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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
321

Estudos citogenéticos e taxonômicos em espécies brasileiras de Swartzia Schreb. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) = Cytogenetics and taxonomics studies in Brazilian species of Swartzia Schreb. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) / Cytogenetics and taxonomics studies in Brazilian species of Swartzia Schreb. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae)

Pinto, Rafael Barbosa, 1985- 23 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Eliana Regina Forni Martins, Vidal de Freitas Mansano / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T00:22:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pinto_RafaelBarbosa_M.pdf: 4856945 bytes, checksum: 7af922214bf499ea2e8fe2cfb2e9e2f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Swarzia é um gênero basal da subfamília Papilionoideae (Leguminosae). Apesar do seu posicionamento ter gerado debate entre muitos autores no passado, estudos sistemáticos recentes confirmam a monofilia de Swartzia, compondo o clado swartzióide juntamente com mais sete gêneros. A diversidade morfológica e a ampla distribuição geográfica na região neotropical tornam o gênero um interessante objeto de estudos taxonômicos e sistemáticos. Embora Swartzia apresente centro de diversidade amazônico, também possui alta riqueza de espécies na região extra-amazônica, apresentando complexos de espécies, com difícil delimitação morfológica de alguns táxons, necessitando de ferramentas adicionais para uma melhor compreensão da evolução no grupo. A citogenética, mediante estudos cromossômicos, fornece informações importantes na elucidação de relações supra e infra genéricas e, através de uma abordagem citotaxonômica, pode contribuir para o esclarecimento de problemas sistemáticos e taxonômicos. O presente trabalho visa ampliar os estudos do gênero, contribuindo com um inédito estudo citogenético e ampliando estudos taxonômicos das Swartzia na região extra-amazônica brasileira. Para o capítulo 1 foram coletadas sementes de 18 espécies distribuídas no território brasileiro para análise cromossômica e no capítulo 2 é apresentado um estudo taxonômico de Swartzia na região extra-amazônica brasileira, com chave de identificação. Swartzia apresentou número cromossômico constante entre as espécies analisadas (2n=2x=26). Entretanto, S. leptopetala demonstrou potencial de autopoliploidização ao apresentar sementes 2n=2x=26 e 2n=4x=52 numa mesma árvore, configurando processos de poliploidização em meristemas isolados. O tamanho dos cromossomos (tamanho relativo dos cromossomos e comprimento total de cromatina - TCL) foi medido para todas as 18 espécies coletadas. No geral, os cromossomos são pequenos, sendo o menor cromossomo encontrado em S. acuminata (0.25?m), enquanto o maior foi encontrado em S. euxylophora (1.41?m). Os números de bandas CMA+/DAPI- (2) e sítios de rDNA 45S (2) e 5S (2) também não apresentaram variação interespecífica. Swartzia euxylophora, cuja inclusão no gênero havia sido anteriormente questionada, apresentou as características citogenéticas semelhantes às demais Swartzia e, somadas à morfologia observada em campo, sustentam o posicionamento do táxon dentro do gênero. Os dados cariotípicos (número e tamanho cromossômicos, e número de bandas CMA/DAPI e de genes ribossomais) não permitem a diferenciação das espécies em nível de sessão. Até o momento são disponibilizadas informações cromossômicas para cerca de 10% das Swarztia, não sendo possível sugerir mecanismos de evolução cariotípica no gênero. Mediante a análise dos dados citogenéticos fornecidos neste trabalho e disponíveis na literatura é possível afirmar que os gêneros do clado swartzióide apresentam números cromossômicos diferentes, sendo