Esta tese apresenta três ensaios em macroeconomia aplicada e que possuem em comum o uso de técnicas estatísticas e econométricas em problemas macroeconômicos. Dentre os campos de pesquisa da macroeconomia aplicada, a tese faz uso de modelos macroeconômicos microfundamentados, em sua versão DSGE-VAR, e da macroeconomia financeira por meio da avaliação do comportamento da correlação entre os retornos das ações usando modelos Garch multivariados. Além disso, a tese provoca a discussão sobre um novo campo de pesquisa em macroeconomia que surge a partir do advento da tecnologia. No primeiro ensaio, aplicamos a abordagem DSGE-VAR na discussão sobre a reação do Banco Central do Brasil (BCB) as oscilações na taxa de câmbio, especificamente para o caso de uma economia sob metas de inflação. Para tanto, baseando-se no modelo para uma economia aberta desenvolvido por Gali e Monacelli (2005) e modificado por Lubik e Schorfheide (2007), estimamos uma regra de política monetária para o Brasil e examinamos em que medida o BCB responde a mudanças na taxa de câmbio. Além disso, estudamos o grau de má especificação do modelo DSGE proposto. Mais especificamente, comparamos a verossimilhança marginal do modelo DSGE às do modelo DSGE-VAR e examinamos se o Banco Central conseguiu isolar a economia brasileira, em particular a inflação, de choques externos. Nossas conclusões mostram que as respostas aos desvios da taxa de câmbio são diferentes de zero e menores do que as respostas aos desvios da inflação. Finalmente, o ajuste do modelo DSGE é consideravelmente pior do que o ajuste do modelo DSGE-VAR, independentemente do número de defasagens utilizadas no VAR o que indica que de um ponto de vista estatístico existem evidências de que as restrições cruzadas do modelo teórico são violadas nos dados. O segundo ensaio examina empiricamente o comportamento da correlação entre o retorno de ações listadas na BMF&BOVESPA no período de 2000 a 2015. Para tanto, utilizamos modelos GARCH multivariados introduzidos por Bollerslev (1990) para extrair a série temporal das matrizes de correlação condicional dos retornos das ações. Com a série temporal dos maiores autovalores das matrizes de correlação condicional estimadas, aplicamos testes estatísticos (raiz unitária, quebra estrutural e tendência) para verificar a existência de tendência estocástica ou determinística para a intensidade da correlação entre os retornos das ações representadas pelos autovalores. Nossas conclusões confirmam que tanto em períodos de crises nacionais como turbulências internacionais, há intensificação da correlação entre as ações. Contudo, não encontramos qualquer tendência de longo prazo na série temporal dos maiores autovalores das matrizes de correlação condicional. Isso sugere que apesar das conclusões de Costa, Mazzeu e Jr (2016) sobre a tendência de queda do risco idiossincrático no mercado acionário brasileiro, a correlação dos retornos não apresentou tendência de alta, conforme esperado pela teoria de finanças. No terceiro ensaio, apresentamos pesquisas que utilizaram Big Data, Machine Learning e Text Mining em problemas macroeconômicos e discutimos as principais técnicas e tecnologias adotadas bem como aplicamos elas na análise de sentimento do BCB sobre a economia. Por meio de técnicas de Web Scraping e Text Mining, acessamos e extraímos as palavras usadas na escrita das atas divulgadas pelo Comitê de Política Monetária (Copom) no site do BCB. Após isso, comparando tais palavras com um dicionário de sentimentos (Inquider) mantido pela Universidade de Harvard e originalmente apresentado por Stone, Dunphy e Smith (1966), foi possível criar um índice de sentimento para a autoridade monetária. Nossos resultados confirmam que tal abordagem pode contribuir para a avaliação econômica dado que a série temporal do índice proposto está relacionada com variáveis macroeconômicas importantes para as decisões do BCB. / This thesis presents three essays in applied macroeconomics and who have in common the use of statistical and econometric techniques in macroeconomic problems. Among the search fields of applied macroeconomics, the thesis makes use of microfounded macroeconomic models, in tis DSGE-VAR version, and financial macroeconomics through the evaluation of the behavior of correlation between stock returns using multivariate Garch models. In addition, leads a discussion on a new field of research