Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’endommagement laser d’optiques réflectives en régime sub-picoseconde. Ces composants optiques, réalisés à partir d’empilements sub-micrométriques de matériaux diélectriques, sont couramment utilisés dans les installations laser de puissance telles que le laser PETAL. Ce dernier, construit sur le centre du CEA-CESTA en France, a été conçu pour délivrer des impulsions de 500 fs et de quelques kJ à une longueur d’onde de 1053 nm, dans le but d’atteindre des puissances supérieures à 6PW. Dans ce type d’installations de puissance, afin de limiter l’accumulation d’effets non-linéaires liés à la propagation d’impulsions intenses, des optiques réflectives en fin de chaîne se substituent aux optiques en transmission. Les composants optiques illuminés par les plus fortes densités de puissance sont des réseaux de compression, des miroirs et une parabole qui servent respectivement à la compression temporelle des impulsions, au transport du faisceau ainsi qu’à sa focalisation. Le phénomène d'endommagement laser est le paramètre principal qui limite la puissance accessible par ces lasers. Il est nécessaire de comprendre et de maîtriser ce phénomène afin de fiabiliser une installation laser et également d’améliorer ses performances. Trois axes d’études ont donc été explorés. Le premier concerne la conception d’optiques réflectives. Des définitions de structures sont recherchées afin d’obtenir de hautes efficacités de diffraction dans le cas des réseaux et des forts coefficients de réflexion dans le cas des miroirs, tout en diminuant le renforcement du champ électrique dans les structures, l’une des causes de l’endommagement laser. Le second axe d’étude porte sur la mise en place d’une métrologie fine de l’endommagement laser avec le développement de nouvelles procédures de test. Elles amènent de nouveaux points de vue pour la qualification de la résistance au flux laser des optiques. En dernier lieu, nous étudions le phénomène de croissance des dommages lorsqu’ils sont soumis à plusieurs irradiations laser. L’évolution de la surface des dommages lors de séquences de croissance est observée, quantifiée et comparée à un modèle numérique. Cela nous permet de mieux comprendre la phénoménologie de la croissance des dommages en régime sub-picoseconde. A terme, elles permettront de développer des modèles de prédiction de l’endommagement et des outils pour l’amélioration des optiques utilisées sur chaîne laser. / In this thesis, laser-induced damage phenomenon of reflective components is investigated in the sub-picosecond regime. These components, made of stacks of dielectric materials, are widely used in powerful laser facilities such as PETAL laser. PETAL laser has been built at the CEA-CESTA in France to deliver multi-kJ/500fs pulses at 1053nm and reach a power higher than 6PW. For this kind of laser systems, reflective components are commonly used instead of optics operating in transmission to limit the accumulation of non-linear phase along the beam propagation due to the high intensities. Optical components irradiated by the highest power densities are the pulse compression gratings, transport mirrors and the focusing parabola, located at the end of the laser chain. Nowadays, laser-induced damage is the main factor that limits the overall performances of powerful laser systems. This manuscript presents three study axes to better understand and control damage phenomenon. The first one concerns the conception of reflective optics for the petawatt applications. The design of new structures has been investigated to reach high diffraction efficiencies in the case of pulse compression gratings and a high reflectivity in the case of mirrors, while reducing the Electric-field enhancement which is one of the causes of the laser-induced damage. The second axis deals with the development of a precise damage metrology with new testing tools which brings new perspectives and a new viewpoint for the assessment of the laser resistance of optical components. Finally, the third axis concerns the study the damage growth after several irradiations in the sub-picosecond regime. The evolution of the damage area during growth sequences is observed and compared to numerical simulations. It enables to improve the understanding in the growth phenomenon. In the end, these studies will allow to develop predictive models of the laser-induced damage and new tools for the conception of reflective optics for petawatt applications.

