Syfte: Att använda byggnadsinformationsmodeller inom byggbranschen har blivit ett allt större tillvägagångssätt för att effektivt projektera inom bland annat konstruktion, arkitektur och installation. Detta tillvägagångssätt har genererat att aktörer inom samma projekt behöver kommunicera mellan varandra angående innehållet av samtligas egna byggnadsinformationsmodeller. Konstruktörer som arbetar med prefabricerad betong får bland annat underlag levererat från arkitekter, installationskonsulter och andra konstruktörer. Studien avsåg att med hjälp av Level of Development förbättra hur projekteringsunderlagen ser ut som levereras till konstruktörer, som arbetar med prefabricerad betong. Studien framlyfter konsekvenserna av underlag som innehåller för lite information för konstruktörers projektering. Metod: Studien är genomförd med kvalitativ data. Genom en litteraturstudie lades grunden till problembeskrivningen och mer ingående hur man kan arbeta med Level of Development. Studien är baserad på sju stycken kvalitativa semi-strukturerade intervjuer av personer som har projektering inom konstruktion som yrke. Intervjuerna gjordes i samarbete med Structor Värmland AB, som inriktar sig på prefabricerad betong. Med hjälp av dessa kvalitativa intervjuer kunde erhållen data analyseras från studiens tre frågeställningar. Resultat: Resultatet av studien visar att nödvändig information brister när medkonsulter levererar projekteringsunderlag till konstruktörer. Delvis genom att många medkonsulter inte har implementerat BIM och projekterar i 2D samt att underlagen kan innehålla för lite eller för mycket information. Mindre detaljerade underlag tenderar till fler ändringar i konstruktörers projektering, medan överdetaljerade underlag generar onödigt mycket grafik som konstruktörer inte har användning av. Onödig grafik resulterar att modellerna blir långsammare att arbeta i. Utifrån insamlad data återförs rapporten med rekommendationer för att effektivisera konstruktörers projektering. Rekommendationerna innehåller bland annat att konstruktörer bör skaffa sig utbildning inom begreppen BIM och LOD för att kunna ställa krav på hur tillhandahållna underlag från medprojektörer bör se ut. Konsekvenser: En standardisering av levererade projekteringsunderlag till konstruktörer bidrar till en mer effektiv projekteringsprocess. Effektiviseringen bidrar till mindre samordning, konflikter i projekteringen samt sparar dyrbar tid. Dock så är Level of Development ett relativt okänt begrepp som har flera olika tolkningar. För att göra projekteringsprocessen mer effektiv behöver konstruktörer ta del av mer information gällande BIM och Level of Development. Begränsningar: Rapporten begränsas till projektering med inriktning på prefabricerade betongkonstruktioner. Studien samlar inte in data från medkonsulter, beställare, entreprenörer som arbetar med konstruktörer.