este um caráter diagnóstico. No capítulo 2, os estudos taxonômicos para as Swartzia extra-amazônicas resultaram na descrição de cinco novas espécies e na elaboração de uma chave de identificação para táxons da região. Quatro delas, S. alagoensis, S. arenophila, S. revoluta e S. submontana, pertencem à seção Acutifoliae que se destaca por possuir alta diversidade e por ser exclusivamente brasileira. Swartzia thomasii pertence à seção Glabriplantae, anteriormente uma seção exclusivamente amazônica / Abstract: Swartzia is a basal genus of subfamily Papilionoideae (Leguminosae). Although the positioning of the genus has been a controversial issue among some authors in the past, recent systematic studies confirm the monophily of Swartzia as being part of a swartzioid clade with other seven genera. The morphological diversity and the widespread geographical distribution at the Neotropical region, make the genus an interesting object of taxonomic and systematic studies. Although Swartzia present an amazonian diversity center, it also has high species richness at extra-amazonian region, presenting species complex, with hard morphological delimitation of some taxa, requiring additional tools for a better comprehension of evolution within the group. Cytogenetics, by studying chromosomes, provides important informations for elucidating supra- and infrageneric relations and, by a citotaxonomic approach, it can contribute to solve systematic and taxonomic problems. The present study aims to increase the studies of the genus, contributing with an inedit cytogentic study and extending taxonomic studies of Brazilian extra-amazonian Swartzia. For chapter 1, there were collected 18 species distributed through Brazilian territory for chromosomal analyses and in chapter 2 we presenting a taxonomic study of Swartzia in extra-Amazonian region of Brazil with a description key. Swartzia presented a conservated chromosome number among species (2n=2x=26). However, S. leptopetala demonstrated an autopolyploidization potential, presenting seeds with 2n=2x=26 and 2n=4x=52 in the same tree, being a polyploidization process in isolated meristems. Chromosome length (relative chromosome length and total chromatin length - TCL) were measured for all 18 species collected. In general, Swartzia chromosomes are small, being the shortest chromosome found in S. acuminata (0.25?m) and the longest in S. euxylophora (1.41?m). The number of CMA+/DAPI- bands (2) and rDNA sites 45S (2) and 5S (2) did not present interspecific variation too. Swartzia euxylophora, which the inclusion in the genus was questioned, presented all cytogentics characteristics similar to all other analyzed Swartzia and together with morphological features observed in the field, it supports the taxon as belonging to the genus. The karyotypic data (number and size of chromosomes, and number of CMA/DAPI and ribosomal genes) do not allow the differentiation of species at section level. Until now, there is chromosomal information for about 10% of Swartzia species available, not being possible suggest karyotypic evolution mechanisms in the genus. By analyzing cytogentic data provided by this study and available in the literature, it is possible to say that genera in swartzioid clade have different chromosome number, being a diagnostic character. In chapter 2, the taxonomic studies of extra-Amazonian Swartzia resulted in a description of five new species and the elaboration of a regional key for the regional taxa. Four of them, S. alagoensis, S. arenophila, S. revoluta and S. submontana, belong to section Acutifoliae, which stands out for having high diversity and for be exclusively Brazilian. Swartzia thomasii belongs to section Glabriplantae, otherwise an exclusively Amazonianian section / Mestrado / Taxonomia Vegetal / Mestre em Biologia Vegetal
322

