Vår undersökning syftar till att se hur två förskolor arbetar med flerspråkighet och hur barn, pedagoger och föräldrar ställer sig till att införa ett nytt språk, i detta fall engelska, i förskoleverksamheten. Vi har genomfört vår undersökning genom att gå till två förskolor och introducera språket med hjälp av engelska sånger och rörelselekar. Under studiens gång har vi utgått från ett sociokulturellt perspektiv och haft tidigare forskning som inbegriper barns språkinlärning i åtanke.   Vår studie genomfördes på två förskolor i Stockholmsområdet. Den ena förskolan befinner sig i en förort i södra Stockholm och de flesta barn har annat modersmål än svenska. Den andra förskolan är belägen i Stockholms innerstad och har få barn med annat modersmål än svenska. Detta urval gjordes för att få syn på eventuella skillnader och likheter eftersom barnen på förskolorna har olika språkliga bakgrunder.   Vi har använt oss av kvalitativa metoder för vår datainsamling och sedan analyserat våra resultat med hjälp av våra frågeställningar. Vi fann att om en positiv inställning till språket finns i verksamheten och dess omgivning kan införandet av språket inte vara så krävande för pedagogerna. Genom att införa ett språk i verksamheten på ett roligt och lustfyllt sätt blir det glatt mottaget av både barn och pedagoger.   Då vi i vår kommande profession kommer att möta flerspråkiga barn ville vi se hur man arbetade med flerspråkighet i de utvalda förskolorna.

<p>The purpose of this study was to examine whether a L2 learner could correct or imitate structures of the language that they could not produce in written production defined by processability theori levels.The Informants had Arabic as their mother tongue. The study showed that the ability of correction developed slower than the capacity for imitation and the ability to written production. The ability of the correction developed by the duration of the stay. The result was a confirmation of theory formation in processability theory. Corrective elicitering could be developed into a useful diagnostic tool in the classroom and thus provide an education that followed a natural learning order according to processability theory by Pienemann.</p><p>Keywords: processability theori, imitation, correction, written production</p> / <p>Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka om andraspråksinlärare kunde korrigera eller imitera strukturer i språket som de inte kunde producera i skriftlig produktion enligt processbarhetsteorins nivåer. Informanterna hade arabiska som modersmål. Studien visade att förmågan till korrektion utvecklades långsammare än förmåga till imitation och förmåga till skriftlig produktion. Förmågan till korrektion utvecklades med vistelsetiden. Resultatet var en bekräftelse på teoribildningen i processbarhetsteorin. Korrektiv elicitering skulle kunna utvecklas till ett användbart diagnostiskt verktyg i klassrummet och därmed ge en undervisning som följde en naturlig inlärningsordning enligt Pienemanns processbarhetsteori.</p>

This dissertation examines the hagiographical corpus of the Dominican preacher Thomas of Cantimpré (c. 1201–1270), a critical early respondent to the burgeoning women’s religious movement in the Southern Low Countries. Writing at a time when both lay and religious spirituality were being radically refigured in light of new organizational structures and devotional practices, Thomas’s hagiographical corpus reflects the diversity of vocational possibilities available for women and men in this period at a time of great religious experimentation and innovation. Using historical, literary, and theological methods, the dissertation examines the ways in which Thomas’s vitae struggle with the question of how lay and religious, male and female readers might, in Thomas’s words, “take up” the different kinds of figures Thomas offers as models for practice and objects of devotion. Each of the vitae offer unique solutions to this question even as they represent different sorts of persons as exemplary. An important assumption governing the dissertation is that hagiography is a vital part of the spiritual and theological tradition of Christianity. Thomas’s vitae, I argue, attempt to articulate a theology of exemplarity in order to address the issue of what constitutes sanctity, who can become a saint, and by what means sanctity is attained. For Thomas, exemplarity is animated by theological notions of incarnation and scriptural revelation. Christ, as manifest in his life and in the words of scripture, is the great exemplum for embodied lives. For each of Thomas’s saints, Christ is both the singular figure who saves and the one in whom the saint participates, raising the question of how the individual human being embodies and exemplifies Christ’s singularity. Thomas’s Lives will be shown, in the course of their narratives, to illumine the tension between the singularity of Christ and its repetition in the saintly figures represented in the vitae and the readers of those vitae. Exploration of this tension reveals great richness in Thomas’s works, showing that Thomas’s narrative voice often speaks doubly within a single vita, thematizing the limits and possibilities of exemplarity and its hagiographical representation.