in macroeconomics which arises from the advent of technology. In the first experiment, we applied the approach to dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE VAR in the discussion about the reaction of the Central Bank of Brazil (CBB) to fluctuations in the exchange rate, specifically for the case of an economy under inflation targeting. To this end, based on the model for an open economy developed by Gali and Monacelli (2005) and modified by Lubik and Schorfheide (2007), we estimate a rule of monetary policy for the United States and examine to what extent the CBC responds to changes in the exchange rate. In addition, we studied the degree of poor specification of the DSGE model proposed. More specifically, we compare the marginal likelihood of the DSGE model to the DSGE-VAR model and examine whether the Central Bank managed to isolate the brazilian economy, in particular the inflation, external shocks. Our findings show that the response to deviations of the exchange rate are different from zero and lower than the response to deviations of inflation. Finally, the adjustment of the DSGE model is considerably worse than the adjustment of the DSGE-VAR model, regardless of the number of lags used in the VAR which indicates that a statistical point of view there is evidence that the restrictions crusades of the theoretical model are violated in the data. The second essay examines empirically the behavior of the correlation between the return of shares listed on the BMF&BOVESPA over the period from 2000 to 2015. To this end, we use models multivariate GARCH introduced by Bollerslev (1990) to remove the temporal series of arrays of conditional correlation of returns of stocks. With the temporal series of the largest eigenvalues of matrices of correlation estimated conditional, we apply statistical tests (unit root, structural breaks and trend) to verify the existence of stochastic trend or deterministic to the intensity of the correlation between the returns of the shares represented by eigenvalues. Our findings confirm that both in times of crises at national and international turbulence, there is greater correlation between the actions. However, we did not find any long-term trend in time series of the largest eigenvalues of matrices of correlation conditional. In the third test, we present research that used Big Data, Machine Learning and Text Mining in macroeconomic problems and discuss the main techniques and technologies adopted and apply them in the analysis of feeling of BCB on the economy. Through techniques of Web Scraping and Text Mining, we accessed and extracted the words used in the writing of the minutes released by the Monetary Policy Committee (Copom) on the site of the BCB. After that, comparing these words with a dictionary of feelings (Inquider) maintained by Harvard University and originally presented by Stone, Dunphy and Smith (1966), it was possible to create an index of sentiment for the monetary authority. Our results confirm that such an approach can contribute to the economic assessment given that the temporal series of the index proposed is related with macroeconomic variables are important for decisions of the BCB.

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) investing is growing rapidly. Previous research in the area, has mostly been centered around ESG/CSR and its link to corporate financial performance, cost of capital and idiosyncratic risk. Furthermore, relevant previous research is presented that in part challenges the traditional market models and suggests that total risk is a relevant risk factor, instead of only the systematic risk, as proposed by normative theory. In this study, we develop two separate panel regression models, with separate dependent variables. Realized volatility and a GARCH (1,1) estimate of volatility. This is done in order to gain insight into if there is, as propositioned, a negative relation between high ESG/CSR performance and volatility of the shares, i.e. the total risk of the shares. The study uses ESG and financial data from Thomson Reuters Eikon database. The sample size is 481 firms from the S&P 500 Index, for the years 2009-2016. The results of this study indicate that there is a statistically significant negative relationship between high ESG/CSR performance and share price volatility. This result adds to the discussion that challenges existing theory.

