Le but de cette étude était la compréhension des mécanismes de stockage de l'hydrogène etl'amélioration de la capacité de stockage dans (1) le magnésium et (2) les composés intermétalliques àbase de bore.(1) Les poudres de magnésium avec ajout de 10% massique d’oxyde de magnésium ont étébroyées à l'aide d'un broyeur planétaire à billes, par broyage mécanique réactif sous atmosphèred'hydrogène (10 bars) pendant 10 heures, en variant deux paramètres: la vitesse de broyage et le nombrede billes utilisées (i.e., le rapport massique poudre : billes). Il semblerait que les poudres broyées à250rpm en utilisant 17 billes (rapport de 1: 13) présentent des performances supérieures en termes de:taille des particules, contenu en MgH2 après broyage, surface spécifique et cinétiquesd'absorption/désorption de l'hydrogène. Nous avons vérifié que l'oxyde de magnésium a un effet deretardement significatif de la croissance des grains. Le calcul des énergies d'activation et l'étude descinétiques ont montré que l'oxyde de magnésium ne joue pas de rôle catalyseur pour la sorptiond'hydrogène.(2) Les composes synthétisés dans les systèmes ternaires La-MT-B, Gd-MT-B et Y-MT-B (MT=Ni,Fe, Co) ont été étudiés en termes de leur structure cristalline, composition chimique et propriétés desorption de l'hydrogène. La majorité des composés obtenus dans ces systèmes cristallisent avec unestructure type CeCo4B, avec des paramètres de maille proches de ceux du composé GdNi4B. Leremplacement total du Ni par des atomes de Fe et/ou Co est possible, indiquant l’existence d’une solutionsolide totale entre TRNi4B et TRFe4B ou TRCo4B. En outre, le bore est supposé occuper partiellementdeux sites cristallographiques différents, mais l’un seul d'entre eux est principalement occupé par le bore.La nouvelle phase GdNi2,5B2,5 a également été observée dans cette étude pour la première fois. Unephase pseudo-binaire GdB3 a été également reportée. Enfin, il est montré que seul le composé LaNi4Babsorbe l'hydrogène, quoique de manière irréversible. / The aim of this study was the comprehension of hydrogen storage mechanisms and theimprovement of storage capacity in (1) magnesium and (2) boron based intermetallic compounds.(1) Magnesium powders with 10 wt.% magnesium oxide were milled using a planetary ball mill, byreactive mechanical grinding under hydrogen atmosphere (10 bar) for 10 hours, varying two parameters:the milling speed and the number of balls used (i.e. the powder-to-ball weight ratio). It appears that thepowders milled at 250 rpm using 17 balls (ratio 1: 13) have superior performances in terms of: particlesize, MgH2 content after milling, specific surface area and hydrogen absorption/desorption kinetics. Wehave verified that the magnesium oxide has a significant effect on grain growth, delaying it. Calculation ofthe activation energies and study of the kinetics showed that magnesium oxide does not play a catalyticrole for hydrogen sorption.(2) The compounds synthesized in the ternary systems La-TM-B, Gd-TM-B and Y-TM-B (TM=Ni,Fe, Co) were studied in terms of their crystal structure, chemical composition and hydrogen sorptionproperties. Most of the compounds obtained in these systems crystallize with a CeCo4B-type structure,with lattice parameters close to those of the compound GdNi4B. A total replacement of Ni by Fe and/or Cois sometimes possible, meaning that a total solid solution exists between RENi4B and REFe4B or RECo4B.Also, the boron is assumed to partially occupy two different crystallographic sites, although only one ofthese is mainly occupied by boron. The new phase GdNi2.5B2.5 was also observed in this study for the firsttime. In addition, a pseudo-binary phase GdB3 is observed. Finally, it is reported that only the compoundLaNi4B absorbs hydrogen, albeit irreversibly.