Simulações computacionais são um recurso de grande valia no projeto do edifício, particularmente na área de desempenho ambiental, permitindo predizer fenômenos complexos como desempenho térmico, lumínico, acústico e energético dos edifícios e de seu entorno. O surgimento do BIM (Building Information Modeling ou Modelagem da Informação da Construção), por sua vez, forneceu aos profissionais da indústria da construção novas ferramentas para auxiliar na criação e gestão da informação da construção. Ao combinar um modelo 3D com um banco de dados único do projeto, BIM acaba por reduzir a perda de informação e o retrabalho, permitindo o trabalho colaborativo e aumentando a confiabilidade e rastreabilidade das informações do projeto ao longo do ciclo de vida da construção. Muito antes do BIM, ferramentas de simulação de desempenho do edifício (Building Performance Simulation - BPS, na sigla em inglês) já empregavam modelos 3D, o que significa que especialistas de avaliação ambiental do edifício frequentemente tinham que modelar o edifício - e remodelá-lo cada vez que o projeto fosse alterado - dentro destas ferramentas de modo a executar as análises de desempenho. Neste contexto, a integração entre ferramentas BIM e BPS é fundamental para aumentar a eficiência de uma indústria da construção altamente fragmentada. Nos últimos anos, muitos pesquisadores têm se focado em alcançar tal integração. Este estudo sintetiza as pesquisas nesta questão por meio da revisão sistemática de mais de 250 pesquisas publicadas mundialmente no período de 1991 a 2015. Os resultados mostram que, apesar de um aumento significativo no número de estudos publicados nos últimos cinco anos, a plena integração entre BIM e BPS é um assunto complexo e continua sendo um desafio. Esta revisão sistemática produziu um diagnóstico abrangente e contribui com pesquisadores por revelar padrões, tendências e lacunas da área de pesquisa, orientando assim futuros esforços de pesquisa. / Computer simulations are a valuable resource in building design, notably in the environmental performance field, enabling designers and engineers to predict complex phenomena such as thermal, lighting, acoustic and energy performance. The emergence of BIM (Building Information Modeling), in turn, provided these professionals with new tools to assist in the creating and managing of building information. By combining a 3D model to a unique project database, BIM ultimately reduces the loss of information and rework, allowing collaborative work and increasing reliability and traceability of the project information throughout the construction lifecycle. Long before BIM, Building Performance Simulation (BPS) tools already employed 3D models, meaning that simulationists frequently had to model the building - and remodel it as many times as the design changed - within these tools in order to run performance analyses. In this context, the integration of BIM and BPS tools is critical to increase efficiency of a highly fragmented construction industry. In the past years, many researchers have been focusing on achieving this integration. This study summarizes research on this topic by systematically reviewing over 250 researches published worldwide from 1991 to 2015. Results show that, despite a significant increase in the number of studies published in the last five years, fully integration between BIM and BPS is a complex subject and remains a challenge. This systematic review produced a comprehensive diagnosis and contributes with researchers by revealing patterns, trends and gaps of the research area, orientating future research efforts.

Simulações computacionais são um recurso de grande valia no projeto do edifício, particularmente na área de desempenho ambiental, permitindo predizer fenômenos complexos como desempenho térmico, lumínico, acústico e energético dos edifícios e de seu entorno. O surgimento do BIM (Building Information Modeling ou Modelagem da Informação da Construção), por sua vez, forneceu aos profissionais da indústria da construção novas ferramentas para auxiliar na criação e gestão da informação da construção. Ao combinar um modelo 3D com um banco de dados único do projeto, BIM acaba por reduzir a perda de informação e o retrabalho, permitindo o trabalho colaborativo e aumentando a confiabilidade e rastreabilidade das informações do projeto ao longo do ciclo de vida da construção. Muito antes do BIM, ferramentas de simulação de desempenho do edifício (Building Performance Simulation - BPS, na sigla em inglês) já empregavam modelos 3D, o que significa que especialistas de avaliação ambiental do edifício frequentemente tinham que modelar o edifício - e remodelá-lo cada vez que o projeto fosse alterado - dentro destas ferramentas de modo a executar as análises de desempenho. Neste contexto, a integração entre ferramentas BIM e BPS é fundamental para aumentar a eficiência de uma indústria da construção altamente fragmentada. Nos últimos anos, muitos pesquisadores têm se focado em alcançar tal integração. Este estudo sintetiza as pesquisas nesta questão por meio da revisão sistemática de mais de 250 pesquisas publicadas mundialmente no período de 1991 a 2015. Os resultados mostram que, apesar de um aumento significativo no número de estudos publicados nos últimos cinco anos, a plena integração entre BIM e BPS é um assunto complexo e continua sendo um desafio. Esta revisão sistemática produziu um diagnóstico abrangente e contribui com pesquisadores por revelar padrões, tendências e lacunas da área de pesquisa, orientando assim futuros esforços de pesquisa. / Computer simulations are a valuable resource in building design, notably in the environmental performance field, enabling designers and engineers to predict complex phenomena such as thermal, lighting, acoustic and energy performance. The emergence of BIM (Building Information Modeling), in turn, provided these professionals with new tools to assist in the creating and managing of building information. By combining a 3D model to a unique project database, BIM ultimately reduces the loss of information and rework, allowing collaborative work and increasing reliability and traceability of the project information throughout the construction lifecycle. Long before BIM, Building Performance Simulation (BPS) tools already employed 3D models, meaning that simulationists frequently had to model the building - and remodel it as many times as the design changed - within these tools in order to run performance analyses. In this context, the integration of BIM and BPS tools is critical to increase efficiency of a highly fragmented construction industry. In the past years, many researchers have been focusing on achieving this integration. This study summarizes research on this topic by systematically reviewing over 250 researches published worldwide from 1991 to 2015. Results show that, despite a significant increase in the number of studies published in the last five years, fully integration between BIM and BPS is a complex subject and remains a challenge. This systematic review produced a comprehensive diagnosis and contributes with researchers by revealing patterns, trends and gaps of the research area, orientating future research efforts.

