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No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianaDoNascimentoSimiao_DISSERT.pdf: 1685971 bytes, checksum: dc126a43bec88444b71cda287c29ae89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-30 / No capitalismo contempor?neo a crise ambiental evidenciada pela profunda instabilidade da natureza que hora nos deparamos, tem sido alvo de debates que mobilizam amplos setores da sociedade em torno do desenvolvimento de estrat?gias para o seu enfrentamento, formando um movimento heterog?neo e multisetorial. ? acima de tudo um movimento classista, posto que, as escolhas de avalia??o do conflito ambiental redundam ? pr?pria posi??o de classe dos indiv?duos. Por conseguinte, os interesses em conflito dessas classes. Entretanto, os problemas ambientais s?o alvos de discuss?es desde a d?cada de 1970 no panorama mundial, quando cientistas e movimentos ecol?gicos denunciaram os impactos ambientais da produ??o nos moldes do capitalismo. Vimos se desdobrar da? conceitos oficiais sobre as concep??es de desenvolvimento que passaram a incorporar as quest?es ambiental e social. Dando origem, por exemplo, ao conceito de Desenvolvimento Sustent?vel. Do desenvolvimento Sustent?vel ? Economia Verde ? conceito ?ltimo que enfatiza o papel da economia para o enfrentamento da crise ambiental ? as elites foram se colocando como a vanguarda para solucionar a problem?tica ambiental. Sem romper com os fundamentos estruturais do capital, os debates versam sobre a possibilidade de alinhamento das rela??es de reprodu??o do capitalismo com desenvolvimento sustent?vel. Em verdade, assistimos a um processo de mercantiliza??o da natureza travestido de um discurso ideol?gico falacioso de invers?o de valores do capital, de ?ecologiza??o?. Todavia, ? sabido que o modo de produ??o capitalista transformou natureza e trabalho em mercadorias. A l?gica produtivista do capital historicamente engendrou processos produtivos destrutivos para essas duas dimens?es. De posse de todo conhecimento cr?tico acumulado sobre o capital, nossa pesquisa se prop?e a problematizar as perspectivas ideopol?ticas e econ?micas obscurecidas no novo discurso hegem?nico do ?Capitalismo Verde? a partir das contradi??es hist?ricas e concretas desse sistema. O Objetivo Geral do nosso trabalho ? o de: ?Analisar o ?capitalismo verde? em suas dimens?es sociopol?tica, econ?mica e ideol?gica de maneira articulada situadas na realidade do Brasil?. Temos como objetivos espec?ficos, respectivamente: problematizar a deteriora??o ambiental e as rela??es sociais do capitalismo; identificar o papel do Estado na rela??o com o capitalismo verde; analisar a contradi??o entre o discurso de compromisso com o desenvolvimento sustent?vel da empresa delimitada e suas rela??es de trabalho. Elegemos o Ita? Unibanco, grande empresa do setor financeiro brasileiro, reconhecida nacionalmente e internacionalmente que anuncia agregar ? sua filosofia de gest?o empresarial o comprometimento e a perspectiva de tornar-se l?der em Performance Sustent?vel, com Responsabilidade Corporativa e Social, concomitante engendra rela??es de trabalho precarizadas, tendo sua lucratividade associada n?o somente aos produtos e servi?os que lhes sustentam, mas e sobretudo, a uma pol?tica de corte de custos relativos ao trabalho. Nosso prop?sito ? partir da realidade concreta onde se materializam as estrat?gias para manuten??o do status quo, para identificar as contradi??es do ?Capitalismo Verde?. Nossa pesquisa ? quanti-qualitativa. Isso porque te?rico-metodologicamente recorre a um arsenal de dados em documentos e na produ??o liter?ria, especificamente de textos afinados com a perspectiva marxista, do campo do Servi?o Social Brasileiro e ?reas afins, bem como, a pesquisas quantitativas de ?rg?os voltados a este fim, para fundamenta??o da an?lise. Confrontamos as den?ncias da classe trabalhadora organizada vinculada ao Ita? Unibanco com a vis?o institucional sobre o que denominam de ?Performance Sustent?vel?. Partimos de pesquisas e publica??es de iniciativa Confedera??o dos Trabalhadores do Ramo Financeiro ? CONTRAF, em associa??o com o DIEESE e a Central ?nica dos Trabalhadores. Assim como, analisamos o Relat?rio Anual Consolidado 2013 