Os aços inoxidáveis duplex são ligas Cr-Fe-Ni-Mo, que possuem uma microestrutura balanceada austenita-ferrita, e com excelentes propriedades mecânicas e de resistência à corrosão. Estas características os fazem muito utilizados nas industrias química, petroquímica, de papel, alimentícia e farmacêutica. O processamento destes aços geralmente envolve processos de soldagem, os quais devem ser elaborados cuidadosamente. Durante os ciclos térmicos experimentados na soldagem na zona afetada pelo calor, dependo do tempo de permanência no intervalo de temperaturas entre 650°C-950°C, podem ser precipitadas fases intermetálicas, como a fase sigma, que prejudicam as propriedades mecânicas e de resistência à corrosão. Três ligas comerciais de aços inoxidáveis duplex (AID) e superduplex (AISD) de denominação UNS S32304(AID), UNS S32750(AISD) e UNS S32760(AISD) foram submetidos a soldagem multipasse e a simulações de ciclos de soldagem na zona afetada pelo calor de temperatura baixa (ZACTB). As simulações foram realizadas em um dilatômetro e em um equipamento Gleeble®. Foram feitas comparações entre as microestruturas obtidas nas soldas reais e nos corpos-de-prova simulados. As microestruturas foram analisadas através de microscopia ótica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Foram também analisadas as fases precipitadas através de difração de Raios-X de resíduos extraídos, química e eletroliticamente, das amostras simuladas. Realizaram-se ensaios de corrosão intergranular e de polarização cíclica, para determinar o comportamento dos materiais à corrosão após a soldagem. Achou-se um bom acordo entre as microestruturas das soldas reais e as microestruturas simuladas. Encontrou-se que o aço UNS S32304 não precipitou nenhuma fase. No entanto, nos aços UNS S32750 e UNS S32760 foram encontradas fases precipitadas nos contornos de grão ferrítico. Essas fases foram identificadas como sigma e Cr2N. Entre estes dois últimos achou-se que o aço mais susceptível à precipitação de fases é o UNS S32760, provavelmente pela presença do W. Quanto ao comportamento à corrosão, não se observou nenhuma variação nos potenciais de pite após a simulação, enquanto que os potenciais de proteção sofreram uma queda comparando-se aos materiais na condição como-recebidos. / Duplex stainless steels are Cr-Fe-Ni-Mo alloys. They possess balanced austenitic/ ferritic microstructure, excellent mechanical and corrosion resistance properties. Thus, these characteristics make them very used in chemical, petrochemical, cellulose, food and pharmaceutical industries. The processing of these steels generally involves welding processes, which should be carried out carefully. Depending on time from 650°C to 950°C temperature range during thermal cycles in heat affected zone, intermetallic phases can be precipitated, as sigma phase for instance. As a consequence, mechanical and corrosion resistance might be impaired. Three duplex (DSS) and superduplex (SDSS) stainless steel alloys, with denomination of UNS S32304 (DSS), UNS S32750 (SDSS), and UNS S32760 (SDSS), were submitted to real multipass welding and welding thermal cycles simulations of low temperature heat affected zone. The simulations were accomplished in a dilatometer and in a Gleeble® equipment. They were made comparisons among microstructures obtained in actual welds and simulated welding thermal cycles. Microstructures were analyzed by optical and electronic microscopy. X-ray diffraction analyses of extracted residues were studied. Tests of intergranular corrosion and cyclic potentiodynamic polarization were performed. Results indicated good agreement between actual welding and thermal cycles simulated microstructures. UNS S32304 steel did not precipitate any intermetallic phase. On the other hand, in UNS S32750 and UNS S32760 steels were found precipitated phases in the ferritic grain boundary. Those phases were identified as sigma and Cr2N. UNS S32760 were more susceptible phase precipitation, probably due to tungsten as an additional alloying element in this steel. Corrosion results indicated no observed variation in pitting potentials of simulated samples, meanwhile pitting protection potentials suffered a fall compared to materials in the as received condition.

Submitted by Biblioteca do Instituto de Física (bif@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-07-06T19:18:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 mestrado.pdf: 10513746 bytes, checksum: a7e2f977b739ba0ba5022409d941a8f0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-06T19:18:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mestrado.pdf: 10513746 bytes, checksum: a7e2f977b739ba0ba5022409d941a8f0 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Em 1881 E. Warburg observou o efeito causado ao aplicar um campo magnético externo em uma amostra de ferro (Fe), observando que a temperatura do material se altera devido à aplicação do campo. Este fenômeno foi chamado, de efeito magnetocalórico (EMC) e pode ser visto desde um processo adiabático como as mudanças na temperatura do material e desde um processo isotérmico com troca de calor e variação na entropia magnética. A principal aplicação do EMC é a refrigeração magnética e tem sido estudado por vários pesquisadores em todo o mundo. Eles estão orientados ao desenvolvimento de materiais magnetocalóricos, como por exemplo, as ligas intermetálicas e as manganitas abordadas neste trabalho. O processo de fabricação das ligas intermetálicas