Estudo cromossômico da tribo Dalbergieae sensu Klitgaard & Lavin (2005) com ênfase no clado Dalbergia s. str. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) = Chromosome studies of the tribe Dalbergieae sensuKlitgaard & Lavin (2005) with emphasis on Dalbergia sensu strictoclade (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) / Chromosome studies of the tribe Dalbergieae sensuKlitgaard & Lavin (2005) with emphasis on Dalbergia sensu strictoclade (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae)

Polido, Caroline do Amaral, 1983- 23 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Eliana Regina Forni Martins, Ana Paula de Moraes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T11:58:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Polido_CarolinedoAmaral_D.pdf: 4429006 bytes, checksum: a6c32402c33fb0d67c72b757af07b400 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital quando for liberada / Abstract: The abstract is available with the full electronic document when available / Doutorado / Biologia Vegetal / Doutora em Biologia Vegetal
323

Investigação laboratorial da síndrome velocardiofacial e possíveis fenocópias / Laboratory investigations of the velocardiofacial syndrome and phenocopies possible

Sgardioli, Ilária Cristina 19 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Vera Lúcia Gil da Silva Lopes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T02:52:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sgardioli_IlariaCristina_M.pdf: 3234786 bytes, checksum: cb2f0f67f9d7df7814742dbf6ed4fb44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A Síndrome Velocardiofacial (SVCF), uma das formas do espectro da Síndrome de deleção 22q11.2, possui incidência de 1/4.000 a 1/6.000 nascimentos. Embora a microdeleção em 22q11.2 seja a principal causa da síndrome, cerca de 10 a 20% dos pacientes com características clínicas da SVCF não a apresentam. Em alguns indivíduos com características clinicas da SVCF e sem microdeleção em 22q11.2, foram encontradas outras aberrações cromossômicas e mutações no gene TBX1. Existem evidências em modelos animais que aventam a associação de alterações no gene FGF8 ao fenótipo da SVCF em humanos. No entanto, até o momento, o gene FGF8 ainda não havia sido estudado em pacientes com SVCF sem microdeleção. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1 - investigar as causas genéticas em pacientes com suspeita clínica da SVCF por meio de cariótipo e triagem de microdeleções, utilizando a técnica de MLPA e FISH; 2 - verificar a presença de alterações nas seqüências codificantes dos genes TBX1 e FGF8 em pacientes sem deleção 22q11.2. Foram incluídos 109 indivíduos com suspeita clínica de SVCF avaliados clinicamente por médico geneticista e os métodos utilizados foram: cariótipo com bandas G; MLPA, FISH; seqüenciamento direto das regiões codificantes dos genes TBX1 e FGF8 e SNP-array. Dos 101 casos em que o exame de cariótipo foi realizado, quatro apresentaram aberrações cromossômicas não relacionadas à SVCF, sendo que em duas foi possível a confirmação dos resultados por SNP-array. Realizou-se MLPA de 106 casos, sendo que 29 foram positivos para a deleção. Dos casos negativos, selecionou-se 31 indivíduos após reavaliação clínico-dismorfológica com a hipótese clínica mantida e foi realizado seqüenciamento das regiões codificantes dos genes TBX1 e FGF8. No gene TBX1 foram encontradas variações normais na seqüência e no gene FGF8 não foram detectadas alterações, com exceção dos exons 1 e 2, em que não foi possível análise por problemas técnicos. O exame de cariótipo contribuiu na investigação inicial e permitiu concluir a investigação por outras técnicas. O MLPA se mostrou eficiente para a investigação diagnóstica da deleção 22q11.2, identificando, também, outras alterações; FISH confirmou 82,1% dos resultados obtidos por MLPA. Não foram identificadas alterações patogênicas nas regiões codificantes dos genes TBX1 e em 90% das regiões codificantes do gene FGF8 / Abstract: Velocardiofacial Syndrome (SVCF), one of the forms of the 22q11.2 Microdeletion Syndrome spectrum, has an incidence of 1/4.000 to 1/6.000 births. Although the 22q11.2 microdeletion is the main cause of the syndrome, approximately 10 to 20% of the patients with clinical features of SVCF don't present it. In a few individuals with SVCF clinical features and without 22q11.2 microdeletion other chromosomal aberrations and changes in TBX1 gene were found. There is evidence in animal models that suggests the associated changes in FGF8 gene in humans. However, the FGF8 gene had not been studied in patients with SVCF without microdeletion yet. The purpose of this work was: 1 - To investigate the genetic causes in patients with clinical suspicion of SVCF through the karyotype and microdeletion screening using MLPA and FISH techniques; 2 - To check the presence of changes in coding sequences of the TBX1 gene and FGF8 gene in patients without 22q11.2 deletion. 109 individuals with clinical suspicion of SVCF and clinically evaluated by a clinical geneticist were included, and the following methods were used: karyotype with GTG banding, MLPA, FISH, direct sequencing of coding regions of TBX1 and FGF8 gene and SNP-array. Four out of 102 cases in which the tests of karyotype were performed presented chromosomal aberrations not related to SVCF, two of them confirmed by SNP-array. The MLPA of 106 cases was performed, 29 of them positive to deletion. 31 individuals were selected among negative cases, after clinical reevaluation based on the same clinical hypothesis maintained, and direct sequencing of coding regions of TBX1 and FGF8 gene were performed. Normal variations in sequence were found in TBX1 gene and alterations were not detected in FGF8 gene except for 1 and 2 exons because of technical problems. The karyotype test contributed in the first investigation and permitted us to conclude the investigation by means of other techniques. The MLPA proved to be effective for the diagnostic investigation of 22q11.2 deletion, identifying other alterations as well; FISH confirmed 82,1% results obtained by MLPA. Pathogenic alterations in coding regions of TBX1 gene and in 90% of the coding regions of FGF8 gene were not identified / Mestrado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Mestre em Ciências Médicas
324

Produção e caracterização de nanocompósitos poliméricos obtidos por polimerização em emulsão utilizando Caulinita Amazônica / Production and characterization of polymer nanocomposites by emulsion polymerization using Amazon kaolinite

