Les lymphomes sont constitués de sous-groupes tumoraux définis par différents critères cliniques, morphologiques, immunophénotypiques et moléculaires. Néanmoins, même au sein d’un sous-groupe, il existe une grande hétérogénéité dans l’évolution clinique des patients, ce qui rend leur prise en charge difficile. Ceci souligne l’importance de découvrir de nouveaux biomarqueurs pronostiques qui amélioreraient l’approche thérapeutique personnalisée. <p>La revue de la littérature fait apparaitre les galectines-1 et -3 comme des protéines impliquées dans le développement des cancers ainsi que dans la biologie des lymphocytes. Pourtant, au moment où nous avons débuté ce travail, peu de chercheurs s’étaient intéressés à l’implication de ces galectines dans les lymphomes.<p>Nous avons donc décidé d’évaluer le rôle diagnostique ou pronostique de la galectine-1 et de la galectine-3 dans les lymphomes.<p><p>La première étude a consisté en la caractérisation de l’expression immunohistochimique de ces deux galectines au sein d’une série clinique de lymphomes systémiques humains en comparaison au tissu lymphoïde normal. <p>En ce qui concerne la galectine-1, les cellules lymphomateuses l’expriment peu, de façon similaire à ce qui est observé pour les cellules lymphoïdes normales. Au contraire, les cellules endothéliales associées aux lymphomes sont caractérisées par une augmentation de l’expression de galectine-1 en comparaison aux cellules endothéliales normales. Cette expression endothéliale ne montre pas de relation avec les variables cliniques de notre étude mais est corrélée à la densité microvasculaire des lymphomes. <p>En ce qui concerne la galectine-3, les cellules lymphomateuses des lymphomes B diffus à grandes cellules se caractérisent par une expression plus élevée comparativement aux autres sous-groupes de lymphomes et aux cellules lymphoïdes normales. Cette expression de galectine-3 n’est pas associée aux variables cliniques dans notre étude. Contrairement à la galectine-1, la galectine-3 est exprimée de façon similaire par les cellules endothéliales des vaisseaux des tissus lymphoïdes normaux et des lymphomes.<p>Ces données suggèrent un rôle angiogénique de la galectine-1 dans les lymphomes systémiques.<p><p>Dans la deuxième étude, nous avons caractérisé l’expression des galectines-1 et -3 au sein d’une série clinique de lymphomes primitifs du système nerveux central (LPSNC). <p>Nous avons observé que les profils d’expression des cellules lymphomateuses sont similaires pour les lymphomes systémiques et les LPSNC, caractérisés par une absence d’expression de galectine-1 et une expression variable de galectine-3. <p>A l’opposé, nous avons observé une expression endothéliale de ces galectines différente entre les lymphomes systémiques et les LPSNC. La galectine-1 n’est pas exprimée par les cellules endothéliales des vaisseaux des LPSNC. Par contre, la galectine-3 est exprimée par les cellules endothéliales de certains LPSNC. Cette expression est associée à un mauvais pronostic. <p>Nous avons également démontré que l’hyperplasie endothéliocapillaire est associée à une survie diminuée. <p>Cette hyperplasie endothéliocapillaire et/ou l’expression endothéliale de galectine-3 sont des facteurs pronostiques indépendants au sein de notre série de patients immunocompétents atteints de LPSNC et traités par chimiothérapie.<p><p>Au vu des résultats des deux premières études, nous pensons que les galectines-1 et -3 jouent un rôle dans l’angiogenèse des lymphomes. Ce rôle est très certainement complexe comme l’illustre la différence d’expression endothéliale de ces galectines entre les lymphomes systémiques et les LPSNC. Ces variations d’expressions selon l’organe hôte sont à intégrer avec la notion générale d’hétérogénéité des cellules endothéliales. Cette hétérogénéité s’observe également entre les cellules endothéliales des vaisseaux normaux et les cellules endothéliales des vaisseaux dans un contexte tumoral (TAECs - tumor-associated endothelial cells). <p>Suite à ces observations, nous avons décidé d’étudier l’implication des galectines-1 et -3 extracellulaires sur deux modèles in vitro de cellules endothéliales (cellules HUVEC et EA.hy926). La revue de la littérature nous a permis de poser l’hypothèse que la lignée EA.hy926 pourrait s’apparenter aux TAECs. La première partie de cette troisième étude a pour but de valider cette hypothèse. La comparaison morphologique des lignées EA.hy926 et HUVEC cultivées sur un substrat de matrigel a permis de montrer que les tubes formés par les cellules EA.hy926 sont plus hétérogènes comme ce que l’on peut observer dans les vaisseaux tumoraux. La comparaison des profils d’expression des gènes de ces deux lignées a mis en évidence que différents gènes surexprimés dans les TAECs le sont également dans les cellules EA.hy926. Les cellules EA.hy926 présentent un profil d’expression des récepteurs au VEGF (VEGFR- vascular endothelial growth factor receptor) caractérisé par un taux élevé de VEGFR1 et un faible taux de VEGFR2 en comparaison aux cellules HUVEC. L’analyse in vivo des VEGFRs au sein des cellules endothéliales de tissus humains normaux et tumoraux nous a permis de confirmer la surexpression de VEGFR1 par les TAECs. L’ensemble de ces résultats supportent donc notre hypothèse que la lignée EA.hy926 présente des caractéristiques plus proches des TAECs en comparaison à la lignée HUVEC.