do Ita? Unibanco. Nossa hip?tese ? de que o capital ? incompat?vel com rela??es sustent?veis. Nossa pesquisa est? vinculada a grande ?rea: Sociabilidade, Servi?o Social e Politica Social; e a linha de pesquisa ?Servi?o Social, Trabalho e Quest?o Social. / In contemporary capitalism the environmental crisis evidenced by profound instability of nature that time we encounter has been the subject of debates that mobilize broad sectors of society around the development of strategies for solving them, forming a heterogeneous and multi-sectoral movement. It is above all a class movement, since the assessment of choices of environmental conflict redound to their own class position of individuals. Therefore, the competing interests of those classes. However, environmental problems are targets of discussions since the 1970s on the world stage when scientists and ecological movements denounced the environmental impacts of production in capitalism molds. We saw unfold there official concepts of the development of concepts that began to incorporate environmental and social issues. Giving rise, for example, the concept of Sustainable Development. Sustainable development to the Green Economy - last concept that emphasizes the role of the economy to cope with the environmental crisis - the elites were posing as the vanguard to solve environmental problems. Without breaking with the structural foundations of the capital, the debates concern the possibility of alignment of capitalist reproduction of relations with sustainable development. In fact, we have seen a nature commodification process disguised as a fallacious ideological discourse inversion capital values of "greening". However, it is known that the capitalist mode of production has transformed nature and work in goods. The productivist logic of capital historically engendered destructive processes for these two dimensions. In possession of all accumulated critical knowledge on capital, our research aims to question the ideopol?ticas and economic outlook darkened in the new hegemonic discourse of "Green Capitalism" from historical and practical contradictions of the system. The general objective of our work is to "analyze" green capitalism "in its socio-political, economic and ideological dimensions of articulated located in Brazil's reality." We have specific objectives, respectively, discuss the environmental deterioration and social relations of capitalism; identify the role of the state in relation to green capitalism; analyze the contradiction between the commitment to sustainable development discourse with the defined company and its labor relations. Elected Ita? Unibanco, great company in the Brazilian financial sector, recognized nationally and internationally announcing add to its philosophy of business management commitment and the prospect of becoming a leader in Sustainable Performance, Corporate Responsibility and Social concomitant engenders labor relations precarious, and its profitability associated not only to products and services that support them, but above all, a cutting political costs for the work. Our purpose is from the concrete reality where materialize strategies for maintaining the status quo, to identify the contradictions of "Green Capitalism". Our research is quantitative and qualitative. This is because theoretically and methodologically uses an arsenal of data in documents and literary production, specifically tuned texts with the Marxist perspective, the Brazilian Social Service of the field and related fields, as well as the quantitative research bodies aimed at this purpose, to substantiate the analysis. Confront the allegations of the organized working class linked to the Ita? Unibanco with the institutional vision of what they call "Sustainable Performance". We start research and publications Confederation initiative of Financial sector workers - CONTRAF, in association with the DIEESE and the Central Workers. As we analyze the Consolidated Annual Report 2013 Ita? Unibanco. Our hypothesis is that capital is incompatible with sustainable relationships. Our research is linked to the penalty area: Sociability, Social Work and Social Policy; and the line of research "Social Service, Labour and Social Issues.