apresenta complicações devido à forma de preparação: fusão em forno a arco voltaico. Portanto, a motivação deste trabalho de dissertação é o desenvolvimento e otimização de técnicas de sintetização de uma amostra monofásica intermetálica para futuros estudos do EMC. As amostras da família tipo RM4B (onde R = Y, La e Lu, M = Mn, Fe, Co e Ni) foram preparadas em um forno a arco, em atmosfera inerte de Argônio (Ar). Na primeira etapa de fabricação as amostras foram confeccionadas com quantidades exatas dos elementos constituintes. Uma segunda etapa de fabricação foi feita utilizando uma quantidade adicional de 3,4% de Y para sintetizar a subfamília YM4B (onde M = Fe, Co e Ni). As amostras foram tratadas termicamente durante 10 dias a 1223 e 1323 K e, mediante medidas de difração de raios X (DRX) foram caracterizadas e, estudadas levando em conta sua forma de preparação. Na segunda etapa de fabricação foi obtida uma amostra monofásica de YCo4B, na qual foram feitas as medições magnéticas de magnetização e susceptibilidade magnética. As manganitas são compostos cerâmicos com estrutura do tipo Perovskita, e sua forma de preparação já é conhecida. Neste trabalho preparamos as manganitas La0,6Sr0,4MnO3 por meio da técnica de Pechine, ou como também é chamada Sol-gel. As amostras foram calcinadas a distintas temperaturas para estudarmos a obtenção de amostras monofásicas com tamanhos de partículas (grão) com dimensões nanométricas. Para esse estudo se utilizou os resultados das medidas de difração de raios X e medidas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), onde foi possível observar que ao aumentar a temperatura de tratamento obtínhamos maiores tamanho de partículas (grãos). / In 1881 E. Warburg measured the effect caused by applying an external magnetic field in a sample of iron (Fe), noting that the material temperature changes due to application of the field. This phenomenon has been called then magnetocaloric effect (MCE) and can be seen from an adiabatic process as changes in material temperature and an isothermal process since as a heat exchange and variation in the magnetic entropy. The main application of MCE is the magnetic refrigeration and has been studied by several investigators worldwide. They are oriented in synthesizing the development of magnetocaloric materials, such as intermetallic alloys and manganites, discussed in this work. So one of the motivations of this dissertation work is the development and optimization of techniques for synthesizing of single phase intermetallic sample for future studies of MCE. The family RM4B type samples (where R = Y, La and Lu, M = Mn, Fe, Co and Ni) were prepared in an arc melting furnace in an inert atmosphere of Argon (Ar). In the first stage of manufacturing samples were fabricated with exact amounts of the constituent elements. A second manufacturing stage was carried out using an additional amount of 3.4 % of Y to synthesize the YM4 B subfamily (where M = Fe, Co and Ni). The samples were annealed for 10 days at 1223 and 1323 K and by measurements of X-ray diffraction (XRD) were characterized and studied in form of preparation. In the second stage of manufacture was obtained one sample phase YCo4B, in which the measurements were made magnetic magnetization and magnetic susceptibility. The manganites are ceramic type perovskite compounds, their preparation is simpler than the preparation of intermetallic alloys. In this work, we synthesize the manganites La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 by Pechine technique, or as it is also called Sol-gel. The samples were calcined at different temperatures to analyze the effects of heat treatment on the crystallization and formation of particle sizes. For this study was used the results from mean X-ray diffraction measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), obtaining that increasing the temperature of the treatment effect of sintering is higher, and therefore the sizes of the particles (grains) are larger.

L’hydrogène est un des moyens envisageables pour réduire les émissions des gaz à effet de serre. Celui-ci est un carburant très abondant, et sa combustion est très énergétique que le pétrole (3 fois supérieure au pétrole). L’un des obstacles de son utilisation est son stockage. Le stockage à l’état solide présente de gros avantages en termes de capacité volumique (i.e. 100 à 200 g/L) et de sécurité. L’hydrure de magnésium MgH2 est le candidat qui présente les meilleurs résultats en termes de capacité massique (7,6 %wt.). Cependant, il est défavorisé par des cinétiques d’hydruration lentes et une température d’utilisation élevée (i.e. hydrure très stable).Nous nous sommes intéressés aux intermétalliques riches en magnésium TR-M-Mg (TR = Nd, Gd et M = Cu, Ni). Nous avons mis en évidence 3 nouvelles compositions : NdNiMg5, GdCuMg4 et GdCuMg12. Un traitement post-fusion à 700°C pendant une semaine suivi d’un refroidissement lent à 6°C / h jusqu’à 300°C permet d’obtenir ces phases. Seule la première composition a pu faire l’objet d’une étude complète. Elle présente un ordre antiférromagnétique à 12 K et sa capacité réversible de stockage est de 2,8 wt.