Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:20:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Silva de Almeida_Dissertacao.pdf: 1961560 bytes, checksum: 7aeba421f61850c6188dc1266f1bc86f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-30 / The objective of this study is to perform an investigation, based on ethno-history study, about the presence of indigenous groups living since pre-colonial periods in the region of Cruz Alta. Are introduced archaeological and documentary information about the presence of groups Guaranis and Kaingangues occupying the actual territory of the city. In addition, are evaluated some factors which led the indigenous communities to be disregarded in historical discourses. To achieve this goal, surveys were done about the colonialism literature, the role of archeology as a reproducer of this ideology, the discourse about indigenous groups in national projects by brazilians intellectuals in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and some aspects of the identity discourses about indigenous groups in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and also in the county where this research takes place: Cruz Alta. Is evident that there are many more stories that can be counted by different social actors, and the archaeological sites existing in the region still not are depicted like an archeological heritage of society, considering the lack of knowledge about the pre-colonial materiality and indigenous history. Thus, through historical research, it is understood that other visions of the past can be discussed, contributing to the construction of multiple cultural identities. / O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma investigação, baseada em um levantamento etno-histórico, sobre a presença de grupos indígenas vivendo desde períodos imemoriais na região de Cruz Alta. São introduzidas informações arqueológicas e documentais que atestam a presença de grupos Guaranis e Kaingangues ocupando o atual território do município. Além disso, avaliam-se alguns fatores que levaram as comunidades indígenas a serem desconsideradas nos discursos históricos. Para isso, realizaram-se levantamentos de bibliografia referente ao colonialismo, ao papel da arqueologia como reprodutora dessa ideologia, aos discursos sobre grupos indígenas nos projetos de nação por intelectuais brasileiros no século XIX e XX, além de alguns aspectos sobre discursos identitários referentes aos grupos indígenas no Rio Grande do Sul e também no município onde se realiza esta pesquisa: Cruz Alta. Evidencia-se que são inúmeras as histórias que podem ser contadas, por diferentes atores sociais, e que os sítios arqueológicos existentes na região não se configuram ainda como um patrimônio arqueológico da sociedade, considerando o desconhecimento dessa materialidade pré-colonial, bem como da própria história indígena. Assim, através da pesquisa histórica, entende-se que outras visões do passado podem ser desveladas, contribuindo para a construção de identidades culturais múltiplas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-20T12:31:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dorli Joao Carlos Marques.pdf: 3426194 bytes, checksum: 02789e081de72a0e54a7a4ca17907940 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-01 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / This study is about the bioethical implications of and its interaction with biotechnology regarding the use and access of the traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples in the state of Amazonas. The objectives of the study are: to analyze the bioethical implications that arise from the use and access of the traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples of the Amazonas state; to identify how relevant these populations are in the definitions of public policies in regard to its tangible and intangible cultural heritage; to discuss, in light of the current law, the benefits those subjects are enjoying from such relevance (or lack thereof) and to propose an extension of the concept of bioethics, including the idea of sociobiodiversity as a mechanism for effective participation of indigenous traditional peoples. Studies about sustainability, socio-biodiversity, bioethics and biolaw were used as theoretical frameworks. The subjects of this study were the indigenous leaders of the State of Amazonas and its main interlocutors: representatives of the Secretaria de Estado para os Povos Indígenas SEIND (State Secretariat for Indigenous Peoples) and the Coordenação das Organizações Indígenas da Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira COIAB (Coordination of the Indigenous Organizations of the Brazilian Amazon Basin). The study presents a dialectical approach: it demonstrates the contradictions between the indigenous leaders s perceptions of man, the world, society and its technological and socio-cultural practices and those of non-indigenous social actors regarding the use and access of traditional indigenous knowledge. Considering what s on the legislation about the commitments formally made by Brazil and other federal entities in international treaties and agreements, also the codes of ethics of research institutions, the practices of use and access of tangible and intangible heritage of the traditional indigenous people of the state of Amazonas, including the material and symbolic universe that surround its knowledge and practices, worsened by the incipient opening given by non-indigenous actors to the participation of