Tiefe sternale Wundheilungsstörungen sind seltene, aber verheerende Komplikationen nach medianer Sternotomie. Die verminderte Durchblutung von Knochen- und Weichgewebe nach Verwendung der Arteria thoracica interna (ITA) in der kardiochirurgischen Bypass-Chirurgie, begünstigt die Entwicklung von Wundheilungsstörungen. Das Ziel dieser Studie war die makroskopische und radiologische Darstellung des sternalen Gefäßsystems im Hinblick auf mögliche Kollateralkreisläufe. Das methodische Vorgehen gliederte sich in die makroskopischen Präparation, die Segmentierung mittels Mimics® und deren semi-quantitativer Vergleich. Bei der makroskopischen Präparation wurden vier Thorax-Schilde (vordere Brustwand), zwei Alkohol- und zwei Thiel-fixierte Schilde, entnommen und die ITA und deren Abgänge präpariert. Da nach Thiel-Fixierung Gewebe realitätsnahe Eigenschaften behalten, blieben die weichen Gefäße durchgängig und eigneten sich besonders zur Injektion des Microfil®-Gemisches oder der Arterienmasse nach Thiel (1992). Ein weiterer Vorteil der Massen war die Röntgenopazität, wodurch radiologische Untersuchungen am Präparat erfolgten. Da die segmentierungsbasierte Rekonstruktion zunehmend Einzug in die Diagnostik hält, wurden zur Diskussion, ob Kollateralkreisläufe des Sternums dargestellt werden können, zwei Thorax-CTs erstellt und mittels Mimics® segmentiert. Die im Rahmen dieser Studie angewandten Methoden konnten das makroanatomische Gefäßsystem des Sternums darstellen, wobei die Injektion der Arterienmasse am Thiel fixierten Humanpräparat mit anschließender Segmentierung besonders geeignet war.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungen viii 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Problemstellung 1 1.2 Anatomie des Thorax 2 1.2.1 Anatomie des knöchernen Thorax 3 1.2.2 Anatomie des Sternums 3 1.2.2.1 Blutversorgung des Sternums 5 1.3 Die A. thoracica interna (ITA) 6 1.4 Die mediane Sternotomie 8 1.5 Tiefe sternale Wundheilungsstörungen (DSWI) 9 1.5.1 Definition DSWI 9 1.5.2 Risikofaktoren DSWI 11 1.5.3 Therapie 12 1.6 Methoden zur Darstellung der Gefäßversorgung des Sternums 14 1.6.1 Allgemeines 14 1.6.2 Fixierung und Konservierung 14 1.6.3 Präparations- und Injektionstechnik 15 1.6.4 Segmentierungsbasierte Rekonstruktion mit Mimics® 15 2 Material und Methodik 17 2.1 Untersuchungsmaterial 17 2.2 Fixierungen 19 2.2.1 Alkohol-Fixierung 19 2.2.2 Thiel-Fixierung 21 2.3 Übersicht der Methodik 27 2.4 Makroskopische Präparation 28 2.4.1 Präparation des Thorax-Schildes 28 2.4.2 Präparation der ITA und ihrer Abgänge 31 2.5 Injektionstechniken am Thiel-fixierten Präparat 33 2.5.1 Anwendung des Microfil®-Gemisches 33 2.5.2 Arterienmasse nach Thiel für die makroskopische Präparation 37 2.6 Segmentierungsbasierte Rekonstruktion mittels Mimics® 45 2.6.1 Kontrastmittel-CT 49 2.6.2 Arterienmasse nach Thiel für die Computertomographie 54 2.7 Semi-quantitative Beurteilung der Methoden 56 2.8 Systematische Literaturrecherche 58 2.9 Statistische Auswertung 61 2.10 Fotografische und bildliche Dokumentation der Präparate 61 3 Ergebnisse 62 3.1 Makroskopische Präparation der ITA und ihrer Abgänge 62 3.1.1 Länge der ITA 62 3.1.2 Abgänge der ITA 63 3.2 Semi-quantitative Beurteilung der makroskopischen Präparation 67 3.2.1 Alkohol-fixierte Präparate 67 3.2.2 Thiel-fixierte Präparate 69 3.2.2.1 Thorax-Schild ohne Injektionstechnik 69 3.2.2.2 Thorax-Schild mit Injektionstechnik - Microfil®-Masse 71 3.2.2.3 Thorax-Schild mit Injektionstechnik – Arterienmasse nach Thiel 75 3.3 Semi-quantitative Beurteilung der segmentierungsbasierten Rekonstruktion mit Mimics® 78 3.3.1 Kontrastmittel-CT 79 3.3.2 Arterienmasse nach Thiel 86 4 Diskussion 98 4.1 Länge der ITA 99 4.2 Methodenvergleich zur Darstellung der ITA 99 4.2.1 Alkohol- vs. Thiel-Fixierung (ohne Injektion) 101 4.2.2 Alkohol- vs. Thiel-Fixierung (Microfil®) 102 4.2.3 Arterienmasse nach Thiel vs. Microfil® 103 4.3 Segmentierungsbasierte Rekonstruktion 105 4.3.1 Interpretation der Bilder und Methodenvergleich 106 4.4 Vergleich mit anderen Methoden zur Gefäßdarstellung 109 4.5 Schlussfolgerung 112 5 Zusammenfassung 113 6 Literaturverzeichnis 115 7 Abbildungsverzeichnis 120 8 Tabellenverzeichnis 123 9 Danksagung 124 10 Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung 125 11 Lebenslauf 126 12 Anhang 127