Macêdo Neto, José Costa de 19 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Liliane Maria Ferrareso Lona / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T15:02:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MacedoNeto_JoseCostade_D.pdf: 15337503 bytes, checksum: 2d35593a90de41c2e7333e60488e1bf0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Materiais nanocompósitos poliméricos utilizando argilas naturais como reforço tem sido bastante estudados por apresentar propriedades melhoradas em relação ao polímero sem reforço. Este trabalho tem como objetivo produzir e caracterizar materiais nanocompósitos polimérico com matriz de poliestireno por meio da polimerização in situ em emulsão utilizando com nanopartícula a caulinita amazônica. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a caulinita utilizada como reforço neste trabalho apresentou alta razão de aspecto, foi possível ser intercalada por moléculas orgânicas de dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) e acetato de potássio (AcK). Nesta tese foram produzidos nanocompósitos com 1, 3 e 5% de caulinita modificada com DMSO e outros com 1, 3 e 5% de argila modificada com AcK. A estabilidade do látex produzido pela polimerização foi medida por dynamic light scattering (DLS). O látex com 3% de argila modificada com DMSO apresentou melhor estabilidade em relação ao com 1% de argila e ao do poliestireno puro. As análises por difração de raios X (DRX) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura de alta resolução (HRSEM) revelaram que a utilização das quantidades 1 e 3% de argila modificada com DMSO são as ideais para a obtenção de nanocompósitos. A análise termogravimétrica (TGA) dos nanocompósitos com 1 e 3% apresentou melhores propriedades térmicas em relação ao polímero sem reforço. A análise por calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) mostrou que a adição de 1 e 3% de argila não alterou a temperatura de transição vítrea em relação ao polímero sem reforço. A análise térmica dinâmico-mecânica (TDMA) mostrou que o módulo de armazenamento (E') foi maior para o poliestireno puro em relação aos nanocompósitos com 1 e 3% de argila durante o aquecimento. A TDMA também mostrou que a adição de 1 e 3% de argila não influenciou a temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg). O ensaio de inflamabilidade horizontal mostrou que a taxa de queima foi menor para o nanocompósito com 3% de argila em relação ao PS e 1%. Sendo assim, foi possível produzir nanocompósitos com a caulinita. O látex obtido com 3% de argila foi o mais estável. Os nanocompósitos com quantidades de1 e 3% de argila obtiveram melhores propriedades térmicas em relação ao poliestireno sem argila. O PS puro apresentou maior E' as quantidades de 1 e 3% de argila não influenciou a Tg. O nanocompósito com 3% de argila obteve menor taxa de queima / Abstract: Polymer nanocomposites materials using natural clays as reinforcement has been extensively studied by presenting improved properties compared to unreinforced polymer. The goal of This work is to produce and characterize a polymer nanocomposites materials with matrix od polystyrene and nanoparticle by kaolinite through in situ emulsion polymerization. The kaolinite used as reinforcement in this study had a high aspect ratio, could be intercalated by organic molecules of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and potassium acetate (ACK). In this thesis were produced nanocomposites with 1, 3 and 5% kaolinite modified with DMSO and others with 1, 3 and 5% clay modified with AcK. The stability of the latex produced by polymerization was measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Latex with 3% clay modified with DMSO showed better stability compared with the 1% clay and the pure polystyrene. Analyses by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy, high resolution (HRSEM) revealed that use of the quantities 1 and 3% clay modified with DMSO are ideal for obtaining nanocomposites. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the nanocomposites with 1 and 3% showed better thermal properties compared to unreinforced polymer. Analysis by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the addition of 1 and 3% clay did not change the glass transition temperature compared to the unreinforced polymer. The dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (TDMA) showed that the storage modulus (E') was higher for the pure polystyrene compared to nanocomposites with 1 and 3% clay during heating. TDMA also showed that the addition of 1 and 3% clay did not influence the glass transition temperature (Tg). The horizontal flammability test showed that the burn rate was lower for the nanocomposite with 3% clay compared to PS and 1%. Therefore, it was possible to produce nanocomposites with kaolinite. The latex obtained with 3% clay was the most stable. Nanocomposites with quantities of 1 and 3% clay had better thermal properties compared to polystyrene clay. The pure PS had a higher E' quantities of 1 and 3% clay did not affect the Tg. The nanocomposite with 3% clay had lower burn rate / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Doutor em Engenharia Química
325

Desenvolvimento de nanocompósitos de nylon 6 em um reator de bancada em batelada = polimerização in situ em unidade experimental / Development of nylon 6 nanocomposites in a batch reactor : in situ polymerization in experimental unit