%. Un échantillon presque pur pour la phase GdCuMg12 a pu être obtenu (a = 9,9721(8) Å et c = 7,775(6) Å et G.E. P4/m). Dans le cas de GdCuMg4, les mêmes conditions expérimentales nous ont permis d’obtenir un échantillon presque pur. Sa structure n’a pas encore pu être déterminée. / Hydrogen is one of the means to reduce emissions of greenhouse gas emissions. This is a very abundant fuel and its combustion is highly energetic (3 times more than petrol). An obstacle to its use is its storage. Storage in the solid state has significant advantages in terms of volume capacity (100 to 200 g/L) and safety. Magnesium hydride MgH2 is the candidate who shows the best results in terms of specific capacity (7,6 %wt) . However, it is disadvantaged by slow hydrogenation kinetics and high temperature use (very stable hydride). We are interested in intermetallic magnesium rich RE-TM-Mg (RE = Nd, Gd and TM = Cu, Ni). We highlighted three new compositions: NdNiMg5, GdCuMg4 and GdCuMg12. A post- fusion treatment at 700°C for one week followed by slow cooling at 6°C / h up to 300°C allows to obtain these phases. Only the first composition has been the subject of a comprehensive study. It has an antiferromagnetic ordering at 12 K and reversible storage capacity of 2,8 %wt. An almost pure sample for GdCuMg12 phase could be obtained (a = 9,9721(8) Å, c = 7,775(6) Å and space group: P4 / m). In the case of GdCuMg4, the same experimental conditions allowed us to obtain a nearly pure sample. Its structure has not yet been determined

L’utilisation des combustibles fossiles (énergies non renouvelables) est responsable de l’augmentation de la concentration en gaz à effet de serre dans l’atmosphère. Parmi les solutions de remplacement envisagées, l’hydrogène apparaît comme le vecteur énergétique le plus séduisant. Son stockage dans des intermétalliques permet d’obtenir des capacités massiques et volumiques (e.g. 140 g/L) supérieures à celles obtenues en voie liquide ou sous pression (respectivement 71 et 40 g/L). Dans les accumulateurs Nickel-Métal Hydrure (Ni-MH), l’électrode négative est constituée d’un composé intermétallique qui absorbe l’hydrogène de façon réversible dans des conditions normales de pression et de température. Ce travail de thèse vise d’une part, à synthétiser les alliages Mg2Ni1-xMnx (x =0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.375) et les alliages Mg2-xAlxNi (x = 0, 0.25) avec ou sans nanotubes de carbone (MWCNTs) par mécanosynthèse et d’autre part, d’étudier les effets des substitutions/additions sur la composition et la microstructure des alliages Mg2Ni afin d’améliorer leurs propriétés de stockage d’hydrogène.Les résultats obtenus montrent que les capacités de décharge des alliages Mg2Ni1-xMnx(x = 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.375) augmentent avec le temps de broyage. Pour l’alliage Mg2Ni0.625Mn0.375 broyé durant 48 h, nous avons mis en évidence la formation d’une nouvelle phase Mg3MnNi2 qui est relativement stable. Par conséquent, Mg3MnNi2 est capable d’améliorer de manière significative la stabilité des cycles tout en maintenant une capacité de décharge relativement élevée.Les résultats obtenus par la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité (DFT) en utilisant le programme CASTEP montrent d’une part, que les paramètres de maille et les coordinations atomiques sont en parfait accord avec les résultats expérimentaux. D’autre part, que la stabilité des phases décroit graduellement selon l’ordre suivant : Mg2Ni sans aucune substitution >Mg3MnNi2 > Mg2Ni avec substitution par Mn.L’addition de nanotubes de carbone et de Al ont des effets synergétiques sur la capacité de stockage d’hydrogène électrochimique dans le cas des alliages Mg2-xAlxNi (x = 0, 0.25) + 5 wt.% MWCNTs. / The use of fossil fuels (non-renewable energy) is responsible for increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Among the considered alternatives, hydrogen is seen as the most attractive energy vector. The storage in intermetallics makes it possible to obtain mass and volume capacities (e.g. 140 g/L) higher than those obtained by liquid form or under pressure (respectively 71 and 40 g/L). The negative electrode of Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) batteries, is constituted by an intermetallic compound which is able to reversibly absorb hydrogen under normal conditions. In this work, on the one hand, Mg2Ni1-xMnx(x=0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.375) and Mg2-xAlxNi (x = 0, 0.25) electrode alloys with and without multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been prepared by Mechanical Alloying. On the other hand, influence of the partial elements substitution on the microstructure and electrochemical hydrogen storage properties of Mg2Ni-type alloy has been studied.The results show that the discharge capacities of Mg2Ni1-xMnx (x =0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.375) alloys increase with the prolongation of milling time. The new phase Mg3MnNi2 is formed only when x=0.375 after 48 h of milling. Mg3MnNi2 phase is relatively stable during charge/discharge cycles and therefore can significantly enhance the cycle stability under simultaneously maintaining a high discharge capacity.Based on the calculated results of first principles, the lattice parameters and atomic coordinates are in good agreement with the experimental results and the stability of phases gradually decreases along the sequence pure Mg2Ni phase > Mg3MnNi2 phase > Mn-substitution doped Mg2Ni phase.When Al and MWCNTs are added simultaneously, the highest discharge capacity is obtained for Mg1.75Al0.25Ni-MWCNTs composite, which implies that MWCNTs and Al have synergistic effects on electrochemical hydrogen storage capacity of milled alloys.