Dance is a universal and ancient human behavior; however, our understanding of the basis of this behavior is surprisingly weak. In this dissertation, I explore the cognitive and evolutionary foundations of human dance, providing evidence of two ways in which the production and perception of dance actions are rooted in the functions of more general cognitive systems.In doing so, I aim to both inform our understanding of dance, and use the study of dance to elucidate broader issues in cognition. Chapter 1 demonstrates that the ability to entrain, or move in time with an auditory beat, is not unique to humans. In addition, across hundreds of species, I find that all animals able to entrain can also vocally imitate sound. This supports the hypothesis that entrainment relies on cognitive machinery that originally evolved to support vocal imitation. Chapter 2 investigates the perception of dance-like actions. Previous work shows that we infer the goals of observed actions by calculating their efficiency as a means to external effects, like reaching an object or location. However, dance actions typically lack an external effect or external goal. In two experiments, I show that for dance-like actions, adults infer that the agents’ goal is simply to produce the movements themselves. Furthermore, this inference is driven by the actions’ inefficiency as a means to external goals. This inefficiency effectively rules out external goals, making movement-based goals the best explanation. Thus, perception of both dance and non-dance actions appears to rely the same type of efficiency-based goal inference. Chapter 3 builds on these findings, showing that the inference that the movements are the goal is closely related to our concept of dance. First, I find that participants view movement-based goals as more consistent with dance than with other activities. Second, I find that simply construing actions as having movement-based goals leads participants to view the actions as more dancelike, even when all participants have seen the exact same actions. Thus, even our categorization of actions as dance versus non-dance is rooted in the same cognitive processes as support our understanding of other intentional actions. / Psychology

Paskutinį dešimtmetį bendrovės labai daug dėmesio skiria procesų analizei, veiklos efektyvumo didinimui. Verslo procesų valdymas pritraukia vis didesnį bendrovių dėmesį ir šis dėmesys joms leidžia pereiti nuo imituojamų verslo procesų prie realiai veikiančių. Verslo procesų valdymas apima procesų konstravimą, atvaizdavimą, kontrolę ir analizę. Bendrovės didina darbo efektyvumą nuolatos vertindamos procesų pridedamąją vertę. Verslo procesų tobulinimas yra nenutrūkstamas ciklas, kuriame itin svarbią rolę atlieka procesų konstravimas ir pertvarkymas. Yra begalės būdų pakeisti vystančius procesus ir tik geriausios alternatyvos procesas turi pakeisti realiai vykdomą. Intuityvus proceso pasirinkimas gali nemaloniai nustebinti ir sumažinti verslo efektyvumą vietoje siektų tikslų. Procesų imitavimas yra vienas iš tinkamų būdų jų pertvarkymui. Verslo procesų imitavimas padeda suprasti, analizuoti ir konstruoti procesus. Pasitelkus imitavimą procesai gali būti įvertinti ir palyginti. Imitavimas suteikia proceso poveikio verslo efektyvumui kiekybinį įvertinimą, pagal kurį lengva pasirinkti tinkamiausią procesą. Galima išskirti eilę žingsnių susijusių su verslo procesų imitavimu. Pirmiausia verslo procesas yra atvaizduojamas procesų modelyje. Tada identifikuojami po-procesai ir įvykiai. Yra apibrėžiama proceso eiga, nustatomos jo esybės ir nustatomi ryšiai tarp skirtingų proceso dalių. Galiausiai yra numatomi ir paskiriami resursai. Proceso modelis turėtų būti patvirtintas tik įsitikinus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Business process is: “A collection of related, structured activities – a chain of events- that produce a specific service or product for a particular customer or customers” [How06]. A simulation is an imitation of some real thing, state of affairs, or process. The supporting tools of process mapping and business process simulation are used in the change process and assist in communicating the current process design and people's roles in the overall performance of that design. The simulation model is also used to predict the performance of new designs incorporating the use of information technology. The approach is seen to have a number of advantages in the context of a public sector organization. These include the ability for personnel to move from a traditional grouping of staff in occupational groups with relationships defined by reporting requirements to a view of their role in a process, which delivers a performance to a customer. By running the simulation through time it is also possible to gauge how changes at an operational level can lead to the meeting of strategic targets over time. Business processes are increasingly recognized as the key to competitive survival. The important opportunities inherent to this invisible economic asset are the foundations of process-centered management. Simulation of business processes creates added value in understanding, analyzing and designing processes by introducing dynamic aspects. It provides decision support by anticipation of... [to full text]