<p>Nous avons ensuite, dans la deuxième partie de cette troisième étude, analysé les effets respectifs de la galectine-1, de la galectine-3 et de leur combinaison sur ces deux lignées. Nous avons observé que la galectine-1 extracellulaire dans notre modèle de cellules endothéliales normales (HUVEC) augmente la croissance cellulaire ainsi que la formation de tubes sans mise en évidence de phosphorylation significative de VEGFR1 ni de VEGFR2. Dans notre modèle de TAECs (EA.hy926), la galectine-1 extracellulaire ne favorise pas la croissance cellulaire et est faiblement angiogénique via la phosphorylation du VEGFR2, sans phosphorylation du VEGFR1. <p>En ce qui concerne la galectine-3, nous avons observé dans nos deux modèles des résultats similaires, à savoir une absence d’effet sur la croissance cellulaire et un effet positif sur la formation de tubes s’accompagnant d’une phosphorylation de VEGFR2 sans phosphorylation de VEGFR1. <p>Le résultat le plus original consiste en la mise en évidence d’un effet synergique des deux galectines sur la croissance et la formation de tubes des cellules EA.hy926. Cet effet synergique s’accompagne d’une phosphorylation de VEGFR1 et de VEGFR2. Il est important de noter que l’activation de VEGFR1 n’a été observée que pour la lignée EA.hy926 et uniquement en présence des deux galectines. <p>Dans ces conditions, nous avons démontré que les voies de signalisation activées suite à l’ajout de ces galectines impliquent la voie de l’extracellular signal regulated kinase1/2 et de l’heat shock protein 27. <p><p>En conclusion, ce travail nous a donc permis, à partir de la caractérisation de l’expression de galectine-1 et -3 dans une série de lymphomes systémiques et cérébraux, de proposer un rôle angiogénique pour ces galectines. Les études in vitro ont souligné les rôles différents que joueraient ces galectines extracellulaires dans l’angiogenèse non tumorale et tumorale et l’implication du VEGFR1 dans l’angiogenèse tumorale. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Orientador: Sebastião Roberto Taboga / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T21:06:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_FernandaCristinaAlcantarados_D.pdf: 8013059 bytes, checksum: 981f820c48d983ff59f0fae9c64ba43d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A próstata feminina é uma glândula funcionalmente ativa encontrada em diversas espécies de mamíferos, incluindo humanos e roedores. Em fêmeas adultas de gerbilos, a próstata apresenta localização parauretral, exibindo íntimo contato com a parede da uretra mediana e distal. Esta glândula é homóloga a próstata ventral de roedores machos, sendo formada por um conjunto de glândulas e ductos inseridos em um estroma fibromuscular. Em machos, a fisiologia prostática é regulada por hormônios esteróides, principalmente andrógenos e estrógenos. Em fêmeas, os fatores que influenciam a atividade prostática são pouco conhecidos, embora existam indícios de que alterações hormonais decorrentes da senescência estejam associadas à instalação de lesões prostáticas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os fatores que promovem a regulação hormonal da próstata feminina do gerbilo (Meriones unguiculatus) em condições de hiperandrogenismo e de supressão da atividade estrogênica. Os resultados obtidos com as análises estruturais, ultra-estruturais, sorológicas e imunocitoquímicas permitiram concluir que a próstata feminina do gerbilo é sensível à ação de andrógenos e de agentes anti-estrogênicos. O estímulo androgênico provocou crescimento anormal da próstata, aumento da atividade secretória, além de causar displasia prostática e síndrome de ovário policístico. O tratamento com letrozol resultou em aumento dos níveis séricos de testosterona, hiperplasia glandular, incremento da atividade secretória e crescimento displásico, simulando os efeitos causados por andrógenos exógenos. Os efeitos causados pelo tamoxifeno indicam que este agente endócrino atuou como agonista estrogênico