Pure aluminium and aluminium-5wt % TiO2 aluminium foams were produced by powder metallurgy technique with the use of TiH2 as foaming agent. Two sizes of TiH2 were used: 20&micro / m and 3&micro / m. It has been confirmed that high level of compaction is the primary requirement in foaming. It was shown that hot swaging could be used as a method of compaction for foaming as it leads to values close to full density. Pure aluminium foamed at 675&deg / C and 725&deg / C leads to a volume expansion between 90-180 %. A model was developed for pure aluminium to explain the pore initiation and the resultant pore size. The model predicts a critical particle size for TiH2 below which bubbles could not form. The size appears to be in the neighborhood of 30&micro / m for 675&deg / C and 6&micro / m for 725&deg / C and is temperature dependent. Equilibrium pore size appears to be a function of TiH2 particle size and not affected significantly by the temperature of foaming. It has also been shown that depth effect, i.e. hydrostatic pressure of liquid metal, is unimportant in foaming process and can be neglected. According to the model, to produce pores of fine sizes, two requirements must be met: use of fine foaming agent and the use of high foaming temperature. Al-5 wt % TiO2 was foamed at 750&deg / C and 800&deg / C, i.e. at temperatures that yield viscosities similar to pure aluminium. The structure of foamed metal and level of foaming, 120-160%, was similar to pure aluminium. Unlike pure aluminium, internal reactions are dominant feature of TiO2 stabilized systems. Solid content of the system increases as a result of internal reactions between Al-Ti and Al- TiO2. When this change occurs, however, is not known. It is possible that the viscosity of the system may be four times of its original value.

Aujourd’hui, la diminution des ressources d’énergies fossiles corrélée à l’augmentation des besoins et à l’augmentation du taux de CO2 dans l’atmosphère nous poussent à développer de nouvelles énergies.L’utilisation de l’hydrogène comme vecteur énergétique est une solution. En effet, celui-ci est abondant et sa combustion est très énergétique (3 fois supérieure au pétrole). Cependant, son utilisation se heurte à des problèmes de production, de stockage et d’utilisation. Nous nous sommes ici intéressés au problème du stockage de l’hydrogène à l’état solide. Celui-ci permet d’obtenir des capacités volumiques de stockage importantes (environ 140 g/L) mais est freiné par des capacités massiques et des cinétiques de réaction faibles. Le magnésium se présentant comme un bon candidat en terme de capacité massique (7,6 %), nous nous sommes intéressés aux intermétalliques ternaires TR-M-Mg (TR = terres rares, M = métaux de transition). L’objectif était double : conserver la bonne capacité du magnésium et diminuer l’enthalpie de formation de l’hydrure. Le système TR4NiMg (avec TR = Y et Gd) et les solutions solides dérivées ont été étudiées. Un stockage irréversible de l’hydrogène de 2,5% massique ainsi qu’une transition d’antiferromagnétique à verre de spin ont été observés. Un travail plus exploratoire a permis de découvrir deux nouveaux composés riches en magnésium : LaCuMg8 et Gd13Ni9,5Mg77,5. Ils permettent tous deux l’obtention d’un mélange de phases issu de leur décomposition lors de la première absorption. Ce mélange permet une amélioration significative des propriétés de sorption de l’hydrogène par du magnésium. / Nowadays, the decrease of fossil fuel resources, and the increase of energy requirements and concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere induces the development of new energies. The use of hydrogen as energetic vector is a solution. Indeed, it is abundant and its combustion is highly energetic (3 times more than petrol). However, its utilisation is limited by problems of production, storage and use. In this work, we have focused on the problem of solid hydrogen storage. It allows for high volumetric capacity (≈ 140 g/L) but is restricted by low weight capacity and by slow sorption kinetics. Because magnesium is potentially a good candidate according to its high weight capacity (7.6 %wt), we have chosen to work on the ternary compounds RE-M-Mg (RE = Rare earth, M = transition metal). The goal was double: to keep the good capacity of the magnesium and to decrease the enthalpy of formation of the hydride. The RE4NiMg system (with RE = Y and Gd) and the derived solid solutions were studied. An irreversible hydrogen uptake of 2.5% wt and a magnetic properties change from antiferromagnetic to spin glass behaviour were observed.A more exploratory work allowed us to discover two new magnesium rich compounds: LaCuMg8 and Gd13Ni9.5Mg77.5. Both lead to a phase mixture induced by their decomposition during the first absorption. This mixture allows a very significant improvement of the hydrogen sorption properties of magnesium.

