Att arbeta till sjöss innebär många olika arbetsuppgifter och utmaningar men få tänker på hur innemiljön påverkar besättningens hälsa. I och med de nya kraven i SECA området (svavelkontrollområde för Östersjön, Nordsjön och Engelska kanalen med utsläppskrav på max 0,10 viktprocent svavel i bränslet) där fartyg alltså krävs att köra på lågsvavligt bränsle, kan detta medföra en positiv förändring i fartygs innemiljö. Besättningens exponering för halter av luftföroreningar i innemiljön har studerats ombord isbrytaren Oden. Undersökningar genomfördes en gång under fartygets drift på tjockolja (HFO) och en gång med marin dieselolja (MDO) som bränsle. Halter av kvävedioxid (NO2), flyktiga organiska ämnen (VOC), inklusive bensen, och polycykliska aromatiska kolväten (PAH) mättes med personburna och stationära diffusiva provtagare. Besättningens upplevelse av luftkvalitet studerades med en enkätundersökning med avseende på den generella acceptansen av luftkvalitet, lukt, luftens karaktär såsom fräsch, torr, ren eller möglig, samt termisk komfort. Den generella acceptansen av luftkvalitet var mycket hög; 0,8 på arbetsplatser och 0,9 i hytter, på en skala mellan -1 och 1. Medianhalterna av de kemiska luftföroreningarna från mätningar av den personliga exponeringen låg mycket under Arbetsmiljöverkets hygieniska gränsvärden och även under rekommenderade riktvärden för god luftkvalitet inomhus. Bränslebytet gav en minskning av den personliga exponeringen för kvävedioxid och bensen som är statistiskt signifikant. Resultaten visar även på att besättningen ombord på fartyget är nöjda med sin innemiljö och att en viss minskning av ämnen finns efter bränslekonverteringen. / The crew's working as a mariner means many different tasks and challenges but few think about the effects of the indoor environment on the human health. Now when the new SECA regulations are in force vessels has been forced to convert to new low- sulphur fuel and this can lead to a positive change in the vessels indoor environment. Exposure and levels of air pollutants in indoor environment have been studied onboard the icebreaker Oden. Investigations were performed once during the vessel’s operation on heavy fuel oil (HFO) and once with marine diesel (MD) as fuel. Concentration of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including benzene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were measured with personal and stationary diffusive samplers. The crew's perception of air quality was studied by a questionnaire survey with regard to the general acceptability of air quality, odor, and air characteristics such as fresh, clean, dry or moldy, and thermal comfort. The general acceptance of the air quality was very high; 0.8 and 0.9 in the workplaces and in cabins, respectively, on a scale from -1 to 1. The decrease in personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide and benzene was statistically significant. Difference between the concentrations of volatile organic compounds was not statistically significant. The indoor air quality has improved in several aspects after the fuel conversion. The results from the questionnaires show that the crew was overall satisfied with their indoor environment. The results of the measurements show a decrease of substances after the conversion.

Syftet med studien är synliggöra hur barn i förskolans inomhusmiljöerkonstruerar kön i deras interaktioner tillsammans med kamrater i de icke-vuxenstyrda lekarna, utifrån ett genusperspektiv. Studien tar avstamp ur ett feministiskt poststrukturellt-och sociokulturellt perspektiv; där aspekter som språk, interaktioner, kontexter, meningsskapande och diskurser utgör betydelsefulla faktorer för hur kön uppfattas och hur kön konstrueras. Resultatet i studien visar att flickor var de som oftast intog makten i interaktioner med pojkar och att det överlag inte var den samhällsrådande normativa könsdikotomin som dominerade. Resultatet visar även på flickors och pojkars proaktiva könsskapande genom att de intar och utmanar de roller och lekar som generellt tillskrivs flickor eller pojkar. / The purpose of the study is to highlight how children in preschool indoor environmentsconstruct gender in their interactions with peers in the non-adult driven play, from a gender perspective. The study eminates from a feminist post-structuralist-and sociocultural perspective; where aspects such as language, interactions, contexts of meaning and discourses constitute significant factors how gender is understood and how it is constructed. The result of the study show that girls were most likely to take power in interactions with boys and that it generally not was the prevailing socio-normative gender dichotomy that dominated. The result also shows that proactive gender creation of girls and boys takes control and challenge roles and play that generally are attributed to girls or boys