indigenous leaders in the decision-making process, sets a complete violation of rights, and affronts the principles of bioethics. Thereby, this study proposes to expand this participation, aiming the respect for their rights, and a higher valuation of its tangible and intangible heritage. As a theoretical contribution to the conceptual and methodological issue, the study proposes a new principle to be included: sociobiodiversity. / O estudo aborda as implicações bioéticas e sua interface com a biotecnologia no tocante ao uso e acesso dos conhecimentos das populações tradicionais indígenas no Estado do Amazonas. Foram objetivos do estudo: analisar as implicações bioéticas decorrentes do uso e acesso dos conhecimentos das populações tradicionais indígenas do Estado do Amazonas; identificar o tipo de inserção dessas populações nas definições das políticas públicas voltadas ao seu patrimônio cultural material e imaterial; discutir, à luz do marco legal vigente, os benefícios que essa inserção e/ou exclusão ocasiona para esses sujeitos e propor o alargamento do conceito de bioética, incluindo a ideia de sociobiodiversidade como mecanismo de efetivação da participação das populações tradicionais indígenas em todas as etapas desse processo. Como referenciais teóricos foram utilizados os estudos acerca de sustentabilidade, sociobiodiversidade, bioética e biodireito. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram as lideranças indígenas do Estado do Amazonas e seus principais interlocutores: representantes da Secretaria de Estado para os Povos Indígenas SEIND e da Coordenação das Organizações Indígenas da Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira COIAB. O estudo apresenta uma abordagem crítica das contradições entre a visão de homem, de mundo e de sociedade das lideranças indígenas do Estado do Amazonas e a dos grupos não indígenas no tocante ao uso e acesso dos conhecimentos tradicionais indígenas. Considerando-se o disposto na legislação constitucional e infraconstitucional brasileira, notadamente nos acordos multilaterais dos quais o Brasil é signatário e das regras internas às quais as instituições de ensino e pesquisa devem se submeter, evidencia-se a centralidade que o acesso e uso do patrimônio material e imaterial das populações indígenas representam para a sociobiodiversidade do Brasil. O estudo mostra que a participações das populações indígenas nas questões relativas à sociobiodiversidade ainda é pequena, comparada ao potencial de contribuição desses grupos para os avanços biotecnológicos, políticos e sociais. A pouca participação das populações indígenas configura, além de violação de direitos, afronta os ditames da bioética. Diante dessa realidade, o estudo propõe a ampliação dessa participação, a necessária observância dos seus direitos, além de uma maior valoração do seu patrimônio material e imaterial. Como contribuição teórico-conceitual e metodológica para a temática, o estudo propõe um novo princípio para a bioética: a sociobiodiversidade.

A legalização de direitos dos povos indígenas não tem obstado práticas colonialistas justificadas por discurso hegemônico de origem moderna e eurocêntrica. Em tal contexto, o presente trabalho desenvolve estudo interdisciplinar que relaciona a incidência do mencionado discurso sobre a mobilização pela implementação do direito à demarcação da Terra Indígena Tupinambá de Olivença. Por se tratar de discurso do poder, considera os dois elementos que o compõem: o subjetivo (o consenso à dominação) e o objetivo (o uso da força quando não obtido o consenso). Diante da midiatização e da judicialização sobre a mobilização Tupinambá, o trabalho analisa, especificamente, o discurso manifestado pelos meios de comunicação de massa (a representarem o elemento subjetivo do poder) e pelos membros do Judiciário (a representarem o elemento objetivo do poder). Adota a metodologia da Análise Crítica do Discurso. A pesquisa constata intensa semelhança envolvendo os discursos da mídia e do Judiciário. Percebe, em ambos, os elementos que historicamente compõem as falas e escritos da modernidade eurocêntrica: a defesa incondicionada da propriedade individual e o dualismo evolucionista a caracterizar os povos indígenas como viventes em sociedades estáticas. / The legalization of indigenous peoples rights has not prevented colonialist practices justified by a hegemonic discourse based on a Modern and Eurocentric perspective. In this context, the present work features an indisciplinary study that relates the incidence of this discourse on the mobilization for implementation of the reservation rights of Indigenous Land Tupinambá de Olivença. As a result of being a discurse of power, the study considers its two elements: the subjective (the consensus to domination) and the objetive (the use of force when the consensus is not obtained). On the context of mediatization and judicialization of Tupinambá mobilization, the work examines the discourse expressed by mass media (to represent the subjective element of power) and by members of the judiciary (to represent the objective element of power). It adopts the Critical Discourse Analysis methodology. The research finds an intense resemblance between the discourses of the mass media and of the judiciary. In both discourses, it notices the presence of the elements that historically make up the speeches and writings of Eurocentric modernity: the unconditional defense of the individual property and the evolutionary dualism to characterize the indigenous people as living in static societies.