Pattaro, Ana Flávia, 1982- 20 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Rubens Maciel Filho, Maria Carolina Burgos Costa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T08:40:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pattaro_AnaFlavia_M.pdf: 11480434 bytes, checksum: e73b5f91ac734cab17a6d1dd1e142174 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Este projeto envolve o estudo e desenvolvimento de materiais compósitos (polímero/carga) nanoestruturados (nanocompósitos), produzidos em uma unidade experimental de polimerização, destinada ao desenvolvimento de Nylon -6 (Poliamida-6 ou PA-6) para novas aplicações como plástico de engenharia. O estudo envolve o processo de polimerização de PA-6 e nanocompósitos de PA-6/argila organofílica a partir do monômero 'ÉPSILON '-Caprolactama, como também a produção das argilas organofílicas. A mistura é feita em um reator de bancada em batelada no qual argilas bentoníticas sódica e organofilizada são adicionadas à massa reacional (matriz polimérica) durante o processo de polimerização. Os estudos para o desenvolvimento de PA-6 e de seus nanocompósitos com diferentes características pretendem correlacionar os parâmetros reacionais e operacionais às propriedades finais do polímero obtido. Para isto, estudos de simulação do processo de polimerização foram desenvolvidos, juntamente com análises experimentais do produto. Dessa forma, a PA-6 e os nanocompósitos produzidos por meio do processo de polimerização in situ foram avaliados levando em consideração a eficiência da incorporação ou grau de esfoliação da argila no polímero, a massa molecular dos polímeros/nanocompósitos obtidos e suas características térmicas, determinadas por análises de DSC e TGA. Com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que a polimerização in situ de nanocompósitos de PA-6/Argila Organofílica, utilizando o processo de polimerização hidrolítica da PA-6, é um processo viável de produção de nanocompósitos, uma vez que foi observada, através da técnica de DRX, uma possível formação de nanocompósitos esfoliados e/ou intercalados. Além disso, as simulações do processo de polimerização da PA-6, com ou sem a adição de argilas, apresentaram boa concordância com os valores obtidos experimentalmente / Abstract: This project involves the study and development of composite materials (polymer / filler) nanostructured (nanocomposites), produced in an experimental polymerization unit, for the development of Nylon-6 (Polyamide-6 or PA-6) for new applications such as engineering plastics. The study involves the PA-6 and PA-6/organoclay nanocomposites polymerization process using 'ÉPSILON '-caprolactam monomer, as well as the production of organoclays. The blend is done in a batch reactor in which organophilizated and sodic bentonite are added to the reaction mass (polymeric matrix) during the polymerization process. The studies on the development of PA-6 and its nanocomposites with different characteristics intend to correlate the reaction and operational parameters to the final properties of the obtained polymer. Thus, simulation studies of the polymerization process were developed, along with experimental analysis of the product. In this sense, PA-6 and nanocomposites produced by the in situ polymerization process were evaluated taking into account the incorporation efficiency or the exfoliation rate of the clay in the polymer, the molecular weight of polymers / nanocomposites obtained and their thermal characteristics, determined by DSC and TGA analysis. Based on these results, the conclusion is that the in situ polymerization of PA-6 and PA-6/organoclay nanocomposites using the PA-6 hidrolitic polymerization process, is a viable process for the production of nano-composites, since it was observed through the DRX technique a possible formation of exfoliated and/or intercalary nanocomposites. In addition, the PA-6 polymerization process simulations, with or without the addition of clays, presented a good fit with the experimental values / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química
326

Etude expérimentale et théorique des propriétés optiques de nanocomposites plasmoniques fabriqués par irradiation laser et sous flux solaire concentré / Experimental and theoretical study of the optical properties of plasmonic nanocomposites thin films fabricated under laser and concentrated solar irradiation