Esta tese apresenta três ensaios em macroeconomia aplicada e que possuem em comum o uso de técnicas estatísticas e econométricas em problemas macroeconômicos. Dentre os campos de pesquisa da macroeconomia aplicada, a tese faz uso de modelos macroeconômicos microfundamentados, em sua versão DSGE-VAR, e da macroeconomia financeira por meio da avaliação do comportamento da correlação entre os retornos das ações usando modelos Garch multivariados. Além disso, a tese provoca a discussão sobre um novo campo de pesquisa em macroeconomia que surge a partir do advento da tecnologia. No primeiro ensaio, aplicamos a abordagem DSGE-VAR na discussão sobre a reação do Banco Central do Brasil (BCB) as oscilações na taxa de câmbio, especificamente para o caso de uma economia sob metas de inflação. Para tanto, baseando-se no modelo para uma economia aberta desenvolvido por Gali e Monacelli (2005) e modificado por Lubik e Schorfheide (2007), estimamos uma regra de política monetária para o Brasil e examinamos em que medida o BCB responde a mudanças na taxa de câmbio. Além disso, estudamos o grau de má especificação do modelo DSGE proposto. Mais especificamente, comparamos a verossimilhança marginal do modelo DSGE às do modelo DSGE-VAR e examinamos se o Banco Central conseguiu isolar a economia brasileira, em particular a inflação, de choques externos. Nossas conclusões mostram que as respostas aos desvios da taxa de câmbio são diferentes de zero e menores do que as respostas aos desvios da inflação. Finalmente, o ajuste do modelo DSGE é consideravelmente pior do que o ajuste do modelo DSGE-VAR, independentemente do número de defasagens utilizadas no VAR o que indica que de um ponto de vista estatístico existem evidências de que as restrições cruzadas do modelo teórico são violadas nos dados. O segundo ensaio examina empiricamente o comportamento da correlação entre o retorno de ações listadas na BMF&BOVESPA no período de 2000 a 2015. Para tanto, utilizamos modelos GARCH multivariados introduzidos por Bollerslev (1990) para extrair a série temporal das matrizes de correlação condicional dos retornos das ações. Com a série temporal dos maiores autovalores das matrizes de correlação condicional estimadas, aplicamos testes estatísticos (raiz unitária, quebra estrutural e tendência) para verificar a existência de tendência estocástica ou determinística para a intensidade da correlação entre os retornos das ações representadas pelos autovalores. Nossas conclusões confirmam que tanto em períodos de crises nacionais como turbulências internacionais, há intensificação da correlação entre as ações. Contudo, não encontramos qualquer tendência de longo prazo na série temporal dos maiores autovalores das matrizes de correlação condicional. Isso sugere que apesar das conclusões de Costa, Mazzeu e Jr (2016) sobre a tendência de queda do risco idiossincrático no mercado acionário brasileiro, a correlação dos retornos não apresentou tendência de alta, conforme esperado pela teoria de finanças. No terceiro ensaio, apresentamos pesquisas que utilizaram Big Data, Machine Learning e Text Mining em problemas macroeconômicos e discutimos as principais técnicas e tecnologias adotadas bem como aplicamos elas na análise de sentimento do BCB sobre a economia. Por meio de técnicas de Web Scraping e Text Mining, acessamos e extraímos as palavras usadas na escrita das atas divulgadas pelo Comitê de Política Monetária (Copom) no site do BCB. Após isso, comparando tais palavras com um dicionário de sentimentos (Inquider) mantido pela Universidade de Harvard e originalmente apresentado por Stone, Dunphy e Smith (1966), foi possível criar um índice de sentimento para a autoridade monetária. Nossos resultados confirmam que tal abordagem pode contribuir para a avaliação econômica dado que a série temporal do índice proposto está relacionada com variáveis macroeconômicas importantes para as decisões do BCB. / This thesis presents three essays in applied macroeconomics and who have in common the use of statistical and econometric techniques in macroeconomic problems. Among the search fields of applied macroeconomics, the thesis makes use of microfounded macroeconomic models, in tis DSGE-VAR version, and financial macroeconomics through the evaluation of the behavior of correlation between stock returns using multivariate Garch models. In addition, leads a discussion on a new field of research in macroeconomics which arises from the advent of technology. In the first experiment, we applied the approach to dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE VAR in the discussion about the reaction of the Central Bank of Brazil (CBB) to fluctuations in the exchange rate, specifically for the case of an economy under inflation targeting. To this end, based on the model for an open economy developed by Gali and Monacelli (2005) and modified by Lubik and Schorfheide (2007), we estimate a rule of monetary policy for the United States and examine to what extent the CBC responds to changes in the exchange rate. In addition, we studied the degree of poor specification of the DSGE model proposed. More specifically, we compare the marginal likelihood of the DSGE model to the DSGE-VAR model and examine whether the