Aerosol particles are one of the major pollutants in outdoor and indoor air. Particulate matter (PM) can be harmful for works of art by causing soiling and chemical damage, depending on particle size and chemical composition. This study includes indoor/outdoor monitoring of air quality in five archives in the CR, representing different outdoor environments: Zlatá Koruna (rural), Třeboň (small town), Teplice (industrial area), and two archives (National Library - NL and National Archives - NA) in Prague (large city with traffic). The NL and the archives in Zlatá Koruna, Třeboň and Teplice are only naturally ventilated, while NA in Prague is equipped with ventilation and filtration system. The measurements were performed during 4 intensive campaigns in different seasons of the year at every location. The measurements included particle number/mass concentrations, size distributions and chemical composition. Additional measurements were carried out in 2 museums, a depository, and a church. The aim of this study is to investigate concentrations, sources, and chemical composition of PM in the indoor environment, and to establish the relationship between the indoor and outdoor environment. The results showed that concentrations of fine particles in the indoor environment of the NA in Prague were...

<p>This report describes an investigation of the indoor climate in two different workspaces. Since we a big part of our lives are staying indoors in artificial environments, and more particularly in our workplaces, we think it would be interesting to do this investigation.</p><p> </p><p>The technical solutions for air treatment systems began with simple natural systems without fans and where the thermal rise of the air applied. In modern time is technical air treating systems used to take care of the fresh air supply. This type of units can supply filtered air with the right temperature to the building.</p><p> </p><p>Well-functioning ventilation is essential to bring clean fresh air to the room and effectively remove impurities without sound- or draught problems. The indoor climate is relevant for the output capacity. Ability to work is influenced by a few degrees difference. Even the mental capacity is affected by this. Indoor climate with good comfort create the conditions for effective activities.</p><p> </p><p>People experience current indoor climate in various ways. In a workplace, some find it too warm while others complain that it is too cold. While odors from perfumes and pollutants may be perceived as very disturbing for example, allergies and children, while others are not affected at all.</p><p> </p><p>The office in City Hall is located on the 4th floor of the central Västerås. Surroundings consist of a large city park, a big car park and the city center. The second office is in a big one floored building, about 10 kilometers outside the city, with close links to a heavily busy road and a large parking place.</p><p> </p><p>At the sampling and measurement of the different spaces we used three different instruments. A sound meter, a carbon dioxide meter and a comfort meter which measures, operating temperature, humidity and air velocity. All measurements were made during an hour interval with at least one person in the room. We first measured the noise level and concentrations of carbon dioxide in the room, and after that we started comfort meter and collected the questionnaire responses.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>The result from all measurements is consistent with the questionnaire responses. In the office space that are perceived as dry, cold or warm we measured almost the same results. The experience of a space feels dry line with reality. When cold outdoor air is heated to around 19 degrees it becomes dry, which is normal for the cold seasons.</p>

<p>Vårt syfte med studien är att undersöka hur pedagoger arbetar med barnens motoriska utveckling i inomhusmiljön. Vi använder oss av kvalitativa intervjuer med pedagoger i förskolan och skolans förskoleklass till år tre. Det vi är intresserade av är pedagogernas tankar kring användandet av sin inomhusmiljö med avseende på den motoriska utvecklingen hos barnen samt för att se eventuella skillnader mellan verksamhetsfälten. Våra intervjufrågor behandlar fyra huvudområden, användandet av inomhusmiljön, vilka aktiviteter som genomförs, förhållandet till läroplanerna och motorikens betydelse. Resultatet visar att pedagogernas arbetssätt i förskolan och skolan skiljer sig en del inom dessa ämnesområden. Vi gör även en litteraturgenomgång för att bygga upp förståelse för vikten av barns motoriska utveckling och hur den kan ses i samband med inlärningen.</p>