Nadal, Elie 27 November 2017 (has links)
Cette thèse porte sur l'étude de nanocomposites plasmoniques et, plus particulièrement, sur des couches minces de polymère dopées en nanoparticules d'or et d'argent. Les travaux réalisés concernent le développement de deux approches de fabrication originales fondées sur la synthèse in situ de nanoparticules dans une matrice de polymère sous irradiation. La première méthode envisagée étudie l’organisation de nanoparticules d’or dans les films de polymères en les irradiant de manière contrôlée dans l'espace par interférométrie laser. Ainsi, nous obtenons des réseaux de nanoparticules qui révèlent des propriétés de diffraction atypiques dont la réponse spectrale dépend fortement de la réponse plasmonique du système. Nous appelons ce phénomène diffraction amplifiée par plasmon. La seconde approche de fabrication développée a pour but de réaliser la synthèse de nanoparticules in situ dans des films de polymère sous rayonnement solaire concentré. Nous nous sommes intéressés, en particulier, à l'influence de l'irradiation solaire concentrée sur les processus de formation des nanoparticules et sur leur morphologie finale, dans le but de contrôler les propriétés optiques du système. Nous avons notamment montré qu’il est possible de contrôler la taille des nanoparticules d’or formées in situ dans les films de polymère, en faisant varier le flux du rayonnement solaire. En parallèle de ces travaux expérimentaux, une approche semi-analytique combinant une description des matériaux en termes de milieux effectif à la méthode RCWA (Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis), a été développée pour calculer les propriétés optiques des nanocomposites. / This dissertation deals with the study of plasmonic nanocomposites and, more precisely, polymer thin films loaded with gold and silver nanoparticles. In this work, we developed two original fabrication techniques based on in situ synthesis of nanoparticles in polymer films under irradiation. In the first approach, our aim is to control the organization of the nanoparticles within the polymer films by using a spatially controlled irradiation by laser interferometry. We show that the plasmonic nanoparticle gratings thus formed present unusual diffractive properties that strongly depend on the plasmonic features of the system. We call this phenomena plasmon enhanced diffraction. In a second method, we study in situ synthesis of nanoparticles in polymer thin films under concentrated solar irradiation. This study is focused on the effect of concentrated solar irradiation on the growth mechanism and the morphology of the nanostructures. We have shown that it is possible to control the size of the gold nanoparticles synthesized in situ by varying the solar flux. Along with experiments, we developed a semi-analytical approach that combines modeling of the materials as effective media with the RCWA method (Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis), which allows us to compute the optical properties of the nanocomposites.
327

Reconfiguration dynamique et simulation fine modélisée au niveau de transaction dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fil hétérogènes matériellement-logiciellement / Dynamic reconfiguration and fine-grained simulation modelled at transaction level in hardware-software heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

Galos, Mihai 15 October 2012 (has links)
Cette thèse porte premièrement sur la reconfiguration dynamique et la simulation hétérogène dans les Réseaux des Capteurs sans Fil. Ces réseaux sont constitués d’une multitude de systèmes électroniques communicants par radio-fréquence, très contraints en énergie. La partie de communication radio entre ces nœuds est la plus consommatrice. C’est pourquoi la minimisation du temps effectif est désirée. On a implémenté une solution qui consiste à envoyer au nœud un fichier de reconfiguration codé utilisant un langage de programmation haut niveau (MinTax). Le nœud sera capable de compiler ce fichier et générer le code object associé à son architecture, in-situ. Grâce au caractère abstrait du MinTax, plusieurs architectures matérielles et systèmes d’exploitation sont visés. Dans un deuxième temps, ce travail de thèse est lié au simulateur de réseaux de capteurs IDEA1TLM.IDEA1TLM permet de prédire quels circuits et configurations sont les plus adéquats à une application sans fil donnée. Ce simulateur a été amélioré pour permettre la simulation rapide des systèmes électroniques matériellement différents dans le même réseau ainsi que le logiciel présent sur les nœuds. / This PhD thesis concerns the dynamic reconfiguration and simulation of heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks. These networks consist of a multitude of electronic units called ?nodes ?, which communicate through a radio interface. The radio interface is the most power-consuming on the node. This is why the minimisation of the radio-time would lead to improved energy efficiency. We have implemented a software solution which consists in sending an update to a node which is coded in a high-level language (MinTax). This file is compiled by the node and machine code is generated for the target hardware architecture. Owing to the abstract nature of MinTax, multiple hardware architectures. as well as operating systems are supported. As a second part of this PhD, work has been focused on a network simulator called IDEATLM.IDEA1TLM allows us to predict which circuits and configurations are the most appropriate for a given task. This solution has been improved to allow a faster simulation of electronic systems which are different from a hardware standpoint, yet part of the same network, as well as to model the actual software running on them.
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Réactions chimiques et mélanges locaux induits par ultrasons : vers une chimiothérapie ciblée / Ultrasound-induced chemical reactions and local mixing : towards targeted chemotherapy