Central Bank managed to isolate the brazilian economy, in particular the inflation, external shocks. Our findings show that the response to deviations of the exchange rate are different from zero and lower than the response to deviations of inflation. Finally, the adjustment of the DSGE model is considerably worse than the adjustment of the DSGE-VAR model, regardless of the number of lags used in the VAR which indicates that a statistical point of view there is evidence that the restrictions crusades of the theoretical model are violated in the data. The second essay examines empirically the behavior of the correlation between the return of shares listed on the BMF&BOVESPA over the period from 2000 to 2015. To this end, we use models multivariate GARCH introduced by Bollerslev (1990) to remove the temporal series of arrays of conditional correlation of returns of stocks. With the temporal series of the largest eigenvalues of matrices of correlation estimated conditional, we apply statistical tests (unit root, structural breaks and trend) to verify the existence of stochastic trend or deterministic to the intensity of the correlation between the returns of the shares represented by eigenvalues. Our findings confirm that both in times of crises at national and international turbulence, there is greater correlation between the actions. However, we did not find any long-term trend in time series of the largest eigenvalues of matrices of correlation conditional. In the third test, we present research that used Big Data, Machine Learning and Text Mining in macroeconomic problems and discuss the main techniques and technologies adopted and apply them in the analysis of feeling of BCB on the economy. Through techniques of Web Scraping and Text Mining, we accessed and extracted the words used in the writing of the minutes released by the Monetary Policy Committee (Copom) on the site of the BCB. After that, comparing these words with a dictionary of feelings (Inquider) maintained by Harvard University and originally presented by Stone, Dunphy and Smith (1966), it was possible to create an index of sentiment for the monetary authority. Our results confirm that such an approach can contribute to the economic assessment given that the temporal series of the index proposed is related with macroeconomic variables are important for decisions of the BCB.

Esta pesquisa investigou os efeitos da estrutura de propriedade e da clareza na comunicação entre empresa e mercado sobre o risco idiossincrático das ações negociadas no mercado brasileiro de capitais de 2002 a 2012. O risco idiossincrático(1-R2) foi medida a partir do coeficiente de determinação da regressão dos retornos da ação em relação aos fatores sistemáticos (R2) e reflete o percentual dos retornos da ação não explicados pelos fatores sistemáticos. Neste estudo, empresas com alta concentração acionária são aquelas em que o maior acionista detém mais de 50% do total das ações ou em que os três maiores acionistas detêm, em conjunto, mais de 70% do total das ações. A concentração acionária afeta positivamente a volatilidade idiossincrática, enquanto o porte da empresa e a liquidez do papel na bolsa têm efeito oposto. Foi observada relação positiva entre a concentração acionária e o risco idiossincrático que, por sua vez, é menor nas empresas do setor financeiro, com alta concentração acionária. Contudo, parte do risco idiossincrático observado nas ações das empresas com alta concentração acionária decorre da menor liquidez do papel como consequência da pequena parcela das ações disponível aos investidores, e supostamente não está relacionada à incorporação das informações específicas aos preços. Nas empresas com alta concentração acionária, a volatilidade idiossincrática está positivamente relacionada à rentabilidade reportada e negativamente associada ao endividamento. As oportunidades de crescimento estão positivamente relacionadas com o risco idiossincrático nos casos em que a concentração acionária não é alta. Esse fato é compatível com a suposição de que as divergências sobre o impacto futuro do aproveitamento econômico das oportunidades com as quais a empresa se depara, gerariam variações nos preços decorrentes de informações específicas, corroborando com a suposição de que o risco idiossincrático reflete, ao menos em parte, as informações específicas incorporadas aos preços. Por outro lado, não foram encontradas evidências de que a clareza na comunicação entre a empresa e o mercado tenha efeito significativo na variabilidade dos retornos idiossincráticos. Se as informações específicas são incorporadas aos preços, a incorporação, ao que parece, não se dá pelos mecanismos atuais de fluxo de informação entre empresa e investidores. / This research investigates the effects of the ownership structure and the clarity of firm activities and performance to outsiders with regard to the idiosyncratic volatility of shares traded on the Brazilian stock exchange from 2002 to 2012. The idiosyncratic volatility (1-R²) is based on the coefficient of determination of regression of stock returns in relation to systematic factors (R²), and reflects the percentage of stock returns not explained by these systematic factors. In