La réfrigération magnétique, basée sur l'effet magnétocalorique (EMC), est une alternative intéressante aux méthodes de réfrigération traditionnelles, basées sur des cycles de compression/détente, car elle présente des rendements énergétiques nettement plus élevés et permet d'éviter l'utilisation de gaz nocifs contribuant à l'effet de serre et problématiques pour l'environnement. Cette technologie s'appuie sur l’EMC géant de certains matériaux magnétiques autour de la température ambiante. Cet effet permet d'augmenter ou de diminuer la température du matériau lors de son aimantation ou désaimantation adiabatique autour de sa température de transition magnétique.La majeure partie des travaux de thèse se focalise sur la famille des matériaux de type La(Fe,Si)13 dans lesquels un effet magnétocalorique géant a été mis en évidence et pour lesquels la faisabilité industrielle semble la plus favorable. Dans un premier temps, les propriétés structurales et magnétiques de ces alliages sont explorées et optimisées, en remplaçant aussi bien la terre rare que le métal de transition par d'autres éléments. Les méthodes d’élaboration, des traitements thermiques, ainsi que le contrôle de la stœchiométrie sont guidées par les caractérisations structurales, microstructurales, physiques (thermiques et magnétiques).D’autre part, l'effet de l'insertion d'éléments interstitiels légers est également étudié et une grande partie du travail porte sur la détermination des conditions de stabilité de ces interstitiels dans les matériaux. Grâce à l'extension des distances Fe-Fe, la température de Curie de la phase magnétocalorique peut être augmentée jusqu'à des plages proches de latempérature ambiante. L'influence d’une faible concentration en carbone sur les propriétés magnétiques des échantillons est examinée avant hydrogénation et la teneur en carbone est optimisée.Afin d'étudier la diffusion des éléments interstitiels, la cinétique de sorption d'hydrogène est étudiée par la méthode de Sieverts ainsi que par diffraction neutronique. La diffraction neutronique in situ et à haute résolution permet une localisation des atomes interstitiels et donne accès au schéma d’insertion. Cette étude permet de préciser l’effet de l’insertion d’interstitiels légers et des substitutions d’éléments de terre rare sur la structure des alliages métalliques complexes de type La-Fe-Si. Nous montrons que la dépression ou l’accélération de la cinétique d'hydrogénation peut être liée à la variation hétérogène particulière de la maille et des liaisons dans la structure de type NaZn13. Un mécanisme pour le chemin de diffusion est suggéré.Le mécanisme d'insertion d'atomes légers est non seulement fortement lié à l'espace disponible, mais aussi associés à la facilité du chemin de diffusion dans le réseau. Nous démontrons avec des résultats expérimentaux qu'une addition modérée de carbone dans la phase La(Fe,Si)13 avant l'hydrogénation peut effectivement ralentir la cinétique d'insertion de l'hydrogène. Dans les phases La-Ce-Fe-Si, une insertion de carbone peut aider à retenir les atomes d'hydrogène lors de la désorption, par conséquent, offre une possibilité d'avoir une meilleure stabilité des matériaux hydrogénés pour des applications à long terme. La stabilité des matériaux hydrogénés est mesurée par DSC et une amélioration de la stabilité thermique du matériau est réalisée par un dopage au carbone.Un volet exploratoire est consacré aux alliages Fe-Cr-Ni et Fe-Cr-Mn qui pourraient potentiellement avoir un effet magnétocalorique exploitable. Les transitions magnétiques et structurales de ces alliages de compositions différentes sont étudiées et leur potentiel d'application magnétocalorique est discuté. / The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) is characterized by a magnetic entropy change and an adiabatic temperature change. The NaZn13-type La(Fe,Si)13 system has attracted wide interest because of its first-order ferromagnetic phase transition with a large magnetocaloric effect. The transition temperature can be flexibly adjusted through substitution or interstitial insertion. Particularly, hydrogen interstitials can adapt the temperature range to room-temperature applications. Precise adjustment can be achieved by full hydrogen absorption then partial desorption. However, fully hydrogenated alloys are unstable upon heating. It is important to have a better understanding of its hydrogen stability to optimize its application potential.In the first part, the structural, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties of La(Fe,Si)13 phases are studied. In particular, we have investigated the effect of substitution of Ce on the La site and Mn on the Fe sites. The partial substitution of Ce results in the decrease of TC with decreasing lattice constant. At the same time, Ce substitution for La results in a reduced volume of the octahedral interstitial site due to steric effect. The interstitial insertion is impeded by Ce partial substitution.Secondly, the effects of interstitial atoms such as hydrogen and carbon are examined. These elements are able to enter the interstitial voids in the La(Fe,Si)13 phase, expanding the lattice. Through the extension of Fe-Fe distances, the Curie temperature of the magnetocaloric phase can be raised up to room temperature range. The influence of small concentration of carbon on the magnetic properties of samples is examined prior to hydrogenation and carbon content is optimized. In order to investigate the interstitial dynamics, the hydrogen sorption kinetics is studied by the means of Sieverts’ volumetric method and neutron diffraction. Particular attention has been given to the adjustment of the structure in the course of hydrogen/deuterium interstitial absorption and desorption.Steady-state and in-situ neutron diffractions provide precise information of the interstitial atom location of the sequential filling of the accommodating sites. The structural investigation allows specifying the deformations undergone in the complex metallic alloys La-Fe-Si when subjected to light interstitial insertion or rare earth substitution at the cation site. We show that the depression or enhancement of the hydrogenation kinetics may be related to the particular inhomogeneous cell variation of bonding in the structure. A mechanism for the diffusion path is suggested.The mechanism is light atom insertion into the interstitial sites is not only strongly related to the available space for accommodation, but also associated with the facility of the diffusion path in the lattice. We demonstrate with experimental results that a modest addition of carbon in the La-Fe-Si phase prior to hydrogenation can effectively slow down the hydrogen insertion kinetics. In Ce-substituted La-Ce-Fe-Si phases, carbon insertion can help retain hydrogen atoms during desorption, therefore, offering a prospect to have improved stability of hydrogenated materials for long-term applications. The hydrogen stability of the material is examined by means of thermal desorption in DSC and an enhancement of the thermal stability of the material is achieved with carbon-doping.Lastly, in the search of new rare-earth-free materials for magnetocaloric applications, we have explored the capacity of alloys of types FeCrNi and FeCrMn. The magnetic and structural transitions of these alloys of different compositions are studied and their potential for magnetocaloric application is examined in this thesis.