I denna rapport utforskas möjligheterna med BIM-modeller som finns på dagens byggarbetsplatser.  Trots att BIM erbjuder effektivare lösningar inom områden som bland annat visualisering, samordning och kvalitetsarbete, är det få projekt som aktivt använder sig av BIM på byggarbetsplatsen. Den här rapporten syftar till att belysa potentialen med BIM under produktionsfasen samt analysera svårigheter som finns, då produktionspersonal vill använda sig av BIM-modellen. Det långsiktiga målet med rapporten är att främja framtida användning av BIM i produktionsfasen. I arbetet produktionsanpassas delar av BIM-modellen för Skanskas och Vasakronans samverkansprojekt Klara C till att den kan användas ifrån en handhållen enhet. Genom att visa praktiska tillämpningar, med verktyg och BIM-modeller som finns tillgängliga idag, synliggörs möjligheter med BIM i byggproduktionen. För att ha möjlighet att påverka kvalitet och format på den BIM-modell, vilken ändå uppförs vid projekteringen, är det av stor vikt att tidigt beakta vilka effekter ett aktivt användande av BIM har i produktionsfasen. Slutsatsen sammanfattas i ett antal frågeställningar som planerande personal bör ha i åtanke, detta för att främja en utvecklande och värdeskapande användning av BIM även ute på byggarbetsplatsen. Vilken nytta tillför modellen i det specifika projektet? Ex. Samordning, tidsplanering eller visualisering. Hur ska modellen användas av produktionspersonalen? Ex. Vilken enhet (Surfplatta/PC) Vilka krav ställs då på BIM-modellen? Ex. Detaljeringsnivå, parametrar. Vad krävs av arbets- och informationsflöden? Ex. Format på leverans av modell/modeller. Är tillämpningen anpassad till användaren? Ex. Behövs det ytterligare stöd i form av kortare utbildningar eller kurser? / This thesis explores the potential of the BIM-models available at today's construction sites. There are few projects that actively use BIM on the construction sites, despite the fact that BIM offers efficient solutions in areas such as visualization, coordination and quality control. This report aims to highlight the potential of BIM during the production phase and to analyze the difficulties that exist when production staff wants to use the BIM model. The long term goal of this report is to promote use of BIM in the production phase. In this report, parts of the BIM-model of Skanska and Vasakronan collaborative project Klara C, is adapted so that it can be used from a handheld device. Positive effects from active use of BIM-models are shown with the tools and BIM-models that are available today. In order to influence the quality and setup of the BIM-model, which is produced during the design stage, it is of great importance that all potential applications of the model is taken in to account. The conclusion is summarized in a number of questions that planning staff should keep in mind in order to promote value-adding use of BIM. What benefits does the model bring the specific project? E.g. Coordination, time planning or visualization. How will the model be used by the staff? E.g. What kind of unit? (E.g. Tablet or PC) What is required from the model? E.g. Level of detailing, parameters. What work- and information flows are required? E.g. How is the model/models updated and delivered. Is the application user friendly? E.g. Is additional, supporting education required?

Автором диссертации был проведен анализ требований ГАУ СО «Управление государственной экспертизы» к трехмерным моделям архитектурных и объемно-планировочных, конструктивных решений необходимых для прохождения экспертизы при использовании технологий информационного моделирования. Создана модель жилого здания раздела архитектурных и объемно-планировочных решений, конструктивных решений, описана технология информационного наполнения модели. Разработаны методические рекомендаций по подготовке цифровой информационной модели к проверке в ГАУ СО «Управление государственной экспертизы». / The author of the dissertation analyzed the requirements of the State Autonomous Institution of the Sverdlovsk Region «Office of State Expertise» for three-dimensional models of architectural and spatial planning, constructive solutions necessary for passing an examination using information modeling technologies. A model of a residential building has been created for the section of architectural and spatial planning solutions, constructive solutions, and the technology of information filling of the model is described. Methodological recommendations have been developed for the preparation of a digital information model for verification in the State Autonomous Institution of the Sverdlovsk Region «Office of State Expertise».