A new understanding of the damage formation mechanisms in Si is developed and investigated over an extended range of ion energy, dose, and irradiation temperature. A simple model for dealing with ion-induced damage is proposed, which is shown to be applicable over the range of implantation conditions. In particular the concept of defect "excesses" will be discussed. An excess exists in the lattice when there is a local surplus of one particular type of defect, such as an interstitial, over its complimentary defect (i.e., a vacancy). Mechanisms for producing such excesses by implantation will be discussed. The basis of this model specifies that accumulation of stable lattice damage during implantation depends upon the excess defects and not the total number of defects. The excess defect model is validated by fundamental damage studies involving ion implantation over a range of conditions. Confirmation of the model is provided by comparing damage profiles after implantation with computer simulation results. It will be shown that transport of ions in matter (TRIM) can be used effectively to model the ion-induced damage profile, i.e. excess defect distributions, by a simple subtraction process in which the spatially correlated defects are removed, thereby simulating recombination. Classic defect studies illuminate defect interactions from concomitant implantation of high- and medium-energy Si+-self ions. Also, the predictive quality of the excess defect model was tested by applying the model to develop several experiments to engineer excess defect concentrations to substantially change the nature and distribution of the defects. Not only are the excess defects shown to play a dominant role in defect-related processing issues, but their manipulation is demonstrated to be a powerful tool in tailoring the implantation process to achieve design goals. Pre-amorphization and dual implantation of different energetic ions are two primary investigative tools used in this work. Various analyses, including XTEM, RBS/channeling, PAS, and SIMS, provided experimental verification of the excess defect model disseminated within this dissertation.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第17788号 / 工博第3767号 / 新制||工||1576(附属図書館) / 30595 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科航空宇宙工学専攻 / (主査)教授 斧 髙一, 教授 木村 健二, 教授 立花 明知 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第24580号 / 工博第5086号 / 新制||工||1974(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科航空宇宙工学専攻 / (主査)教授 江利口 浩二, 教授 土屋 智由, 教授 平方 寛之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Aluminum alloys have increasing applications in construction and transportation industries. Both 5xxx-series (Al-Mg) and 6xxx-series (Al-Mg) alloys are frequently used in marine construction because of their light weight, high strength, and corrosion resistance. One of the major concerns regarding the marine application of aluminum alloys is their mechanical performance in fire scenarios. The material strength may be degraded due to both thermal and mechanical damage during fire exposure. This work emphasizes the stress-induced mechanical (physical) damage and its impact on the residual (post-fire) performance of 5083-H116 and 6061-T651 aluminum alloy. Thermo-mechanical tests were performed at various temperatures and stresses to study the stress-induced damage at induced plastic creep strain levels. Unstressed thermally exposed and thermo-mechanically damaged samples were examined to separate the stress-induced microstructural damage. The stress-induced microstructural damage primarily manifests itself as dynamic recovery at low creep temperatures, while cavitation, dynamic recrystallization and dynamic precipitation (in Al6061) are the types of damage developed in the high creep strains at high exposure temperatures. Different creep mechanisms are also studied for both Al5083 and Al6061. The post-fire mechanical response at room temperature after thermo-mechanical damage was investigated with reference to the damaged microstructure present in the material. Residual material strengths based on deformed cross sectional area after the creep test were calculated to provide insight into how microstructural damage affects the post-fire material performance. The competing effects of strength degradation caused by cavitation and strengthening due to grain elongation and subgrain refinement were investigated. Engineering residual material strengths calculated based on the original cross sectional area prior to creep tests were also studied to provide guidance for structural design. / Ph. D.

