La thèse s’intéresse aux sanctions prises par des exécutifs internationaux et qui ont pour cibles des personnes physiques ou morales :gels et confiscations d’avoirs, interdictions de voyager, amendes et même inscriptions sur des listes à caractère infâmant. La licéité de ces sanctions est examinée à l’aune des règles du droit international qui leur sont applicables :d’une part, les règles de procédure et, de l’autre, le droit international des droits de l’homme. <p><p>L’analyse permet d’identifier deux types de sanctions illicites :<p><p>1°) Le premier type comprend les sanctions qui sont pénales et qui, par ailleurs, répriment de graves infractions. Ces sanctions devraient être imposées par des juges et non par des organes politiques ce que sont les exécutifs internationaux qui les infligent. <p><p>2°) Le second type de sanctions illicites regroupent les sanctions dépourvues de recours au sens du droit international des droits de l’homme. Les personnes affectées par ces sanctions devraient pouvoir en contester le bien-fondé devant un organe indépendant et impartial. <p><p>Il n’existe, par ailleurs, aucune circonstance de nature à exclure l’illicéité de l’un ou l’autre de ces deux types de sanctions. Ces sanctions, dès lors, n’ont aucun caractère contraignant. Qui plus est, les Etats se trouvent mis dans l’obligation de ne pas y donner suite. <p><p>Les sanctions qui n’appartiennent à aucun de ces deux types sont, en principe, licites.<p><p><p>Abstract :<p><p>The thesis concerns the sanctions taken by international executives and which targets individuals and legal entities: freeze and confiscation of assets, ban on travels, fine and even inscription on dishonourable lists. The legality of the sanctions is checked in relation to the international rules which are applicable to the sanctions: firstly, rules of procedure and, secondly, human rights. <p><p>This work concludes to the existence of two types of wrongful sanctions:<p><p>1°) the first type groups together the sanctions which are penal and, moreover, punish serious offenses. These sanctions should be decided by judges and not by political organs like international executives. <p><p>2°) the second type of wrongful sanctions contains those without recourse complying with human rights. The persons targeted by these sanctions should be able to contest them before an independent and impartial organ. <p><p>In addition, there are no circumstances precluding wrongfulness of these two types of sanctions. So, these sanctions are not binding and the States are under obligation not to apply them. <p><p>The other sanctions which do not belong to one of these two types of sanctions are, in theory, legal. <p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences juridiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis describes research into the problem of transmission congestion management. The causes, remedies, pricing methods, and other issues of transmission congestion are briefly reviewed. This research is to develop market-based approaches to cope with transmission congestion in real-time, short-run and long-run efficiently, economically and fairly. Extended OPF techniques have been playing key roles in many aspects of electricity markets. The Primal-Dual Interior Point Linear Programming and Quadratic Programming are applied to solve various optimization problems of congestion management proposed in the thesis. A coordinated real-time optimal dispatch method for unbundled electricity markets is proposed for system balancing and congestion management. With this method, almost all the possible resources in different electricity markets, including operating reserves and bilateral transactions, can be used to eliminate the real-time congestion according to their bids into the balancing market. Spot pricing theory is applied to real-time congestion pricing. Under the same framework, a Lagrangian Relaxation based region decomposition OPF algorithm is presented to deal with the problems of real-time active power congestion management across multiple regions. The inter/intra-regional congestion can be relieved without exchanging any information between regional ISOs but the Lagrangian Multipliers. In day-ahead spot market, a new optimal dispatch method is proposed for congestion and price risk management, particularly for bilateral transaction curtailment. Individual revenue adequacy constraints, which include payments from financial instruments, are involved in the original dispatch problem. An iterative procedure is applied to solve this special optimization problem with both primal and dual variables involved in its constraints. An optimal Financial Transmission Rights (FTR) auction model is presented as an approach to the long-term congestion management. Two types of series F ACTS devices are incorporated into this auction problem using the Power Injection Model to maximize the auction revenue. Some new treatment has been done on TCSC's operating limits to keep the auction problem linear.

The theme for this thesis is based on the European Resuscitation Council's guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation of 2015. One of the important points of these procedures is the use of an automatic external defibrillator (AED). These devices were developed for informed responders without the knowledge of cardiac rhythm diagnostics and allow to perform an early defibrillation of the heart, before the arrival of emergency services. AED is a sophisticated device that is a part of the equipment of I - firefighters and policemen. Training of these so-called first aid responders performs the local emergency service team. Over the years 2015 and 2016, the majority of the professionally active firefighters and police officers in one selected Czech district who have the automatic external defibrillator in their equipment attended a training in how to use this device. The aim of this thesis is to determine whether the concept of the training courses is sufficient. If the theoretical part is well understandable for the respondents, and whether the practical training is sufficient - not only the actual compressions and ventilation, but also the use of an automatic external defibrillator, or whether it would be appropriate to extend this training. In this research I used a quantitative method - an...