na próstata, causando hipertrofia glandular, diminuição da atividade secretória e desenvolvimento de lesões prostáticas, tais como prostatites e adenocarcinoma. Deste modo, pode-se concluir que a utilização de drogas hormonalmente ativas resulta em uma série de efeitos complexos que comprometem a fisiologia de órgãos hormônio-dependentes, como a próstata feminina e os ovários. O desequilíbrio hormonal provocado pela administração destas drogas causa profundas alterações na morfologia prostática, de maneira muito similar ao que ocorre durante o desenvolvimento de lesões espontâneas em mulheres no período pós-menopausa. Assim, essas terapias devem ser utilizadas com cautela, visto que longos períodos de tratamento podem resultar em lesões malignas da próstata feminina / Abstract: The female prostate is a functionally active gland found in several species of mammals, including humans and rodents. In adult female gerbils, the prostate presents a paraurethral location, showing close contact with the wall of urethra in its median and distal portions. This gland is homologue to the ventral prostate of male rodents and it is formed by a cluster of glands and ducts inserted into a fibermuscular stroma. In males, the prostatic physiology is regulated by steroid hormones, mainly androgen and estrogen. In females, the factors that influence the prostatic activity are unclear, although there are evidences that the hormonal alterations caused by aging are associated with the installation of prostatic lesions. Thus, the objective of this work is to evaluate the factors that promote the hormonal regulation of the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) female prostate in hyperandrogenic conditions and estrogenic activity suppression. The results obtained with the structural, ultrastructural, serologic and immunocytochemical analyses showed that the gerbil female prostate is responsive to androgenic and the anti-estrogenic action. The androgenic stimulus has caused an abnormal prostatic growth, increase in secretory activity, and has also caused prostatic dysplasia and polycystic ovary syndrome. The letrozole treatment has stimulated an increase in testosterone serum levels, glandular hyperplasia, increment of the secretory activity and dysplasic growth, simulating the effects provoked by exogenous androgens. The effects caused by tamoxifen indicate that this endocrine agent has acted as an estrogenic agonist on the prostate, causing glandular hypertrophy, decrease in secretory activity and prostatic lesions. Hence, it is possible to conclude that the use of hormonally active drugs results in a series of complex effects that endanger the physiology of hormone-dependent organs, like female prostate and ovaries. The hormonal unbalance caused by the administration of such drugs results in alterations in prostatic morphology similar to what occurs during the development of spontaneous lesions in post-menopausal women. Thus, the utilization of such therapies must occur in a careful manner because a long-term treatment can cause malignant lesions in female prostate / Doutorado / Biologia Celular / Doutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21817号 / 農博第2330号 / 新制||農||1067(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H31||N5189(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 間藤 徹, 教授 髙部 圭司, 教授 矢﨑 一史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Ischemic injury leeds to sequence of pathophysiological events, which are accompanied by a release of growth factors and morphogens that significantly affect cell proliferation, migration and also their differentiation. Following ischemia, besides enhanced neurogenesis and gliogenesis in subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and gyrus dentatus of the hippocampus, neurogenesis/gliogenesis also occurs in non-neurogenic regions, such as cortex or striatum. Recently, the attention was turned to a new glial cell type, termed polydendrocytes or NG2 glia. Under physiological conditions, these cells are able to divide and differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes due to they have often been equated with oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Based on recent reports, polydendrocytes are also able to generate protoplasmic astrocytes (Zhu et al., 2008) and neurons in vitro (Belachew et al., 2003), however their ability to differentiate into astrocytes or neurons under physiological or pathological conditions is still highly debated. Therefore, we have investigated the effect of different growth factors and morphogens, specifically brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and a morphogen sonic hedgehog (Shh), on...