Aim: The aim of this project was to study the age and sex specific occurrence of atopic and non-atopic asthma and other atopic manifestations in a nationwide sample of Swedish pre-school children. Methods: All 70 allergen avoidance day-care centres (AADC) with 84 sections and 140 matched ordinary day-care centres with 440 sections in 62 municipalities across Sweden were sampled. In 2000 the staff at each section responded to a questionnaire on indoor and outdoor environment at the section. In 2002 parents of 5,886 children attending the AADCs and ODCs responded to a postal questionnaire regarding symptoms indicating prevalent asthma, allergic rhinitis, eczema, and food, furred pet and pollen allergy and other data in their children. In 2007, parents of 4255 children responded to an almost identical follow-up questionnaire. Results: The AADCs had far more strict rules than ODCs on furred pets and smoking at home and on perfume use, and the indoor environment was better, owing to better cleaning. The age specific asthma prevalence was curvilinear with a peak at age 3 of 11.4% among boys and 9.8% among girls. In addition the prevalence increased by municipality population density, a proxy for degree of urbanisation. There was a highly significant co-occurrence between all asthma-atopic manifestations, but there was no evidence of ordered sequence of manifestation onset. The asthma incidence was highly dependent on presence or absence of co-occurrence variables. Given the variable mix in the present study population, the annual asthma incidence ranged from 0.6% to 1.2%. Conclusions: AADCs had more strict rules and a better indoor environment than ODCs. The asthma prevalence was affected by age, sex and degree of urbanisation. There was close co-occurrence between all asthma and atopic manifestations but no evidence of ordered sequence of onsets. The annual asthma incidence was strongly dependent of co-occurrence conditions.

This report describes an investigation of the indoor climate in two different workspaces. Since we a big part of our lives are staying indoors in artificial environments, and more particularly in our workplaces, we think it would be interesting to do this investigation.   The technical solutions for air treatment systems began with simple natural systems without fans and where the thermal rise of the air applied. In modern time is technical air treating systems used to take care of the fresh air supply. This type of units can supply filtered air with the right temperature to the building.   Well-functioning ventilation is essential to bring clean fresh air to the room and effectively remove impurities without sound- or draught problems. The indoor climate is relevant for the output capacity. Ability to work is influenced by a few degrees difference. Even the mental capacity is affected by this. Indoor climate with good comfort create the conditions for effective activities.   People experience current indoor climate in various ways. In a workplace, some find it too warm while others complain that it is too cold. While odors from perfumes and pollutants may be perceived as very disturbing for example, allergies and children, while others are not affected at all.   The office in City Hall is located on the 4th floor of the central Västerås. Surroundings consist of a large city park, a big car park and the city center. The second office is in a big one floored building, about 10 kilometers outside the city, with close links to a heavily busy road and a large parking place.   At the sampling and measurement of the different spaces we used three different instruments. A sound meter, a carbon dioxide meter and a comfort meter which measures, operating temperature, humidity and air velocity. All measurements were made during an hour interval with at least one person in the room. We first measured the noise level and concentrations of carbon dioxide in the room, and after that we started comfort meter and collected the questionnaire responses.     The result from all measurements is consistent with the questionnaire responses. In the office space that are perceived as dry, cold or warm we measured almost the same results. The experience of a space feels dry line with reality. When cold outdoor air is heated to around 19 degrees it becomes dry, which is normal for the cold seasons.

Vårt syfte med studien är att undersöka hur pedagoger arbetar med barnens motoriska utveckling i inomhusmiljön. Vi använder oss av kvalitativa intervjuer med pedagoger i förskolan och skolans förskoleklass till år tre. Det vi är intresserade av är pedagogernas tankar kring användandet av sin inomhusmiljö med avseende på den motoriska utvecklingen hos barnen samt för att se eventuella skillnader mellan verksamhetsfälten. Våra intervjufrågor behandlar fyra huvudområden, användandet av inomhusmiljön, vilka aktiviteter som genomförs, förhållandet till läroplanerna och motorikens betydelse. Resultatet visar att pedagogernas arbetssätt i förskolan och skolan skiljer sig en del inom dessa ämnesområden. Vi gör även en litteraturgenomgång för att bygga upp förståelse för vikten av barns motoriska utveckling och hur den kan ses i samband med inlärningen.