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The amount and complexity of software applications for the building industry is increasing constantly. It has been a long term goal of the software industry to support integration of the various models and applications. This is a difficult task due to the complexity of the models and the diversity of the fields that they model. As a result, only large software houses have the ability to provide integrated solutions on the basis of a common information model. Such a model can more easily be established since the different software is developed within the same group. Other software suppliers usually have to revert to importing and exporting of data to establish some form of integration. Even large software houses still sometimes make use of this technique between their different packages. In order to obtain a fully integrated solution, clients have to acquire complex and expensive software, even if only a small percentage of the functionality of this software is actually required. A different approach to integration is proposed here, based on providing an integration framework that links different existing software models. The framework must be customisable for each individual's unique requirements as well as for the software already used by the individual. In order for the framework to be customisable, it must either encompass the information requirements of all existing software models from the outset, or be flexible and adaptable for each user. Developing an encompassing software model is difficult and expensive and thus the latter approach is followed here. The result is a model that is less general than BIM-style models, but more focussed and less complex. The elements of this flexible model do not have predetermined properties, but properties can instead be added and removed at runtime. Furthermore, derived properties are not stored as values, but rather as methods by which their values are obtained. These can also be added, removed and modified at runtime. These two concepts allow the structure and the functionality of the model to be changed at runtime. An added advantage is that a knowledgeable user can do this himself. Changes to the models can easily be incorporated in the integration framework, so their future development is not limited. This has the advantage that the information content of the various applications does not have to be pre-determined. It is acknowledged that a specific solution is required for each integration model; however the user still has full control to expand his model to the complexity of BIM-type models. Furthermore, if new software models are developed to incorporate the proposed structures, even more seamless and flexible integration will be possible. The proposed framework is demonstrated by linking a CAD application to a cost-estimation application for buildings. A prototype implementation demonstrates full integration by synchronising selection between the different applications. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoeveelheid en kompleksiteit van sagteware programme vir die bou industrie is konstant aan die vermeerder. Dit was nog altyd 'n lang termyn doelwit van die sagteware industrie om integrasie van die verskeie modelle en programme te ondersteun. Hierdie is 'n moeilike taak as gevolg van die kompleksiteit van die modelle, en die diversiteit van die velde wat hierdie programme modelleer. Die gevolg is dat net groot sagteware huise die vermoë het om geïntegreerde oplossings te bied op die basis van 'n gemeenskaplike inligting model. So 'n tipe model kan makliker bymekaargestel word siende dat al die verskillende sagteware binne dieselfde groep ontwikkel word. Ander sagteware verskaffers moet gewoonlik gebruik maak van sogenaamde uitvoer/invoer tegnieke om 'n mate van integrasie te verkry. Selfs groot sagteware huise maak ook gebruik van hierdie tegnieke tussen hulle verskeie pakkette, in plaas van om die programme direk met mekaar te koppel. Om 'n vol geïntegreerde oplossing te verkry, moet kliënte komplekse en duur sagteware aanskaf, selfs al word net 'n klein gedeelte van die funksionaliteit van hierdie sagteware gebruik. 'n Verskillende benadering word hier gevolg, gebaseer op 'n integrasie raamwerk wat verskillende bestaande sagteware modelle met mekaar koppel. Die raamwerk moet aanpasbaar wees vir elke individu se unieke opset. Vir die raamwerk om aanpasbaar te wees, moet dit óf alle bou industrie inligting inkorporeer van die staanspoor af, óf dit moet buigbaar en aanpasbaar wees vir elke gebruiker. Om 'n model te ontwikkel wat alle bestaande inligting inkorporeer van die staanspoor af is moeilik en duur, dus word die tweede benadering gevolg. Die eindresultaat is 'n model wat minder omvattend is as BIM-tipe modelle, maar eerder gefokus en minder kompleks. Die elemente van hierdie buigbare model het nie voorafbepaalde eienskappe nie, eienskappe kan bygevoeg en weggevat word terwyl die program hardloop. Verder word afgeleide eienskappe nie gestoor as waardes nie, maar eerder as metodes wat gebruik word om hulle waardes mee af te lei. Hierdie konsepte laat toe dat die struktuur en funksionaliteit van die model verander kan word terwyl die program hardloop. 'n Verdere voordeel is dat 'n kundige verbruiker die veranderinge self kan doen. Veranderinge in die modelle kan maklik ingesluit word in die integrasie model, so toekomstige ontwikkeling word nie beperk nie. Dit beteken dat die inhoud van die modelle nie vooraf bepaal hoef te word nie. Al het die raamwerk 'n gespesialiseerde oplossing vir elke gebruiker tot gevolg, het die gebruiker nogtans volle beheer om sy model uit te brei tot die omvattendheid van BIM-tipe modelle. Indien nuwe sagteware modelle ontwikkel word met die integrasie raamwerk in gedagte, kan nog gladder en buigbare integrasie moontlik wees. In hierdie tesis word 'n tekenprogram met 'n kosteberaming program gekoppel om die voorgestelde raamwerk te demonstreer. 'n Prototipe implementering demonstreer volle integrasie deur seleksie binne die programme te sinchroniseer.