The burden of osteoporosis and low bone mass is unrelenting, affecting over 50% of the U.S. population over the age of 50. In a similar reach but different clinical realm, nearly 40% of all men and women will be diagnosed with cancer at some point during their lifetimes. The impact of both of these diseases is compounded by the limited knowledge of cellular mechanisms and the insufficiency of effective treatment options. At the microscopic level of the cell cytoskeleton, increasing evidence has led researchers to further explore microtubules (MTs) and MT-based structures, such as primary cilia, as potential keys to unlocking improved treatment options. However, the way in which microtubules regulate the processes giving rise to these diseases remains a critical gap in knowledge. The works outlined here aimed to elucidate mechanisms that may be used to combat diseases attacking the skeletal and immune systems. In order to characterize the influence of primary cilia with respect to osteoclast differentiation, we implemented a series of treatments to an immortalized macrophage cell line: cilia lengthening (using Fenoldopam) and mechanical stimulation (using oscillatory fluid flow). The results were analyzed by a combination of immunocytochemistry and quantitative PCR. Our first result showed definitively that while osteoclasts do not possess primary cilia, their macrophage precursors do. We also discovered that these macrophage primary cilia are dynamic and can be modulated; cells whose cilia had been lengthened showed a significant decrease in osteoclast formation, indicating that macrophage cilia resorption may be a necessary step for osteoclast differentiation to occur. Combined with findings from previous studies, there is increasing evidence that the primary cilium, as a therapeutic target for bone diseases, may offer a dual beneficial approach to both promote bone formation and downregulate osteoclast activity. We then explored the possibility of directional MT translocation during T-cell activation being linked to Rho GTPases, which regulate actin polymerization. WASp and WAVE2, known to have functional roles in T-cell activation, were identified as primary candidates. In order to investigate this relationship, we implemented a stepwise micropatterning procedure by which PDMS was used to transfer local areas of activation (presenting fluorescently-tagged antibodies against CD3 and CD28) which, upon T-cell receptor (TCR) triggering, could mimic immune synapse (IS) formation. We showed that, although there was no correlation between the spatial organization of MTs and WASp, MTs and WAVE2 location were highly correlated, providing strong evidence for a link between these two systems. In addition, MT disruption via nocodazole resulted in a significant decrease in T-cell activation and mechanosensing capabilities. Given the role of WAVE2 in promoting cell spreading and adhesion during IS formation, this result provides additional evidence that this cytoskeletal filament is in fact connected to proteins involved in actin nucleation and elongation. We anticipate the work in Aim 1 to help reveal a previously unexplored therapeutic target for osteoporosis, a disease that currently has no clinical manifestations prior to a fracture event. Further investigation has the potential to contribute to diagnosis and prevention techniques, as well as new treatments. Similarly, given the emergence of adoptive T-cell immunotherapy for immune-related disorders, the findings of Aim 2 will advance our understanding of both the biological and mechanical influence of the cytoskeleton and motivate microtubules as one component of a more comprehensive armamentarium of treatment approaches.

Purpose: Meningiomas are common intracranial tumors, often well controlled with surgical resection alone. While the efficacy of radiation therapy in improving local control and progression-free survival is well documented, prognostic data substantiate factors that are predictive of poor local control following definitive radiation therapy. PCNA is a DNA polymerase expressed at the highest levels in the S-phase, the most resistant portion of the cell cycle to ionizing radiation in vitro. We investigated the possible correlation between the levels of PCNA expression and the clinical outcome of patients treated with definitive radiation therapy. Methods and Materials: Archival tissue was collected from 33 cases of meningioma treated at our institution for definitive radiation therapy between 1970 and 1990. Age-matched normal meningeal tissue and asymptomatic meningiomas removed at autopsy served as tissue controls. A standard ABC immumoperoxidase technique employing antibodies to PCNA, PC-10 (Dako, California) was used to stain specimen slides for PCNA. PCNA index was defined as the number of positive nuclei per 10 high-power fields at 400x magnification. Two independent observers scored the slides without prior knowledge of the cases at hand. Results: Patients with high PCNA index were less likely to be controlled by therapeutic radiation (p < 0.001, Kaplan- Meier). All patients with a PCNA index greater that 25 failed radiation therapy. Using multivariate analyses, malignant (but not atypical), histology and PCNA index were significant predictors of progression following radiation therapy (p < 0.05, log rank). Conclusion: PCNA index may be a useful adjunct to more standard histopathologic criteria in the determination of meningioma local control and progression-free survival following therapeutic irradiation. Data on a more expanded population evaluated on a prospective basis will be needed before such criteria are routinely employed in the clinical setting.

Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is a member of a family of G-protein-coupled, seven-transmembrane domain receptors that are activated by proteolytic cleavage. The receptor is expressed in a number of different tissues and potential physiological activators identified thus far include trypsin and mast cell tryptase. Acrosin, a trypsin-like serine proteinase found in spermatozoa of all mammals, was found to cleave a model peptide fluorescent quenched substrate representing the cleavage site of PAR-2. This substrate was cleaved with kinetics similar to those of the known PAR-2 activators, trypsin and mast cell tryptase. Acrosin was also shown to induce significant intracellular calcium responses in Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing intact human PAR-2, most probably due to activation of the receptor. Immunohistochemical studies using PAR-2 specific antibodies indicated that the receptor is expressed by mouse oocytes, which suggests that acrosin may play additional role(s) in the fertilization process via the activation of PAR-2 on oocytes.