Bezagu, Marine 09 October 2015 (has links)
Le développement de méthodes de délivrance de médicaments ciblées est devenu un objectif primordial dans le cadre des thérapies anticancéreuses. Dans ce contexte, il est possible de combiner l’utilisation de microgouttes de perfluorocarbone (PFC) avec des ultrasons afin de déclencher à distance et de façon spatialement contrôlée la vaporisation du PFC, et donc l’ouverture de ces microgouttes et la libération de leur contenu. Nous avons ainsi pu démontrer la possibilité d’utiliser ces microgouttes de PFC afin de contrôler spatialement mais également temporellement une réaction chimique spontanée comme la cycloaddition non catalysée entre un azoture et un alcyne. Nous avons ensuite montré que cette stratégie de chimie in situ pouvait être appliquée avec succès à l’activation locale in vitro de pro-drogues de la doxorubicine et de la monométhylauristatine E par la β-glucuronidase, ouvrant ainsi la voie à la fabrication de médicaments directement dans les tumeurs. Une stratégie de mélange microfluidique a également été étudiée. Le caractère laminaire des écoulements de fluides en microfluidique rendant le mélange entre fluides particulièrement lent, il est donc nécessaire de concevoir des méthodes de mélange efficaces dans l’optique de créer de véritables « laboratoires sur puce ». Nous avons ainsi pu montrer qu’une généralisation du concept de vaporisation du PFC par ultrasons pouvait permettre d’accéder à une méthode de mélange microfluidique rapide et efficace. / Development of targeted drug-delivery methods has become an increasingly important research field in cancer therapy. In this context, perfluorocarbon (PFC) microdroplets can be combined with ultrasound. The latter can remotely trigger the vaporization of the PFC phase, thus opening the microdroplets and releasing their content in a spatially controlled manner. In this work, we were able to establish that these PFC droplets could be used to control both temporally and spatially a spontaneous chemical reaction such as the non-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. This « in situ chemistry » strategy was also successfully applied to the in vitro localized release of either a doxorubicin or a monomethylauristatin E prodrug and their subsequent activation by a specific enzyme, the β glucuronidase. We believe that such strategy could lead to drug synthesis directly into the tumors. A new microfluidic mixing method was also developed. Flows are typically laminar in microfluidic systems, which impedes an efficient and fast mixing between fluids. In order to design fully functionnal « labs on chips », mixing methods need to be implemented. In this context, we showed that the vaporization of a PFC phase under the focus of an ultrasound transducer could be used to achieve fast and efficient mixing in a microfluidic channel.
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Ex situ bevarande : En studie av djurparkers arbete för att bevara biologisk mångfald och turismens förutsättningar för det arbetet / Ex situ conservation : A study of zoos work to conserve biodiversity and tourism conditions to enable zoos work with conservation

Augustsson, Åsa January 2018 (has links)
Bakgrund: Medvetenhet om klimatförändringars påverkan som växt i takt med turismens ökade omfattning har utvecklat ett behov för hållbart resande och en ökad förståelse hos människor om mänskliga aktiviteters negativa miljöpåverkan. Som en utveckling av denna medvetenhet om klimatförändringars påverkan till miljöhot och förlust av biologisk mångfald har djurparker som turistattraktioner fått en allt mer betydelsefull roll. Djurparker, med sina samlingar av djur, har goda förutsättningar för att bevara biologisk mångfald. Djurparker behöver därför bidra till bevarande och djurparkers syfte anses just omfatta bevarande. Tidigare forskning belyser dock att det krävs mer förståelse för vilka bevarandeuppgifter djurparker tar sig an och bidrar med. Syfte och problemformulering: Studiens syfte är att utreda svenska djurparkers bevarandearbete för biologisk mångfald, och besvaras av frågan: På vilka sätt arbetar svenska djurparker med bevarande av biologisk mångfald? Metod: Studien har genomförts utifrån en deduktiv ansats där tidigare forskning har utgjort en grund för studiens forskningsområde. Teoretiska aspekter har testats gentemot studiens empiriska material. Data har samlats in genom telefonintervjuer som genomförts med 19 stycken djurparker belägna i Sverige. Slutsats: Svenska djurparker arbetar med olika bevarandeaktiviteter och i olika stor omfattande grad för att bidra till biologisk mångfald. I samtliga svenska djurparker är djuruppfödning samt information och utbildning de främsta bevarandeuppgifterna. I många djurparker förekommer även arbete med att stödja bevarande in situ, samt att bedriva eller möjliggöra forskningsstudier. Som en förutsättning för bevarandearbetet är turism en betydelsefull faktor eftersom turism bidrar till ekonomiskt stöd och finansiering. Likväl bidrar turism till att besökare kommer till djurparker, vilket är en förutsättning för att djurparker ska kunna sprida information och kunskap som anses vara det mest värdefulla arbetet för att bidra till bevarande av biologisk mångfald.
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Etude expérimentale et numérique de la combustion in-situ d’huiles lourdes / Experimental and numerical study of heavy oil in-situ combustion