Cette thèse porte sur l'endommagement laser de composants optiques en silice amorphe en régime nanoseconde. Ce matériau diélectrique est l'un des plus couramment utilisés en optique et notamment sur des installations laser de haute énergie telles que le Laser MégaJoule. Afin de garantir le fonctionnement nominal d'une installation, l'endommagement laser des composants optiques doit être compris et maîtrisé. Ce phénomène induit une modification irréversible du matériau modifiant la propagation du faisceau. Dans le régime nanoseconde, l'endommagement laser de la silice est corrélé à la présence de défauts précurseurs qui sont une conséquence de la synthèse et du polissage des composants. L'interaction de ces précurseurs avec le laser va dépendre des caractéristiques de ce dernier. Une première étude est consacrée à la métrologie des impulsions utilisées en laboratoire pour étudier l'endommagement laser. Une seconde étude porte sur les mécanismes d'amorçage des dommages sur la face de sortie des composants optiques faits de silice. Une dernière partie porte sur l'influence de la propagation non linéaire sur l'endommagement surfacique et volumique des composants épais faits de silice. / In this thesis, laser-induced damage phenomenon in fused silica components is investigated in the nanosecond regime. This material is one of the most widely used in optics, particularly on high-energy laser facilities such as the Laser MégaJoule. In order to ensure the nominal operation of this kind of laser facility, laser-induced damage on optical components has to be understood and controlled. This phenomenon consists in an irreversible modification of the material. In the nanosecond regime, laser-induced damage is tightly correlated to the presence of precursor defects which are a consequence of the synthesis and the polishing of the components. The interaction between these precursor defects and the laser pulses strongly depends on the laser characteristics. The first study focuses on the metrology of the laser beam used in laboratory to study laser-induced damage. The second one consists in a parametric study of the initiation mechanism on the rear surface of fused silica components. The last part deals with the influence of nonlinear propagation on laser induced damage on the surface and in the volume of thick fused silica samples.

Cette thèse vise à connaître et expliquer l’impact de la contamination moléculaire sur l’endommagement laser des optiques en silice d'un laser de puissance tel que le Laser Méga Joule (LMJ). L'une des causes de l'endommagement prématuré de ces optiques est l'adsorption de polluants moléculaires ou particulaires à leur surface. Dans le contexte particulier du LMJ, nos conditions d'études laser sont des fluences supérieures à 10 J/cm², une longueur d’onde de 351 nm et une durée d’impulsion de 3 ns pour une irradiation en monocoup. Des prélèvements moléculaires, l’analyse du dégazage des matériaux, et l’identification de la contamination condensée sur les surfaces des optiques présentes dans des environnements jugés critiques, ont permis de déterminer certains polluants critiques. Des expériences de contamination contrôlée impliquant ces polluants ont alors été menées afin de comprendre et modéliser leur effet sur l'endommagement laser des optiques. Ceci nous a conduits à proposer plusieurs mécanismes supposés. / Laser induced damage impact of molecular contamination on fused polished silica samples in a context of high power laser fusion facility, such as Laser MegaJoule (LMJ) has been studied. One of the possible causes of laser induced degradation of optical component is the adsorption of molecular or particular contamination on optical surfaces. In the peculiar case of LMJ, laser irradiation conditions are a fluence of 10 J/cm², a wavelength of 351 nm, a pulse duration of 3 ns for a single shot/days frequency. Critical compounds have been identified thanks to environmental measurements, analysis of material outgassing, and identification of surface contamination in the critical environments. Experiments of controlled contamination involving these compounds have been conducted in order to understand and model mechanisms of laser damage. Various hypotheses are proposed to explain the damage mechanism.

No description available.