Worldwide income taxation in the country of residence is a legal dogma of international taxation. We question this dogma from the perspective of relations between developed and developing countries from a legal and economic perspective, and make a modern and fair proposal for tax treaties. We will show under which conditions a developing and a developed country will voluntarily sign a tax treaty where information is exchanged truthfully and whether they should share revenues. Moreover, we will demonstrate how the conclusion of a tax treaty can assist in the implementation of a tax audit system. / Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series

Depuis la fin des années 1960 se sont développées différentes pratiques artistiques délibérément bêtes, assumant et parfois même revendiquant leur bêtise. Dans une approche ancrée à la fois dans l'histoire culturelle et la théorie esthétique, prenant en compte les paramètres que sont les modalités d'exposition, l'industrie du divertissement et le rôle des collectionneurs, il s'agit de comprendre comment un phénomène à l'origine excentré, marginal et parfois contestataire, est devenu une donnée centrale de la production artistique contemporaine. Le premier mouvement revient sur la tradition de la bêtise en histoire de l'art. Partant de l'expression « bête comme un peintre », y est proposé une relecture du « retour à la peinture» du début 1980 (Figuration Libre, Mülheimer Freiheit à Cologne, bad painting américaine). Le deuxième moment porte sur les mécanismes de diffusion, d'expansion, de légitimation et d'institutionnalisation de l'art bête dans les années 1990 et 2000, abordant notamment les pratiques Martin Kippenberger, Jeff Koons, Paul McCarthy, Mike Kelley, Richard Jackson, Gelitin, Wim Delvoye ou encore Damien Hirst. Le troisième et dernier temps consiste en une généalogie alternative de cette histoire de la bêtise en prenant la Californie comme paradigme. On y développe l'hypothèse qu'à Los Angeles sont en germe, depuis le milieu des années 1960, les formes de bêtise artistique qui s'imposent à l'échelle internationale depuis les années 1990 : l'industrie du divertissement et le culte du succès, de la célébrité et de la richesse, et son contre-point dynamique, son envers dévoyé, le modèle du bad boy made in L.A. / Stupidity (bêtise) can be apprehended as bodily, vulgar, even regressive. Or it can simply be understood as foolish, silly or childish. I investigate all of these strains of "bêtise" in order to demonstrate the key role it has played in shaping aesthetic styles and debates about contemporary art from the late 1960s to the present day. The dissertation thus traces these fluctuations by looking at the shift from the 1960-l 970s, when dumbness, used as a critical tool, occupied a position at the margins of the art world, to the l 980-1990s when "bêtise" began to constitute an autonomous aesthetics mobilized by the art world's biggest stars. What used to be marginal then became preeminent, what used to be popular culture became high art, while lowbrow turned into highbrow. The first part takes a look back at the tradition of stupidity in art history. Viewed from the popular phrase "stupid as a painter", I propose a reevaluation of the so-called "return to painting" in the early 80s (Figuration libre, Bad Painting, Mülheimer Freiheit Grup in Koln) as an initial step. The second section analyses the mechanisms of diffusion, expansion, legitimation and institutionalization of "dumb art" in the 90s and 2000s, focusing on practices of artists like Martin Kippenberger, JeffKoons, Paul McCarthy, Mike Kelley, Gelitin, Wim Delvoye or Damien Hirst. The third and last part is an attempt to write an alternative narrative to this history of stupidity, in which I propose California as a paradigmatic model. The entertainment industry and the cult of success, fame and wealth, and its dynamic counterpoint, its dark side, the made-in-L.A.-bad-boy model played major roles in that process.