Introdução: Ao longo do século XX, temos registros de diversos povos indígenas dizimados por epidemias de varíola, sarampo e outras doenças que se deram através do contato com a sociedade envolvente. A estratégia de vacinação foi imprescindível para a manutenção de muitas etnias, evitando que fossem acometidas por doenças imunopreveníveis ao longo dos anos. Até a década de 90 não havia ações sistemáticas de imunização para os povos indígenas. Até então, a vacinação limitava-se a ações pontuais no controle de epidemias e a algumas experiências isoladas. No Parque Indígena do Xingu (PIX), desde 1965, as atividades de imunização foram estabelecidas na rotina da assistência por meio de parceria com a Escola Paulista de Medicina, da UNIFESP. E, antes disso, pelo Serviço de Unidades Sanitárias Aéreas, criada pelo sanitarista Noel Nutels, com o objetivo de levar ações básicas de saúde a populações vivendo em áreas rurais de difícil acesso. Entre essas ações destacavam-se o diagnóstico e tratamento da tuberculose, em articulação com o Serviço Nacional de Tuberculose (SNT), a imunização e as extrações dentárias. A prática de vacinação das populações indígenas está vinculada à estratégia de campanha, especialmente nas regiões Norte e Centro-Oeste do país. Em aldeias adjacentes a centros urbanos, situação comum nas regiões Nordeste, Sudeste e Sul do país, com disponibilidade de energia elétrica em tempo contínuo e com uma maior facilidade de acesso dos profissionais de saúde, é comum encontrar-se as ações de imunização integradas à rotina dos serviços de saúde. Objetivo Geral: Analisar as atividades de imunização realizadas no PIX, uma área de difícil acesso, no que se refere aos aspectos do planejamento, execução, monitoramento e avaliação do Programa de Imunização no período de 2007 a 2015, para elaboração de um Guia de boas práticas de imunização em áreas remotas. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma sistematização de experiência, conforme propõe Oscar Jara Holliday, descritiva e qualitativa. As informações foram obtidas a partir de relatórios de trabalho, banco de dados, diário de campo e entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Considerações Finais: O transporte e manuseio de vacinas com qualidade em áreas de difícil acesso é desafiador e complexo, necessitando de estratégias singulares e de um planejamento cuidadoso devido às condições locais, que vão desde um ambiente com temperaturas médias elevadas, longas viagens em barcos sem proteção para o sol, à indisponibilidade de energia elétrica de forma contínua, o que cria uma série de particularidades, obrigando à utilização de diferentes estratégias para manutenção da cadeia de frio. O presente trabalho deu origem à elaboração de um Guia de boas práticas de imunização em áreas remotas. O impacto do Programa de Imunização desenvolvido no PIX é evidenciado pela redução da mortalidade entre as crianças- em especial por doenças preveníveis por vacinas- que não ocorre no PIX há pelo menos 4 décadas. Essas evidências permitem afirmar que o programa de imunização no Xingu tem atingido plenamente os objetivos de proteger a população contra as doenças para as quais existem vacinas disponíveis. / Introduction: Throughout the twentieth century, we have records of several indigenous peoples decimated by smallpox, measles and other epidemics diseases that occurred by the contact with the surrounding society. The vaccination strategy was essential for maintenance of many ethnic groups, preventing lots of them there were affected by vaccine preventable diseases over the years. Until the 90s, there was no systematic actions de immunization for these people. Until this period, vaccination was limited at specific actions to control of epidemics and some isolated experiences. In the Xingu Indigenous Park (PIX), since 1965, immunization activities already were established in routine care, through partnerships with universities (UNIFESP) in times of immunization campaigns. The Sanitarian Noel Nutels, in order to bring basic health care to these populations, especially in difficult access rural areas. These actions included the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, in conjunction with the National Service of Tuberculosis (SNT), immunization and dental extractions. The practice of vaccination to indigenous peoples is linked to the campaign strategy, especially in the North and Midwest regions of the country. In adjacent villages to urban centers, a common situation in the Northeast, Southeast and South of the country, with continuous time electricity and with greater easy access of health professionals, it is common to find immunization actions integrated to routine of health services. Objective: This study aimed to systematize the immunization activities in the Xingu Indigenous Park - PIX, an area of difficult access, searching to describe aspects of planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the Immunization Program from 2007 and 2015, building on the experience and documentary records accumulated over the years and interviews. Methodology: It is a systematization of experience, descriptive and qualitative, according to Oscar Jara Holliday. The information was obtained from the work reports, database, field diaries and semi-structured interview. Final Thoughts: The transport and handling of vaccines with quality, in difficult access areas is challenging and complex, requiring singular strategies and careful planning, due to local conditions that range since an environment with high average temperatures, long trips in boats with no sun protection to a continuous electricity unavailability, which creates a number of special features, requiring the use of different strategies for cold chain maintenance. The present work gave rise to the elaboration of a \"Guide to good immunization practices in remote areas\". The impact of the immunization program developed in PIX is evidenced by its mortality reduction among children, especially for vaccine-preventable diseases, which do not occur in PIX for at least four decades. This evidence allows us to affirm that the immunization program in the Xingu has fully achieved the objectives of protecting the population against diseases for which there are available vaccines.