The contributions of nonlinear absorption processes to laser-induced damage of three selected groups of transparent dielectrics were investigated. The studied materials were irradiated and non-irradiated fused silica, doped and undoped fluorozirconate glass and cubic zirconia stabilized with yttria. The laser-induced damage thresholds, prebreakdown transmission, and nonlinear absorption processes were studied for several specimens of each group. Experimental measurements were performed at wavelengths of 1064 nm and 532 nm using nanosecond and picosecond Nd:YAG laser pulses. In the irradiated fused silica and fluorozirconate glasses, we found that there is a correlation between the damage thresholds at wavelength λ and the linear absorption of the studied specimens at λ/2. In other words, the laser-induced breakdown is related to the probability of all possible two-photon transitions. The results are found to be in excellent agreement with a proposed two-photon-initiated electron avalanche breakdown model. In this model, the initial "seed" electrons for the formation of an avalanche are produced by two-photon excitations of E' centers and metallic impurity levels which are located within the bandgaps of irradiated Si02 and fluorozirconate glasses, respectively. Once the initial electrons are liberated in the conduction band, a highly absorbing plasma is formed by avalanche impact ionization. The resultant heating causes optical damage. In cubic zirconia, we present direct experimental evidence that significant energy is deposited in the samples at wavelength 532 nm prior to electron avalanche formation. The mechanism is found to be due to formation of color centers (F+ or F° centers) by the two-photon absorption process. The presence of these centers was directly shown by transmission measurements. The two-photon absorption (2PA) process was independently investigated and 2PA coefficients obtained. The accumulated effects of the induced centers on the nonlinear absorption measurements were also considered and the 2PA coefficients were measured using short pulses where this effect is negligible. At room temperature, the color centers slowly diffuse out of the irradiated region. The density of these centers was monitored as a function of time. The initial distribution of the centers was assumed to have a Gaussian profile. For this model the diffusion equation was solved exactly and the diffusion constant obtained.

Na última década, muitas minas a céu aberto têm alcançado alturas de 600 metros ou mais, algumas com perspectiva em projeto de alcançar mais de 1100 m. A literatura especializada revela que os mecanismos de ruptura para taludes altos ainda não são bem entendidos. Existem dúvidas tanto em relação aos mecanismos de ruptura, como quanto à estimativa da resistência do maciço rochoso em tal escala. Recentemente, há uma tendência crescente da aplicação de análises numéricas para estudar a estabilidade de taludes altos, mas ainda não se consegue reproduzir todos os fenômenos envolvidos. Análises reportadas na literatura consideram apenas a configuração final da cava, sem levar em conta o processo evolutivo da escavação, e o dano induzido ao maciço decorrente deste processo. Este trabalho analisa este efeito e suas conseqüências na avaliação da segurança. Realizaram-se análises bidimensionais de tensão-deformação em taludes de rocha. Tais análises foram realizadas com modelos elástico linear e elasto plástico de amolecimento da coesão e de endurecimento do atrito, considerando a mobilização não simultânea das componentes de resistência no critério de Mohr-Coulomb, e a danificação do maciço rochoso. Avaliação preliminar da segurança de um talude hipotético mostrou que estas considerações são muito importantes. Foram considerados a altura do talude, o ângulo do talude e as tensões in situ. 0 histórico de tensões modifica os parâmetros de resistência do maciço ao longo do talude por danificação. A região do pé do talude, em cada estágio de escavação, está sujeita a concentração de tensões induzidas que geram danificação ao maciço nestas áreas. A danificação em regiões do pé do talude pode explicar o inicio do processo de rupturas do tipo progressivo. / Along the last decade, many open pit mines have reached up to 600 meters or more in height, and some of them are planned to reach more than 1100 meters. The specialized literature shows that the failure mechanisms for high rock slopes are not well understood as yet. Doubts exist in relation to failure mechanisms, as well as to rock mass strength estimation in such scale. In recent years, there is a growing trend for the use of numerical analyses in order to study high rock slope stability, but they are not capable to reproduce all the phenomena involved. Analyses reported in the literature consider only the final configuration of the open pit, without taking into consideration the excavation evolution process, and damage induced to the rock mass resulting from this process. This work analyzes this effect and its consequences on the slope safety evaluation. Two dimensional stress strain analyses in rock slopes are described. Such analyses were conducted with linear elastic model and elasto plastic strain cohesion softening - friction hardening model considering the non-simultaneous mobilization of the strength components in the Mohr-Coulomb criterion, by including the rock mass damage. An approximate safety evaluation of a hypothetical slope shows that these considerations are very important. The stress path modifies the rock mass strength parameters close to the slope face by damage. The regions of the slope toe at each excavation stage are subjected to induced stress concentration causing damage to rock. This damage can explain the beginning of the progressive failure mechanism.