The objective of this thesis was to assess the environmental fate and transport of chemicals emitted from consumer products through the development and application of modelling tools. The following hypotheses were tested: i) Multimedia fate models can be applied in a multistage assessment process to emerging chemicals when limited knowledge exists to identify the likely environmental fate and to direct further research; ii) the indoor environment acts as a source of anthropogenic substances in consumer products to the outdoor environment; and iii) chemical removal pathways in the indoor environment are important for the fate of organic chemicals in densely populated areas. The thesis shows that a structured chemical fate assessment strategy can and should be applied at early stages of the evaluation of emerging chemicals to assess their fate and to direct further research. Multimedia fate models play a key role in this strategy. The three‐solubility approach is a simple, rapid method that can be used to estimate physical‐chemical properties for use in early stage evaluation (Paper I). Emissions in the indoor environment affect the urban fate of hydrophobic organic chemicals by providing additional removal pathways and prolonging urban chemical residence times compared to outdoor emissions (Paper III). Emissions of BDE 209, DINP and DEHP to Stockholm indoor air were estimated to be 0.1, 3.4 and 290 mg/capita year, respectively (Paper IV). The contribution of emissions indoors to outdoor air pollution varies between substances. For BDE 209, emissions in the indoor environment added 38 % to the mass entering Stockholm city with inflowing air. For Sweden, the indoor environment was estimated to account for 80 % of BDE 209 emissions to outdoor air (Papers II and IV). For the phthalates, outdoor emissions and/or background inflow are the dominant sources to outdoor air pollution in Stockholm and the influence of the indoor environment is limited (Paper IV). / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript</p>

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka förskollärares uppfattningar om hur den fysiska inomhusmiljön bör utformas för att stimulera till barns utveckling och lärande. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt hämtas från det sociokulturella perspektivet, där människan ses som oskiljbar från den kultur och det sociala sammanhang hon ingår i. Miljön ges ur detta perspektiv en stor betydelse, då människans ömsesidiga samspel med omgivningen och miljön påverkar möjligheterna till utveckling och lärande. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer har det i resultatet framkommit att förskollärare anser att den fysiska inomhusmiljön, för att stimulera till barns utveckling och lärande, bör utformas så att den är upptäckande, utmanande och utvecklande. Vidare framhålls att tillgänglighet är en viktig aspekt som förskollärare tar hänsyn till och att den påverkas av en rad faktorer. Vidare framkom att arbetslag, byggnad, ekonomi samt tid och rutiner, kan utgöra såväl möjligheter som begränsningar vid utformning av förskolans fysiska inomhusmiljö. Ett komplext dilemma har framträtt då förskollärare uttrycker att de strävar efter att utgå ifrån barnens intresse och behov, samtidigt som resultatet har visat på en stark förankring till läroplanen vid utformning av miljön. / The purpose of this study is to investigate preschool teachers' perceptions of how the physical indoor environment should be designed to stimulate children's development and learning. The theoretical basis derived from the socio-cultural perspective, where the human being is seen as inseparable from the culture and the social context he or she lives in. The environment, from this perspective, is given one of great importance, since man's mutual interactions with the surrounding and the environment, affects the opportunities for development and learning. To investigate preschool teachers' perceptions, qualitative interviews have been done. The results revealed that preschool teachers believe that the physical indoor environment, to stimulate children's development and learning, should be designed so that it is discovering, challenging and stimulating. Furthermore appeared “accessibility”, which seems to be affected by a number of factors, as an important aspect that preschool teachers take into account according the design the physical indoor environment. It also emerged that the team, building, finance, time and routines, can provide both opportunities and constraints in the design of the physical indoor environment in preschool. A complex dilemma has appeared: The preschool teachers expressed that they strive to build the physical environment upon the children's interests and needs, when the result of this study at the same time a strong anchor to the curriculum in the design of the environment.