Aboriginal rights, and aboriginal fishing rights in particular, are topics which elicit a variety of responses ranging from the positive to hostile. In British Columbia, fish is big business and it is the fourth largest industry in the province. The stakes are high and the positions of the various user groups and stakeholders are clearly demarcated. The fight over fish has pitted aboriginal groups against other aboriginal groups as well as against the federal government and its department of fisheries and oceans - however, the fight becomes vicious, underhanded, and mean spirited when the aboriginal groups are matched against the commercial industry. In an attempt to even the odds the aboriginal peoples have turned to the courts for recognition and protection of what they view as inherent rights - that is a right to fish arising out of the very nature of being an aboriginal person. Up until the Supreme Court of Canada decision in R. v. Sparrow aboriginal rights had been virtually ignored by both the courts and the state. However Sparrow changed all that and significantly altered the fight over fish. And that fight has become a virtual no-holds barred battle. The Sparrow decision remains to this day one of the most important Supreme Court decisions pertaining to aboriginal rights. This thesis is a case study of Sparrow - it will examine the decision from a perspective of whether subordinate or disadvantaged groups are able to use the law to advance their causes of social progress and equality. The thesis examines the status and nature of aboriginal fishing rights before and after the Sparrow decision. The thesis will examine whether the principles of the decision have been upheld or followed by the courts and the government of Canada. Data will consist of interviews with representatives of the key players in the fishing industry, namely, the Musqueam Indian Band, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, and the commercial industry. In brief, the findings of my research do not bode well for the aboriginal peoples - the principles of the Sparrow decision have not been followed by the government of Canada and aboriginal fishing rights remain subject to arbitrary control. The thesis will examine why and how this happened. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

This thesis deals with the analysis of the specific instruments of international law applicable to the protection of the environment of indigenous peoples. The thesis consists of four chapters. The first chapter describes the specific relationship which binds indigenous people to their traditional territories and natural resources and the most important threats to these territories and resources. The second chapter focuses on the development of the relationship between the international community and indigenous peoples and analyses the term indigenous peoples. Furthermore, this chapter contains an overview of the international and regional sources of law relevant to the protection of the environment of indigenous peoples. The third chapter draws attention to the international and regional mechanisms of protection of indigenous rights. The fourth chapter contains an analysis of particular environmental rights and systemizes them into collective, minority, individual and procedural rights.

During the last decade, the University of Victoria (UVic) in British Columbia, Canada has developed several policies that aim to recruit and retain Indigenous students. UVic is a leader in a wider Canadian trend of encouraging Indigenous youth to complete high school and pursue post-secondary education, but ensuring that universities are safe spaces for Indigenous peoples and Indigenous knowledge is a significant challenge, particularly given the historical roles that universities have held in colonisation. Universities’influence extends beyond their campuses, as the majority of Canadian business, media, and political leaders train in universities. If universities are to develop a positive relationship with Indigenous peoples, then, one must also consider the kind of education that non-Indigenous students receive. This thesis draws together the work of Indigenous and non-Indigenous scholars, using UVic as a case study, to examine Indigenousuniversity relationships, discussing both positive developments and areas for improvement.

Magister Legum - LLM

Capital investment in natural resource extraction has fuelled an unprecedented rush to secure hydrocarbon and mining concessions and contracts throughout the Andes-Amazon-Chaco region leading to increased tensions and conflict with lowland indigenous groups residing in the areas that contain subsoil resources. This thesis explores resource extraction and conflict through an ethnography of state-society interactions over proposed hydrocarbon extraction in Bolivia. It asks, how does a “post-neoliberal state” combine commitments to indigenous people, the environment and the redistributive development of natural resource wealth, and how do social movements and other actors respond? In answering this question, the thesis examines how hydrocarbon expansion has affected the country’s most important gas producing region (the Department of Tarija), indigenous Guaraní society and indigenous Weenhayek society, both in their internal relationships and in their historically uneasy negotiations with the central state. By paying particular attention to the Guaraní and Weenhayek it also asks how far a national “government of social movements” has favoured or not the concerns and political projects of indigenous groups that are generally not well represented in the social movements that undergird this new state. In this vein, this research seeks to shed light on a series of contradictions and incongruities that characterise extractive-led economies with an end to contributing to debates about the possibility of combining more socially and environmentally sound modes of production, new forms of democracy, self governance and popular participation.