Au XIXe siècle, l’obligation de motivation du juge, conquête lente et difficile de par son lien fort avec l’autorité de la justice, est présentée comme « une des conquêtes les plus heureuses dans l’administration de la justice ». Instaurée à l’époque révolutionnaire pour lutter contre l’arbitraire, quatre mots satisfont à l’énoncer « il doit être motivé ». Entendue comme la simple justification des mobiles du juge, elle s’appréhende selon une pure logique déductive. Or, divers chamboulements au sein de notre société révèlent les multiples facettes de ce principe. L’influence de la Cour européenne fait sortir la motivation de son carcan procédural où, la simple justification se mue en explication persuasive, pour devenir un acte fort de rhétorique. Parallèlement, la loi perd de sa sacralité. Sa complexité croissante démontre ses limites à une époque où notre société en mutation revendique une justice davantage démocratique. La motivation devient ainsi une condition de légitimité des décisions de justice et un gage de légitimation du juge. Étudiée en matière pénale, elle s’avère particulièrement propice de par son rôle particulier au sein de notre société, invitant notre justice contemporaine à considérer à l’inverse, la nature subjective, relative des émotions. Simple obligation processuelle rattachée aux droits de la défense, la demande de connaissance démontre l’émergence d’une obligation autonome qui, tiraillée entre technique rédactionnelle et outil politico-social, pousse notre réflexion sur la place de la justice pénale. Apparaissant en crise, ce principe, loin de s’amenuiser, ne s’avère être que le miroir d’une justice pénale nécessitant d’être redéfinie. / In the nineteenth century, the obligation to state reasons of the judge, slow and difficult conquest due to its strong link with the authority of justice, was presented as "one of the happiest conquests in the administration of justice". Introducing the revolutionary era to fight against the arbitrary, meet four words to state "it must be motivated." Understood as the simple proof of the judge’s mobile, she apréhende as a pure deductive logic. However, various upheavals in our society reveal the many facets of this principle. The influence of the European Court brings out the motivation of its procedural straitjacket where the simple justification turns into persuasive explanation, to become a strong act of speech. Parallèment, the law loses its sacredness. The increasing complexity seems to show its limits, at a time when our changing society claims a more democratic justice. Motivation becomes a condition of legitimacy of judicial decisions and judge the legitimacy of quality. Studied in criminal matters, it is particularly suitable because of its particular role within our society, inviting our contemporary Justice to consider on the contrary, the subjective nature on emotions. Simple procedural obligation attached to the defense of rights, the application for knowledge demonstrates the emergence of an autonomous obligation, editorial torn between technical and political-social tool, pushing our reflection on the role of criminal justice. Appearing in crisis, this principle far from dwindling, turns out to be not the mirror of criminal justice need to be redefined.

This Thesis called "Amenity migration and regional identity in the Prachatice region" looks into comparing the strenght of regional identity of inhabitants and amenity migrants in the field of interest area ORP Prachatice. Amenity migration is quite new term that can be translated as "pleasure migration". This specific type of migration stems from the hum desire to live in areas with high quality environment. This usualy includes the transition of population from urban to countryside environment. For the use of this Thesis the area of interest was chosen area of ORP Prachatice that consist of three executive offices - PÚ Netolice, PÚ Prachatice and PÚ Volary. The whole area of interest offers on a quite narrow territory three different environments. The aim of this Thesis is the comparison of the level of regional identity among inhabitants in relation to the diverse environment and also the comparison of the strenght of regional identity between the group of permanent inhabitants and amenity migrants. The results of the Thesis which are being evaluated from the questionare research are aiming at the mobility of the population, evaluating the quality of elements of surrounding environment, regional symbolism, the positive and negative side of the region, inhabitant awareness and the subject of...

Depuis sa première définition par Hudson et Parthasarathy en 1984, l'intégration stochastique quantique offre un outil puissant pour la description de certaines évolutions en physique quantique. De nombreuses questions restent ouvertes cependant, en particulier dans le domaine de la représentabilité intégrale des opérateurs. La définition récente par Attal d'une méthode complètement explicite de l'approximation de l'espace de Fock usuel par un analogue discret a justifié l'intérêt d'une bonne connaissance du calcul stochastique quantique à temps discret. Nous définissons rigoureusement un tel calcul stochastique et obtenons une caractérisation des opérateurs admettant des représentations intégrales ou des représentations sous la forme de noyau de Maassen-Meyer, avec des expressions explicites dans les deux cas. Ces résultats nous permettent de préciser complètement le lien entre le calcul à temps discret et le calcul à temps continu et en particulier de montrer que la formule d'Itô quantique de composition des intégrales se déduit rigoureusement de relations de commutation, par exemple des relations de commutation entre matrices de Pauli. Nous appliquons ensuite nos résultats pour obtenir une caractérisation, dans l'espace de Fock usuel, des opérateurs qui sont représentables en intégrales stochastiques quantiques parmi les classes fondamentales que sont les opérateurs de seconde quantification et de seconde quantification différentielle. Enfin, nous utilisons ces techniques pour obtenir des résultats de convergence de solutions d'équations aux différences vers des équations différentielles stochastiques quantiques. Ces résultats nous permettent de montrer qu'une évolution en mécanique quantique obtenue par des interactions répétées est déterminée, à la limite, par une équation de Langevin quantique. Cette équation de Langevin décrit un couplage entre un ``petit système'' et un ``réservoir'', ce réservoir et les coefficients de l'équation se déduisant explicitement de l'interaction que l'on répète. Ces résultats permettent en particulier d'obtenir une description rigoureuse des mesures en continu et des approximations de ``coarse graining'' en optique quantique.