Os aços inoxidáveis duplex são ligas Cr-Fe-Ni-Mo, que possuem uma microestrutura balanceada austenita-ferrita, e com excelentes propriedades mecânicas e de resistência à corrosão. Estas características os fazem muito utilizados nas industrias química, petroquímica, de papel, alimentícia e farmacêutica. O processamento destes aços geralmente envolve processos de soldagem, os quais devem ser elaborados cuidadosamente. Durante os ciclos térmicos experimentados na soldagem na zona afetada pelo calor, dependo do tempo de permanência no intervalo de temperaturas entre 650°C-950°C, podem ser precipitadas fases intermetálicas, como a fase sigma, que prejudicam as propriedades mecânicas e de resistência à corrosão. Três ligas comerciais de aços inoxidáveis duplex (AID) e superduplex (AISD) de denominação UNS S32304(AID), UNS S32750(AISD) e UNS S32760(AISD) foram submetidos a soldagem multipasse e a simulações de ciclos de soldagem na zona afetada pelo calor de temperatura baixa (ZACTB). As simulações foram realizadas em um dilatômetro e em um equipamento Gleeble®. Foram feitas comparações entre as microestruturas obtidas nas soldas reais e nos corpos-de-prova simulados. As microestruturas foram analisadas através de microscopia ótica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Foram também analisadas as fases precipitadas através de difração de Raios-X de resíduos extraídos, química e eletroliticamente, das amostras simuladas. Realizaram-se ensaios de corrosão intergranular e de polarização cíclica, para determinar o comportamento dos materiais à corrosão após a soldagem. Achou-se um bom acordo entre as microestruturas das soldas reais e as microestruturas simuladas. Encontrou-se que o aço UNS S32304 não precipitou nenhuma fase. No entanto, nos aços UNS S32750 e UNS S32760 foram encontradas fases precipitadas nos contornos de grão ferrítico. Essas fases foram identificadas como sigma e Cr2N. Entre estes dois últimos achou-se que o aço mais susceptível à precipitação de fases é o UNS S32760, provavelmente pela presença do W. Quanto ao comportamento à corrosão, não se observou nenhuma variação nos potenciais de pite após a simulação, enquanto que os potenciais de proteção sofreram uma queda comparando-se aos materiais na condição como-recebidos. / Duplex stainless steels are Cr-Fe-Ni-Mo alloys. They possess balanced austenitic/ ferritic microstructure, excellent mechanical and corrosion resistance properties. Thus, these characteristics make them very used in chemical, petrochemical, cellulose, food and pharmaceutical industries. The processing of these steels generally involves welding processes, which should be carried out carefully. Depending on time from 650°C to 950°C temperature range during thermal cycles in heat affected zone, intermetallic phases can be precipitated, as sigma phase for instance. As a consequence, mechanical and corrosion resistance might be impaired. Three duplex (DSS) and superduplex (SDSS) stainless steel alloys, with denomination of UNS S32304 (DSS), UNS S32750 (SDSS), and UNS S32760 (SDSS), were submitted to real multipass welding and welding thermal cycles simulations of low temperature heat affected zone. The simulations were accomplished in a dilatometer and in a Gleeble® equipment. They were made comparisons among microstructures obtained in actual welds and simulated welding thermal cycles. Microstructures were analyzed by optical and electronic microscopy. X-ray diffraction analyses of extracted residues were studied. Tests of intergranular corrosion and cyclic potentiodynamic polarization were performed. Results indicated good agreement between actual welding and thermal cycles simulated microstructures. UNS S32304 steel did not precipitate any intermetallic phase. On the other hand, in UNS S32750 and UNS S32760 steels were found precipitated phases in the ferritic grain boundary. Those phases were identified as sigma and Cr2N. UNS S32760 were more susceptible phase precipitation, probably due to tungsten as an additional alloying element in this steel. Corrosion results indicated no observed variation in pitting potentials of simulated samples, meanwhile pitting protection potentials suffered a fall compared to materials in the as received condition.