Syftet med studien var att ta del av professionellas erfarenheter av smittoeffekter vid självskadebeteende, liksom förebyggande insatser för detta. Fyra stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer har utförts på olika behandlingshem där huvudfokus har varit flickor med självskadeproblematik. Studien är kvalitativ och intervjuerna har tolkats ur en hermeneutisk-fenomenologisk forskningstradition. Tre teorier har legat till grund för analysen av resultatet: social inlärning, imitation som rekonstruktion och socialisation. Resultatet visar att smitta kan ske bland flickor på enheterna, men också via internet. Alla tre teorier har fungerat hjälpande i förståelsen av fenomenet. När det kommer till negativ inlärning av beteendet, har denna studie, liksom tidigare forskning visat att en riskfaktor för att påverkas av andras självskadebeteende har att göra med exponering för andras självskador. Arbetssättet för att minska på smitta av självskadebeteende indikeras vara att bemöta problematiken neutralt. Det viktigaste i förhållningssättet är att inte vaka över beteendet då detta bland annat leder till att flickor som inte självskadar får mindre tid med personal. Sammanfattningsvis är ett förstående, nyfiket bemötande med mycket fokus på det preventiva arbetet i terapi det viktigaste för att förhindra smitta av självskadebeteende. Börjar personalen vaka över flickorna uppstår också smittoeffekter då övriga flickor lär sig att de behöver självskada för att få personalens uppmärksamhet.

Delay of gratification is the ability to forego an immediate indulgence in lieu of a later, greater reward. Past research has shown that using behavioral strategies may help children to delay gratification longer. The current project tests whether children can learn one such strategy, covering the eyes, through imitation. Four-year-olds saw a model delay gratification using a strategy, using no strategy, or saw no model. They then participated in an accumulation task, where they could earn an incremental sticker reward. Children who saw a strategy showed evidence of imitation by covering their eyes. Unexpectedly, however, this had an adverse influence on their ability to delay gratification. Thus, although children can apply a strategy, its effectiveness may be limited by the type of task used (accumulation) or from an incomplete understanding of the strategy’s function. Additional research is needed to investigate whether delay performance can be promoted by a social example.

This study investigated children's social learning of prosocial behaviors in a transgressor context. Two-to three-year-olds (24-47 months, N = 54) saw videos of an adult help another adult in distress by performing a novel prosocial action. Children were then led to believe that they had transgressed to cause their parent's pain and sadness. It was hypothesized that children in the experimental condition who watched the video and then transgressed would be more likely to perform the novel action (imitation) and to display non-demonstrated prosocial behaviors (goal emulation) relative to children in two control conditions: (a) children who did not view the video but transgressed and (b) children who viewed the video but witnessed a neutral interaction. Children in the experimental condition were no more likely to imitate or emulate than children in the control conditions, suggesting that children have difficulty applying socially learned prosocial behaviors in a transgressor context.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-108).

Thesis (B.A.)--Haverford College Dept. of Classics, 1990. / Includes bibliographical references.