Adoption of a streamlined BIM workflow throughout the AEC projects’ lifecycle will provide the project stakeholders with the rich information embedded in the parametric design models. Users can incorporate this rich information in various activities, improving efficiency and productivity of project activities and potentially enhancing accuracy and reducing errors and reworks. Two main challenges for such a streamlined information flow throughout the AEC projects that haven’t been sufficiently addressed by previous research efforts include lack of semantic interoperability and a large gap and misalignment of information between available BIM information provided by design activities and the required information for performing preconstruction and construction activities. This research effort proposes a framework for a knowledge-based system (KBS) that encapsulates domain experts’ knowledge and represents it through modularized rule set libraries as well as connected design automation and optimization solutions. The research attempts to provide a methodology for automatic semantic enrichment of design models as well as automated detailed design to fill the information gap between design and preconstruction project activities, streamlining BIM workflow and enhancing its value in the AEC projects.

La complexité de l'utilisation des systèmes d'aide à la conception coopérative dans le<br />domaine du bâtiment résulte de la complexité même du travail coopératif (difficultés de<br />traçabilité des actions, non-disposition sur chaque document de l'ensemble des<br />informations requises pour accomplir une tâche donnée, problèmes de coordination,<br />‘discontinuité' des données, etc.). En considérant cet état de fait, nous proposons une étude<br />des activités liées au travail de groupe dans le cadre de projets de conception de bâtiments,<br />et plus spécifiquement dans le domaine du bois qui nécessite une importante coopération<br />entre les concepteurs. Cette étude présente ensuite le concept de projet numérique déduit de<br />l'analyse du modèle des IFC ‘Industry Foundation Classes' et de l'approche de coopération<br />basée sur l'utilisation de la maquette numérique dans les secteurs de l'industrie automobile<br />et aéronautique. En effet, l'échange des données basé sur l'utilisation des objets<br />interopérables constitue une approche nouvelle à approfondir dans le domaine du bâtiment.<br />Ainsi, afin de concevoir un environnement virtuel coopératif regroupant ces notions<br />étudiées, nous proposons un modèle tenant compte des informations sémantiques relatives<br />aux ouvrages échangés par les acteurs. Nous avons mis en œuvre celui-ci dans une<br />interface d'un système coopératif. Cet outil prototype offre une représentation graphique<br />d'un contexte coopératif de projet favorisant l'organisation et le regroupement des<br />informations nécessaires à la conception de bâtiments.

With the growing number of complex requirements for building and facility projects, diverse domain experts iteratively exchange building design and product data during the design, construction, and facility management phases. Such data exchanges, however, frequently involve unintended geometric transformations, inaccurate project requirements, and insufficient syntactic and semantic elements in building model data. To ensure the interoperability of building information models, this dissertation includes an examination of rules categorized from the Precast Concrete Institute model views and a generalization of the rule logic and structures of each rule set. Moreover, rule logic is coded and implemented on modularized validation platforms of a validation tool referred to as the IfcDoc tool, an automated model view documentation and validation application. This dissertation is expected to help domain experts evaluate whether building design data fulfill the data exchange specifications of their domain and the objectives of a proposed project. Furthermore, to identify unreliable and inconsistent IFC mapping procedures of BIM authoring tools, software developers using the proposed approach would implement an automated debugging process in their IFC interfaces according to the specifications of a targeted model view.

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