La présente étude est dédiée à la compréhension des mécanismes de malaxage intervenant lors du soudage de matériaux dissimilaires par des sources de haute énergie et en particulier sur deux couples de matériaux présentant des problèmes métallurgiques différents : • cuivre - inox (lacune de miscibilité, différence de propriétés thermophysiques),• TA6V- inox (oxydation, formation de phases intermétalliques fragilisant la soudure).Pour le premier couple de matériaux, le soudage par laser Nd:YAG continu et par faisceau d'électrons a été utilisé. L'étude des évolutions de la morphologie des soudures, de la composition et de la microstructure des zones fondues ainsi que des propriétés mécaniques a permis de proposer des hypothèses sur les mécanismes de formation du mélange hétérogène à solubilité limitée. Afin de quantifier les phénomènes physiques intervenant en soudage continu de matériaux dissimilaires, la modélisation numérique a été mise en œuvre en utilisant le logiciel FEM "Comsol Multiphysics". Une série des modèles simulant les champs de températures, les mouvements convectifs et le malaxage (diffusion, méthode level set, méthode des champs de phases) a été créée. Dans le cas du laser, la formulation pseudo-stationnaire du transfert de chaleur basée sur la géométrie du capillaire simplifiée et la convection a été couplée avec les problèmes 2D de diffusion et de malaxage des matériaux dans différents plans horizontaux. En soudage par faisceau d'électrons, la morphologie de la microstructure a nécessité une formulation temporelle. Le modèle multiphysique final en couplage complet (solution multiphysique simultanée) reproduit le processus de formation d'une structure périodique de solidification lors du soudage par faisceau d'électrons et permet d'expliquer l'aspect des structures alternées entre matériaux immiscibles ou présentant de grandes différences de propriétés thermophysiques.Le deuxième couple de matériaux présente des problèmes métallurgiques majeurs liés à la formation des phases intermétalliques rendant l'assemblage direct par fusion impossible. La composition locale devient donc l'aspect-clef de la formation d’une soudure correcte : l'introduction d’un troisième matériau (cuivre) ayant une meilleure compatibilité avec le titane est nécessaire. Pour pouvoir déterminer les fenêtres optimales des conditions opératoires, les modèles numériques, créés précédemment, ont été adaptés pour quatre procédés de l’assemblage : faisceau d'électrons, soudage lasers Nd:YAG continu et pulsé, brasage par laser avec apport de fil. L'analyse élémentaire des microstructures dans les soudures résistantes mécaniquement a permis de développer le scénario de la solidification d'une zone fondue et de comprendre l'influence de la composition aux interfaces sur la résistance mécanique des assemblages.Les modèles numériques multiphysiques créés au cours de cette étude permettent l'accès rapide à la grande quantité d'information sur le comportement de la zone fondue en fonction des paramètres de soudage en se basant sur le nombre des données de départ relativement limité et sur quelques hypothèses simplificatrices. L'approche multiphysique à la modélisation de soudage permet de reproduire la forme de la zone fondue, visualiser les écoulements du liquide et cartographier la distribution de certains éléments avec une bonne corrélation avec les résultats expérimentaux. L'ensemble des modèles permet de déterminer les conditions opératoires répondant aux critères fixes en fonction de la métallurgie d'un couple hétérogène. / The present study is dedicated to the comprehension of the mechanism of materials mixing during dissimilar welding by high power beam sources. We have been interested in joining of two couples of metallic materials which present different metallurgical problems: • copper- stainless steel (miscibility gap, important difference in physical properties);• TA6V- stainless steel (oxidation on air, formation of intermetallic phases which made the joint brittle).For the first couple of materials, continuous laser Nd:YAG welding and electron beam welding have been applied. The experimental study of morphology evolution, composition, microstructure and mechanical properties has allowed establishing the hypotheses on formation of heterogeneous mixture between the materials having limited solubility. To quantify the physical phenomena of continuous dissimilar welding, the numerical modeling has been carried out by means of FEM software package "Comsol Multiphysics". A number of models reproducing temperature field, convection movements and mixing (diffusion, level set method, phase field method) between the materials has been created. In case of continuous laser welding, the pseudo-stationary formulation of heat transfer based on simplified key-hole geometry and convection has been coupled with two-dimensional problems of diffusion and mixing in horizontal planes. The electron beam welding presenting the nonlinear development of the weld has needed employing of temporary formulation. Final model including complete coupling (simultaneous multiphysical solving) reproduces the process of development of periodic solidification structure during electron beam welding and allows explaining the mechanism of formation of altered structures between immiscible materials which have important difference in thermophysical properties.The second couple of materials presents weldability problems due to formation of brittle intermetallic phases making direct joining by fusion impossible. The local elementary composition becomes the key-aspect of successful joining: the introduction of the third material (pure copper) having better compatibility with titanium is necessary. To determine the ranges of optimal operational conditions, numerical models created previously have been adapted to the case of four joining techniques: electron beam and laser Nd:YAG (continuous and pulsed) welding and laser brazing with filler wire. Elementary analysis of microstructures of resistant welds has allowed developing the solidification scenario and understanding the influence of local composition of heterogeneous interfaces on tensile properties of the joints. The multiphysical models created during this study allow rapid access to high quantity of data on behavior of melted zone in function of welding parameters basing on relatively limited input data and several simplification hypotheses. The multiphysical approach to welding modeling allows recreating the shape of melted zone, to visualization the convection movements and providing the cartography of several elements in good correspondence with experimental results. A set of models allows determination of operational parameters respecting fixed criterions determined by metallurgy of dissimilar couple.