this study, companies with high stock concentration are those whose largest shareholder holds more than 50% of the total outstanding shares or whose three largest shareholders together hold more than 70% of the total outstanding shares. Ownership concentration positively affects the idiosyncratic volatility, while the firm\'s size and stock liquidity on the stock exchange have an opposite effect. A positive relationship between the ownership concentration and the idiosyncratic volatility is noted, which in turn is lower in financial institutions with high ownership concentration. However, part of the idiosyncratic volatility noted in stocks of firms with high ownership concentration results from lower liquidity of its papers as a consequence of the small number of shares available to investors and supposedly not related to firm-specific information incorporated into stock prices. In firms with high ownership concentration, idiosyncratic volatility is positively related to reported profitability and negatively associated with leverage. Growth opportunities are positively related to idiosyncratic volatility in cases where ownership concentration is not high. This fact is consistent with the assumption that variances of the future impact of the economic use of opportunities faced by a firm would generate variations in in its stock price as a result of specific information, supporting the assumption that the idiosyncratic volatility reflects, at least in part, firm-specific information incorporated into stock prices. On the other hand, no evidence is found that the clarity of firm activities and performance to outsiders has a significant effect on the variability of idiosyncratic returns. If firm-specific information is incorporated into its stock price, the incorporation, it seems, does not occur by current mechanisms of information flow between the firm and investors.

<p>This study explored the role of idiosyncratic service experience by redefining the wow experience in the context of boutique hotels. Despite the expansion of the boutique hotel segment, which seeks to provide a unique and singular experience, in the lodging industry and the growing popularity of pursuing novel experiences among Millennial consumers, the role of idiosyncratic experience in consumer behavior has not been explored. This left the potential antecedents and consequents of idiosyncratic hotel stay experience—and its role in consumer’s decision-making process—unknown. In this study, a consumer’s perception of a hotel stay experience, which is unusual in an interesting and surprising way, is coined as the perceived quirky experience (PQE). Utilizing the Mehrabian-Russel model, the relationship among boutique hotel service quality aspects, motives and barriers, PQE, and behavior intentions were examined. The consumer decision-making process is expected to be influenced by the optimal stimulation level (OSL); thus, the group differences between stimulation avoiders and seekers were also explored. </p> <p>Methodologically, the current study also seeks to provide a novel approach to amalgamate qualitative and quantitative data. By integrating qualitative analysis of 175,407 TripAdvisor reviews and quantitative analysis of field data (n = 498), topic modeling using an unsupervised machine learning process was performed. Identified keywords were used for aspect-based sentiment analysis and to construct measurement items for the quantitative study stage. Statistical tests were performed using logistic regression and path analysis—and multi-group analysis. The results of this study suggested that boutique hotel-specific service quality aspects have a stronger effect on PQE, and this internal state leads to strong behavioral intentions regardless of temporal differences. The consumer’s stimulation-seeking tendency influenced multiple paths in the consumer’s decision-making process. </p> <p>This study is the first to explore the role of idiosyncratic service experience in the boutique hotel setting and makes theoretical contributions to understanding consumer behaviors involving the perception of uncommon and interesting experiences. The findings of this study provide practical contributions to boutique hotel developers regarding the relative importance of service quality aspects to create a unique and singular stay experience and also provide hotel and brand managers with insightful marketing implications.</p>

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Aim  In the study, we problematize, among other things, the leadership qualities of players and why the majority of coaches in Swedish elite handball are former players.  