L'enseignement du français langue étrangère à Taiwan: Analyse linguistique et praxéologique. C'est l'expérience qui nous a incitée à choisir le sujet de notre travail : en tant qu'étudiante en littérature française et enseignante de FLE à Taiwan et en tant qu'étudiante et doctorante en milieu francophone belge, nous avons pu constater les carences du système éducatif taiwanais tel que nous y avons participé. La réalisation de l'interdépendance étroite entre langue et culture a été le point de départ d'un approfondissement des concepts culturels sinophones (provenant du confucianisme, du taoïsme et du bouddhisme) et de leur explication destinée aux collègues francophones qui s'étonnaient parfois du peu de succès de méthodes pourtant éprouvées jusqu'alors. Nous avons été amenée à l'étude contrastive des langues française et chinoise (systèmes graphique et phonétique, morphosyntaxe, organisation du texte, etc) tant dans leurs aspects « techniques » que dans les manifestations de l'impact culturel sur celles-ci (harmonie, hiérarchie, politesse, face, superstitions). Après avoir exposé de manière détaillée les différences parfois insoupçonnées et d'autant plus « dangereuses » (puisque les malentendus résultent souvent de l'innocence culturelle), nous avons opté pour les approches communicatives qui nous paraissent plus propices à la transmission culturelle. Nos propositions didactiques tendent donc à l'introduction de cette méthodologie de manière plus appropriée au milieu taiwanais, tout en développant les quatre compétences langagières en vue de l'ouverture et de la communication interculturelles. Leur but sera enfin de former un apprenant autonome, capable d'utiliser avec profit les notions que nous lui aurons inculquées. //Teaching French as a Foreign Language in the Taiwanese Educational System: Linguistic and Praxeologic Analysis. As a student in French Literature and teacher of French Foreign Language in Taiwan, and during the preparation of the Ph. D. in the french speaking part of Belgium, I could ascertain the gaps in the taiwanese educational system. This twofold experience was the incentive to my choice of this sujbect. From noticing the narrow interdependence between language and culture, arose the necessity to ponder about the Chinese cultural concepts (coming from Confucianism, Taoïsm and Buddhism) and to explain them to my french fellowteachers, who wondered why their elsewhere well tried methods sometimes met unfavourable issues. This lead me up to study the contrast between french and chinese languages (graphic and phonetic systems, morphosyntax, text organization, aso.) in their ‘technical' aspects as well as in the cultural impact on them (harmony, hierarchy, politeness, face, superstitions). After a detailed explanation of the pointed differences - sometimes all the more dangerous for being unsuspected (as misunderstanding very often results of cultural innocence)-, I chosed the communicative approaches which seem to fit better cultural transference. Our didactic proposals aim thus at introducing this methodology, better adjusted to the Taiwanese milieu, as well at improving the four language skills keeping in sight the cultural open mind and communication. Last but not least, their objective will be to mould autonomous learners, able to turn the notions we taught them into the best account.

Title: The subnuclear localisation of Notch responsive genes. Candidate Name: Matthew Jones Notch signalling is a highly conserved cell-cell communication pathway with critical roles in metazoan development and mutations in Notch pathway components are implicated in many types of cancer. Notch is an excellent and well-studied model of biological signalling and gene regulation, with a single intracellular messenger, one receptor and two ligands in Drosophila. However, despite the limited number of chemical players involved, a striking number of different outcomes arise. Molecular studies have shown that Notch activates different targets in different cell types and it is well known that Notch is important for maintaining a stem cell fate in some situations and driving differentiation in others. Thus some of the factors affecting the regulation of Notch target genes are yet to be discovered. Previous studies in various organisms have found that the location of a gene within the nucleus is important for its regulation and genome reorganisation can occur following gene activation or during development. Therefore this project aimed to label individual Notch responsive loci and determine their subnuclear localisation. In order to tag loci of interest a CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing method was established that enabled the insertion of locus tags at Notch targets, namely the well-characterized Enhancer of split locus and also dpn and Hey, two transcription factors involved in neural cell fate decisions. The ParB/Int system is a recently developed locus tagging system and is not well characterised in Drosophila. It has a number of advantages over the traditional LacO/LacI-GFP locus tagging system as it does not rely on binding site repeats for signal amplification and can label two loci simultaneously in different colours. This thesis characterised the ParB/Int system in the Drosophila salivary gland and larval L3 neuroblast. Using 3D image segmentation hundreds of nuclei were reconstructed and a volume based normalisation method was applied to determine the subnuclear localisation of several Notch targets with and without genetic manipulations of the Notch pathway.