Small cell (neuroendocrine) carcinoma of the uterine cervix (SMCC) is a rare, highly aggressive malignant neoplasm. Both conventional and liquid-based cytology (LBC) cervical smears have low sensitivity in diagnosing SMCC, requiring immunocytochemical (ICH) confirmation. We present the first series of SMCC primarily diagnosed in cytology specimens, and ICH studies performed on the residual LBC specimens with subsequent confirmation of the diagnosis on surgical pathology specimens. Immunocytochemical stains for keratin, p16INK4, and neuroendocrine markers (synaptophysin, chromogranin, CD56) were performed on additional ThinPrep slides. HPV test used chromogenic in situ hybridization high risk HPV DNA probe. The Pap smears in all three specimens were highly cellular with a mixture of squamous cells and numerous well-preserved single or small cohesive clusters of malignant epithelial cells. Tumor cells were small, monomorphic with minimal cytoplasm and high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. There was significant nuclear overlap, but no nuclear molding, or smudging of nuclear chromatin. The chromatin pattern was stippled. A background tumor diathesis was prominent. Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) were noted in one case, and markedly abnormal squamous cells were seen in another case. The main cytology differential diagnoses included high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and an endometrial adenocarcinoma. Immunocytochemical positivity for the neuroendocrine markers supported the diagnoses of SMCC in all three cases. The morphologic features of the concurrent surgical pathology specimens were typical of SMCC. The tissue diagnoses were also confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Our study allows us to conclude that SMCC can be primarily diagnosed in LBC specimens using a panel of immunocytochemical stains.

Immunocytokemi på utstryk är en metod för sortering av celltyper och identifiering av maligna celler. Metoden anses som ett aktuellt alternativ till den redan etablerade immunocytokemi på cellblock-metoden vid diagnostik av maligniteter. Syftet med examensarbetet är metodutvärdering och etablering av immunocytokemi på utstryk för sortering och identifiering av olika celltyper och maligna celler, samt metodjämförelse mellan utstryk och cellblock. Fem prover från pleuravätska framställdes till utstryk och cellblock. Immunocytokemi med antikropparna anti-Epithelial Specific Antigen, anti-Cytokeratin 7 och anti-Carcinoembryonic Antigen tillämpades på dessa. Resultatbedömning omfattade bevarandet av morfologin, färgupptag och ospecifik färgning hos celler och bakgrund, samt möjligheten att ställa säker diagnos för utstryk. Resultat visar färgupptag och viss bevarad morfologi hos utstryk. Samtliga utstryk har ospecifik färgning och kontamination som medför svårighet att urskilja celltyper och identifiera maligna celler. Möjlighet att ställa diagnos med utstryk varierar med preparaten. Färgningen hos samtliga cellblock är robust och mer specifik för celler och bakgrund. Examensarbetet når slutsatsen att etablering av immunocytokemi- metoden på utstryk är möjligt och bör tillämpas i vissa situationer. Etablering som rutinmetod är olämpligt. Framställning av preparat med hög kvalitet och specifika markörer är utvecklingsområden för laboratoriet och vidare forskning. / The method of immunocytochemistry on smears is utilized for categorizing cell types and identifying malignant cells. Immunocytochemistry on smears is a prospective alternative to the already implemented cell block method when diagnosing malignancies. The thesis aims to evaluate and implement immunocytochemistry on smears for categorizing and identifying cell types and malignant cells, along with comparing smears and cell blocks. Five pleural samples were processed into smears and cell blocks. Staining of these occurred with antibodies anti- Epithelial Specific Antigen, anti-Cytokeratin 7 and anti-Carcinoembryonic Antigen. Evaluated factors included preservation of morphology, stain uptake and non-specific staining for cells and background and finally the ability to generate a definitive diagnosis for smears. Results demonstrate stain uptake and preservation of morphology in some smears. All smears demonstrate non-specific staining and contamination, causing difficult categorization and identification. Generating a definitive diagnosis varies among samples. The thesis concludes that immunocytochemistry is a suitable platform for smears and a prospective implementation at the laboratory in certain situations. Immunocytochemistry on smears is not eligible as a routine method. Preparation of high-quality smears and specific antibody markers are deemed points of interest for the laboratory and future studies.

No description available.