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Combating the effects of the global recession that hampered the economies of various nations has been endeavoured by many governments since 2008. The South African government’s stand to do this shows that it is possible to return the economy back to its glory days, however, the duration of this process of overturning the same is unknown. The government has raised policies and programs, one of which being the New Growth Path (NGP) to combat these effect. This programme, inter alia, calls for increased government expenditure to facilitate job creation through infrastructure development. It is trite economic principles that government expenditure has to be balanced with its revenue collection, otherwise it might lead to budget deficit. Prolonged budget deficit, naturally, is not ideal for a nation’s economy as the same increases government borrowing, results in higher taxes, and affects inflation. While government revenue is mostly financed through taxes, studies show that increasing taxes is also to the detriment for the economy. Therefore, there is a need for disenable policy stand to be taken in respect of the government’s programme, as well as the generation of revenue to support the same. In this regard, one of the ways being advanced by this research in respect of a better combating the recession is to utilise economic legislations enacted in the country. Amongst other economic legislations in South Africa this paper discusses Income Tax Act (SA ITA) (which regulate the persons to pay income taxes) and Competition Act (which regulate fair competition). The focus of this dissertation revolves around the impact competition law remedies have on the income taxation process. The aim of the research is to analyse the possible loopholes in the current legislation that might hamper a government revenue generation to support its new growth path. This was met through an extensive study of relevant literature in competition and income tax laws in South Africa and also comparative analysis with relevant laws of the United States of America (USA). The main conclusion drawn from this research is that there is an impact of the current competition law remedies on the income taxation process. This research promotes and argues for a change in approach, through government enactment of clear and certain laws both in the field of competition law and tax law. This change would assist government in raising revenue more effectively and achieve it economic growth path and, in turn, combat the global economic crisis that affected the economy. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted

The past few decades have seen a veritable explosion of investment treaty and other arbitration claims brought against States. Many of these claims have been heard through ICSID arbitration. In comparison to other arbitration frameworks, the ICSID regime has its own self-contained rules for enforcement. Thus, given the significant increase in arbitration claims against States, on the one hand, and States’ not too seldom invoking of the defence of sovereign immunity, on the other hand, this treatise is timely in addressing various outstanding issues that award-creditors have and will continue to encounter when dealing with defaulting States.   The doctrine of sovereign immunity translates into the conventional wisdom that a State cannot be sued without its consent in foreign courts. This doctrine derives from the practical consequence that the sovereign makes the law, and consequently can break it too. This idea is an extension of primarily the common law doctrine to the international plane, which emerged largely as a result of international comity.[1] This concept is also based upon principles ‘equality’ in terms of ‘equal sovereign status’. Some authors even call it ‘independence’ and ‘dignity’ etc., In this respect, the ICJ has also held that it was equality, that is the basis, i.e. justification for the general rule of immunity.   The theory of immunity has gradually shifted from absolute to restrictive immunity, making it significantly easier for award-creditors to enforce an arbitral award. However, the barrier vis-à-vis immunity from execution makes the last link in ITA vulnerable. This evolution has made substantially an easier task for award-creditors in ITA and ISDS holding an arbitration award against a sovereign State. In view of this relatively at ease syndrome that award-creditors now possess, the immunity protections granted to State and its assets will be accessed albeit the proportionality test of acta jure imperii (i.e. sovereign or government purpose) &amp; acta jure gestionis (i.e. commercial or mixed purpose) and the measurement standard applied to such tests is UNSCI 2004, which are now largely constituting States customary international law.   