While the production of mead, a fermented honey beverage, has declined in popularity around the world in recent centuries, a substantial mead industry continues to exist in Africa with an estimated annual production of 1 to 1.7 billion litres. This is largely an ‘invisible industry’, and has functioned outside the formal economy due to proscription of indigenous beverages during colonial times. The traditional African mead industry is, however, also now under pressure due to the environmental degradation of scarce natural ingredients, urbanisation and loss of indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) and, with time, the beverage will likely follow the declining trend of mead consumption observed elsewhere. An analysis of early reports of African mead production suggested that the Khoi-San, among the earliest inhabitants of the continent, are the originators of the mead making techniques which use fibrous plant materials derived from specific plant species, to facilitate mead fermentation in some way. The Eastern Cape represents a region with a large body of Khoi-San IKS preserved in their descendants among the Afrikaans and Xhosa populations. A survey to establish a baseline of mead-making technology in the Eastern Cape was undertaken, and involved interviewing traditional mead makers across an area of roughly 100 000 km2, showing that the mead, iQhilika(Xhosa) Kari (Khoi-San/Afrikaans), is produced using a very similar process throughout the region. This involves the roots of a Trichodiadema sp. plant (imoela – Xhosa, karimoer – Afrikaans/Khoi-San), honey, extract of brood and/or pollen and water. Various other fruit sugar sources were also found to be added at times producing seasonal beverages with unique organoleptic properties. A model traditional iQhilika production operation was investigated in order to describe the main features of the process. Biomass immobilised on Trichodiadema root segments was found to be distributed evenly through the profile of the bioreactor resulting in a well mixed fermentation and a productivity of 0.74 g EtOH/l/h. In the initial stages of fermentation, the ethanol yield was highest in the mid-regions of the bioreactor, but with time the regions closer to the surface, which had atmospheric contact had a higher yield. This phenomenon was attributed to aerobic fatty acid synthesis which allowed the yeast close to the surface to function more efficiently despite rising ethanol concentrations. The mead contained 44.25 g/l (7 % volume) ethanol produced in a fermentation time of 43.5 h. Yeast biomass in the traditional process was either immobilised in the form of flocs or attached to the Trichodiadema intonsum support. Electron microscopy revealed that the cells were covered in a layer of extra-cellular polymeric substance apparently assisting the immobilization, and which was populated by a consortium of yeasts and bacteria. Yeasts isolated from iQhilika brewed in two regions separated by 350 km were found to be very closely related Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains as determined by molecular genetic analysis. The traditional beverage was found to contain populations of Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which are known spoilage organisms in other beverages. Spoilage characteristics of these organisms matched descriptions of spoilage provided by the IKS survey. Other possibly beneficial LAB, which may contribute useful flavour compounds, were also found to be present in the system. The basic functional aspects of the traditional process were used to design a continuous bench-scale tower bioreactor and process development was based on the IKS survey. This consisted of a packed bed bioreactor, consisting of 2 mm3 T. intonsum root segments, immobilising a novel Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain isolated from a traditional batch of iQhilika. The bioreactor performed well with a yield of close to the theoretical maximum and an ethanol productivity of 3.45 g EtOH/l/h. The parameters of the 5.6 l/d bench-scale bioreactor were used to design a full-scale production bioreactor with a planned maximum output of 330 l/d. This bioreactor had a productivity of 0.19 g EtOH/l/h. The organoleptic properties of the product produced were considered by a taste panel to be better than those of the product of the bench-scale tower bioreactor. This research was based on the development of IKS which imposed a number of constraints and obligations on the project to ensure environmental, and social, in addition to financial viability of the scale-up operation. Makana Meadery was established in partnership with Rhodes University as an empowerment company which, in addition to undertaking the commercialisation of the iQhilika process, would also develop methods for the production of scarce ingredients traditionally unsustainably sourced from fragile ecosystems, provide beekeeping training and the manufacture of beehives.