Within the Swedish handball elite, over 60% of all head coaches have a previous successful playing career. According to a study by Werthner et al., (2009) this may be because with previous experience as a player, this can facilitate the work as a coach because you then have specific knowledge that may be needed. Players in team sports should be good at building relationships, be selfless and self-disciplined, etc. These are also qualities that are important for a coach to have. However, the position of team captain is more similar to the position of a coach than an ordinary player. Which is quite obvious when the team captain acts as a helping hand to the coach. There are different paths to becoming a coach, especially at the elite level. The purpose of this study was to problematize these pathways and find out if a household name and former elite player gets a faster route to success as a coach. Method  We conducted a qualitative study with semi-structured interviews from 10 coaches in the sample from four different leagues in the Swedish handball elite. These were Damallsvenskan, Herrallsvenskan, SHE and Handbollsligan. From Damallsvenskan there was one assistant coach and one head coach. In Herrallsvenskan we had one head coach. From SHE we had one assistant coach and two head coaches, and last we had one assistant coach and four head coaches. Consent was collected and it included knowing whether the participants wanted to be anonymous or not in the study. All gave consent to be mentioned by name after quotations in the study. We carefully followed the guidelines for GDPR and the Swedish Research Council's four general requirements. We then did a thematic analysis of the interviews, which contributed to a more detailed data collection. Results In the results, we divided the different stories from the participants into themes with sub-themes; Player career and personality traits, The coaches’ path to Swedish elite handball, Education connected to coaching and Coaches’ opinion regarding elite players becoming elite coaches. The results were created through our thematic analysis of the answers to our interview questions. Conclusion  The most important thing for us with this work was to reach out to the people with the dream of a coaching career at an elite level, that this is possible if you work for it. We discussed, reflected and drew conclusions in the discussion section about, among other things, the faster path that former players get is preferable and how faster it really is, given that they have no experience in pedagogy and didactics.

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This Dissertation consists of two essays. The first essay studies the causal impacts of compensation disclosure on executive compensation, turnover, and executives’ job responsibilities. We find that, after the SEC mandates the disclosure of Chief Financial Officers (CFOs)’ compensation in 2006, CFO pay increases significantly relative to CEO pay, particularly in firms most affected by the mandate. CFOs are more likely to leave their firms following poor performance. The results are absent for the CEO or other executives, suggesting they are unique outcomes of enhanced CFO compensation disclosures. The evidence is consistent with more intense monitoring following the disclosure mandate. CFOs require additional compensation for the loss of private benefits due to greater monitoring and are subject to greater internal discipline. There is also some evidence that the CFOs hide bad news and lower corporate reporting quality after the mandate, suggesting that CFOs engage in more short-term behavior to boost their performance and avoid termination. The second essay of my dissertation focuses on the idiosyncratic volatility puzzle - the negative relation between estimated idiosyncratic volatility and the subsequent month returns documented by Ang et al (2006). We document a systematic pattern of temporary increases in the estimated idiosyncratic volatility for the quintile of stocks with the highest estimated idiosyncratic volatility in a given month. A large portion of this temporary increase in the estimated idiosyncratic volatility is reversed in the subsequent month. This temporary increase in the idiosyncratic volatility for the quintile of stocks with the highest estimated idiosyncratic volatility is associated with relatively large positive returns (positive abnormal returns) in the estimation month and relatively low returns (negative abnormal returns) in the subsequent month. Our evidence shows that these temporary increases in the estimated idiosyncratic volatility and the related positive and negative abnormal returns in the estimation and subsequent months, respectively, create a negative relation between the estimated idiosyncratic volatility and subsequent month returns documented in the prior literature (Ang et al. 2006). We find no significant relation between idiosyncratic volatility and subsequent returns for eighty percent of the stocks that do not exhibit large changes in idiosyncratic volatility despite large differences in the levels of their idiosyncratic volatility. Finally, there is no relation between the estimated idiosyncratic volatility and subsequent returns after a lag of 3 months when the abnormal returns associated with temporary changes are no longer present. Overall, our results are consistent with the notion that there is no relation between the true underlying idiosyncratic volatility and expected returns, and that the previously documented negative relation between estimated idiosyncratic volatility and subsequent month’s returns is being driven by temporary one-month increases in the estimated idiosyncratic volatility and the associated abnormal returns for a subset of stocks. / Ph. D.