Ultimately, to the author’s opinion, the value of international arbitration (‘ITA and ISDS’) as a means and ends of solving disputes is dependent upon the extent to which arbitral awards are honoured and enforced. In this light, the author can vociferously say that sovereign immunity remains a significant impediment against award-creditors seeking to enforce arbitral awards against unwilling States. The barrier is not one that will fade away. Thus, outstanding award-creditors could be advised to exercise some pressure through alternate and viable forms of enforcement measures. Therefore, the States should not stand-alone to shield their commercial assets from enforcement, attachment and execution, especially for de minimis sovereign purposes.[2]  [1] R Doak Bishop (ed), Enforcement of Arbitral Awards against Sovereigns (JurisNet, LLC Publ 2009). [2] R Doak Bishop (ed), Enforcement of Arbitral Awards against Sovereigns (JurisNet, LLC Publ 2009). / <p>My thesis opposition was done through virtual presentation in Zoom. </p>

The past few decades have seen a veritable explosion of investment treaty and other arbitration claims brought against States. Many of these claims have been heard through ICSID arbitration. In comparison to other arbitration frameworks, the ICSID regime has its own self-contained rules for enforcement. Thus, given the significant increase in arbitration claims against States, on the one hand, and States’ not too seldom invoking of the defence of sovereign immunity, on the other hand, this treatise is timely in addressing various outstanding issues that award-creditors have and will continue to encounter when dealing with defaulting States.   The doctrine of sovereign immunity translates into the conventional wisdom that a State cannot be sued without its consent in foreign courts. This doctrine derives from the practical consequence that the sovereign makes the law, and consequently can break it too. This idea is an extension of primarily the common law doctrine to the international plane, which emerged largely as a result of international comity.[1] This concept is also based upon principles ‘equality’ in terms of ‘equal sovereign status’. Some authors even call it ‘independence’ and ‘dignity’ etc., In this respect, the ICJ has also held that it was equality, that is the basis, i.e. justification for the general rule of immunity.   The theory of immunity has gradually shifted from absolute to restrictive immunity, making it significantly easier for award-creditors to enforce an arbitral award. However, the barrier vis-à-vis immunity from execution makes the last link in ITA vulnerable. This evolution has made substantially an easier task for award-creditors in ITA and ISDS holding an arbitration award against a sovereign State. In view of this relatively at ease syndrome that award-creditors now possess, the immunity protections granted to State and its assets will be accessed albeit the proportionality test of acta jure imperii (i.e. sovereign or government purpose) &amp; acta jure gestionis (i.e. commercial or mixed purpose) and the measurement standard applied to such tests is UNSCI 2004, which are now largely constituting States customary international law.   Ultimately, to the author’s opinion, the value of international arbitration (‘ITA and ISDS’) as a means and ends of solving disputes is dependent upon the extent to which arbitral awards are honoured and enforced. In this light, the author can vociferously say that sovereign immunity remains a significant impediment against award-creditors seeking to enforce arbitral awards against unwilling States. The barrier is not one that will fade away. Thus, outstanding award-creditors could be advised to exercise some pressure through alternate and viable forms of enforcement measures. Therefore, the States should not stand-alone to shield their commercial assets from enforcement, attachment and execution, especially for de minimis sovereign purposes.[2] [1] R Doak Bishop (ed), Enforcement of Arbitral Awards against Sovereigns (JurisNet, LLC Publ 2009). [2] Bishop (n 1).