Lapene, Alexandre 16 March 2010 (has links)
Ce travail de thèse, réalisé en collaboration avec l’IMFT et TOTAL, traite de la modélisation de la combustion in-situ appliquée à une huile lourde Vénézuéliène. Il a été initié suite à une observation simple : même si le procédé est étudié depuis plusieurs décénies, on ne peut pas encore le modéliser correctement. Des résultats expérimentaux, issus d’expérience à l’échelle du laboratoire (tubes à combustions), ne sont pas reproductibles avec des outils numériques commerciaux de types simulateurs réservoirs thermiques. Par conséquent, et face à ce constat, nous avons été contraint d’explorer plusieurs pistes pour améliorer la modélisation du procédé : – La chimie et les méthodes de détermination de mécanismes réactionnels. – La description thermodynamique d’une huile lourde et le calcul d’équilibre triphasique. – Le transport de masse et de chaleur dans un milieu poreux, en situation multiphasique, réactive et miscible. – La conception d’un modèle mathématique et numérique d’un modèle complet. Nous pensons que le problème pluridisciplinaire et fortement complexe peut trouver une réponse si l’ensemble des mécanismes et leurs liens sont traités de façon adéquate. Une campagne expérimentale (expériences de cellules cinétiques), portant sur l’étude des effets de l’eau sur les réactions chimiques de l’huile, a permis de mettre en évidence des effets inattendus et nouveaux. Ces données, complétées par des expériences de types tubes à combustion, fournissent une importante base de données expérimentale. Pour modéliser les expériences de cellules cinétiques, nous avons tout d’abord développer un nouvel outil de simulation directe, reposant sur une description compositionnelle de l’huile où les comportements de toutes les phases sont prédits par les équations d’états. Le calcul d’équilibre est fait grâce à un flash diphasique. Afin de déterminer un mécanisme réactionnel paramétré, nous avons couplé ce dernier outil à un algorithme génétique. Finalement, dans le but de simuler les expériences de tubes à combustion, un nouveau simulateur compositionel, triphasique, thermique et réactif a été développé. Il est spécialement adapté à la simulation de ce genre d’expérience. Le calcul d’équilibre de phase est réalisé grâce à un nouvel outil développé pour l’occasion. Ce dernier repose sur l’hypothèse free water et repose sur une formulation originale et novatrice. / The study of this PhD, realized jointly with IMFT and TOTAL, deals with modeling of in-situ combustion applied to a Venezuelan heavy oil. It has begun with a relatively simple observation: even if the process has been extensively studied since some decades, we cannot correctly model it. Experiment data provided by lab scale experiments (combustion tubes) mismatches numerical results obtained from commercial thermal simulator, especially for wet experiments. The need to better understand the process related to this issue forced us to explore multiple tracks for various scientific fields. Thus, one can cite: • The chemistry and methods of reduction of reactive mechanisms. • The thermodynamic description of the heavy oil and the calculations of three-phase equilibrium. • Heat and mass transport in multiphase, reactive and miscible porous medium. • Mathematical and numerical design of a full model. The problem exceedingly complex can find a complete and consistent answer if one takes into account the whole mechanisms and links between them. We have followed this way in order to determine a robust reactive scheme using both theoretical numerical and experimental developments. A whole set of kinetic cell manipulations was conducted to better understand and discriminate the effects of water on chemistry on a certain type of heavy oils. New interactions and effects on steam on heavy oil combustion have been discovered and studied. These manipulations, supplemented by a set of some combustion tubes provide a large set of experimental data. This will compose our base case that we will try to match later using some new tools devised during this study. To model kinetic experiments, we firstly developed a new simulation tool based on a compositional description and a full equation of state formulation. Equilibrium calculation is made by a two-phase flash. To determine consistent kinetic parameters, we used a genetic algorithm coupled with the new tool. Finally, in order to validate the kinetic model and simulate combustion tube experiment, a new threephase compositional simulator has been developed. It is especially fitted to take into account characteristic of the experimental device. Three-phase equilibrium calculation is computed by a new free-water

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