų parametrai hadronais apšvitintame, įvairiais metodais užaugintame Si. Taip pat įvertinta legiravimo, metalų implantacijos ir apšvitinimų įtaka Ge struktūrų rekombinacijos charakteristikoms. Rekombinacijos parametrų kontrolei apšvitų stabdomais bei skvarbiaisiais hadronais metu buvo sukurta nuotoliniu būdu valdoma matavimų sąranga ir pritaikyta radiacinių defektų tipų ir jų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Electrically active defects are one of the main obstacles to produce high efficiency semiconductor based devices. Deep levels determine the non-radiative recombination processes and deteriorate efficiency of light emitting diodes, charge collection efficiency of radiation detectors and determine high power dissipation of the power devices. This work is addressed to material science and development of contactless measurement technologies for non-invasive defects characterization and identification within modern structures of Si, Ge and GaN by developing the non-destructive techniques. Contactless time resolved techniques for deep levels spectroscopy has been approved for evaluation of defects parameters within irradiated Si and implanted Ge structures. Peculiarities of recombination parameters have been revealed in Ge structures dependent on doping and irradiation. The methodology and instrumentation for the control of recombination parameters during irradiations by penetrative and stopped protons have been proposed, designed and approved. Evolution of densities and of species of the radiation defects during irradiation has been examined and models for fluence dependent variations of density of extended defects are proposed. An impact of dislocation networks on recombination properties has been revealed within strained thin-layered SiGe structures and epitaxial GaN layers. The models for explanation of the interplay of defects in these structures have been proposed in this... [to full text]

Dans un contexte environnemental où les législations concernant la teneur ensoufre présent dans les coupes pétrolières sont de plus en plus drastiques, le développementde nouveaux catalyseurs toujours plus actifs est donc nécessaire. Cette augmentation del´activité catalytique est possible à plusieurs niveaux dont, par exemple, par l´utilisation denouveaux procédés de synthèse tel que l´emploi de la voie fluides supercritiques. Dans unpremier temps, l´objectif est d´étudier les éléments utilisés pour préparer ces catalyseurs afind´avoir une vision plus large des réserves, des utilisations, des possibilités de substitutions…La criticité de ces éléments a donc été évaluée par le biais de plusieurs indicateurs. Dans unsecond temps, la compréhension de la synthèse de catalyseurs d´hydrodésulfuration (HDS) aété étudiée. Pour cela des expériences utilisant différents solvants et précurseurs métalliquesont été suivies via des analyses in situ Raman. Après avoir défini les résultats les plusprobants, le procédé de préparation de catalyseurs HDS assisté par le CO2 supercritique(scCO2) a été optimisé à travers une étude paramétrique. Pour cela, la température, lapression, le solvant d´imprégnation, le ratio entre CO2 et solvant d´imprégnation, le temps deréaction et le chargement en métaux ont été variés. Les matériaux obtenus ont ensuite étéfinement caractérisés (microscopie, DRX, Raman, ICP, microsonde) avant d´être activés parsulfuration et testés dans différentes réactions catalytiques (hydrogénation du toluène,hydrodésulfuration du dibenzothiophène et du 4,6-diméthyldibenzothiophène). / In an environmental context where legislations concerning the sulfur content in oilare increasingly drastic, the research for new and ever more active catalysts is necessary. Thisincrease of the catalytic activity is possible at several levels, for example, with the use of novelsynthetic processes such as the use of the supercritical fluids route. In a first stage, theobjective is to study the elements used to prepare these catalysts in order to have a broaderview of the reserves, the uses, the possibility of substitutions ... The criticality of these elementshas therefore been evaluated by means of several indicators. In a second stage, theunderstanding of the synthesis of hydrodesulfurization catalysts (HDS) was studied. For thispurpose, experiments using different solvents and metallic precursors were followed by in situRaman analyses. After defining the most convincing results, the process for preparing HDScatalysts assisted by supercritical CO2 medium (scCO2) was optimized through a parametricstudy. For this, temperature, pressure, impregnation solvent, ratio of CO2 to impregnationsolvent, reaction time and metal loading were varied. The materials obtained were thencharacterized (microscopy, DRX, Raman, ICP, microprobe) before being activated bysulfidation and tested in various catalytic reactions (hydrogenation of toluene,hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene).