A research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree in Building to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, School of Construction Economics and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2016 / Background – The South African (SA) real estate sector lacks transparency and there is limited research and robust data on the performance drivers of underlying commercial real estate assets in investment portfolios as opposed to the residential and listed property sectors in the SA context. SA real estate competes internationally and the rapid growth in emerging countries is creating new real estate players and growing competition for real estate investment opportunities (PwC, 2015). It is important for investors in the industry to understand the factors that affect the sector’s performance to be able to plan, review investment strategies, allocate resources efficiently, understand past trends and manage future risks. Purpose - The purpose of the study is to understand the performance of the SA direct commercial real estate sector and identify the key factors that drive the sector’s total returns in the country. Literature review is conducted to identify factors that drive direct commercial real returns in other countries and the identified drivers are tested for relevancy in the SA market. The study applies SA annual commercial real estate returns published by the International Property Databank (IPD) over the past 20 years, from 1995 to 2014, as dependent variables. Findings - Using Pearson’s correlation analysis, the study tests for correlations between CRE returns and independent variables; macroeconomic indicators (exogenous factors) and property performance variables (endogenous factors). The study finds gross rental escalation and real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rates to be highly positively correlated with direct real estate returns. The results provide evidence that gross rental escalation and real GDP have high explanatory values of commercial real estate returns. The study concludes that rental income growth and economic growth are the key drivers of direct commercial real estate total returns. Value - The findings provide evidence of the correlations that exist between exogenous, endogenous variables and CRE returns and assist in understanding the behaviour of the direct commercial real estate sector. This study sets a basis for real estate investments analysis and the results can be applied in asset allocation strategies by guiding investors on the direction CRE returns could take based on performance of the widely published macroeconomic and property performance variables under study. Limitations - The limitation to this study is that the dependent variables, SA annual commercial real estate returns, has time series data of 20 variables in its existence and this has restricted the quantitative methodology choice, hence the use of correlation analysis to quantitatively analyse the relationships that exist between CRE returns and the exogenous and endogenous factors. Further research in the topic would include regression analysis to test for causality. This study has implications on real estate investment decision making and contributes to real estate market literature in SA. / MT2017

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almir Garcia Fernandes.pdf: 1679234 bytes, checksum: 0a3eaceb8b78b1c6d97420a376204347 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-15 / This research analyzes both the assets exploitation of Industrial Property as the preservation of competition, considering them as instruments for ensuring economic development. Presents the different perspectives on the exploitation of trademarks and patents by their holders, as well as their relationship with the Competition Law, which appears often as a complementary and sometimes as conflicting, justifying the need for further study on the theme. In fact this is where the problem presented on this research appears as it relies precisely in the search for elements that can solves the conflicts that exist between the Intellectual Property and Competition Law, showing, at the final point, elements for help to understanding their coexistence and compatibility. It is a work marked by a qualitative analysis of obtained information mainly through literature research carried out in Brazilian and foreign law publications in the subjects of Industrial Property and Competition Law, as well as case law, taking into account mainly administrative trials promoted by CADE. The document divided into two parts; the first present historical studies and analyzed the constitutional basis both of Industrial Property as the Competition Law. At the second part, the specificities of licensing agreements for patents and brands analyzed, emphasizing situations involving compulsory contraction. It addresses contractual clauses that can harm competition and several unilateral acts of entrepreneurs who, in the exercise of the right to exploit the assets of Industrial Property, finishes to generating damage for competition. It presented practical examples of cases tried in Brazil, the United States and Europe showing that the exploitation of Intellectual Property have been done improperly, causing damage to the market and concurrent in general. It finally determines, that is not possible to consider any act of exploitation of industrial property as illegal per se, it should be considered the rule of reason in the analysis of practical case study / Esta pesquisa analisa tanto a exploração dos bens da Propriedade Industrial quanto a preservação da concorrência, considerando-as como instrumentos para a garantia do desenvolvimento econômico. São apresentadas as diversas perspectivas sobre a exploração de marcas e patentes por seus titulares, bem como a sua relação com o Direito da Concorrência, que se mostra muitas vezes como complementar e outras vezes como conflitante, justificando a necessidade de um estudo mais aprofundado sobre o tema. É nesse ponto que o problema desta pesquisa se apresenta, uma vez que reside, justamente, na busca por elementos que possam solucionar os conflitos que existem entre a Propriedade Industrial e o Direito da Concorrência, apresentando, ao final, elementos para auxiliar na compreensão de sua convivência e compatibilidade. Trata-se de uma pesquisa lastreada numa análise qualitativa de informações obtidas, principalmente, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica realizada em publicações científicas nacionais e estrangeiras, das áreas de Propriedade Industrial e Direito da Concorrência, bem como jurisprudencial, levando-se em consideração, principalmente, os julgamentos administrativos promovidos pelo CADE. A pesquisa divide-se em duas partes, na primeira são feitos estudos históricos e analisadas as bases constitucionais tanto da Propriedade Industrial quanto do Direito da Concorrência. Na segunda parte são analisadas as características específicas dos contratos de licenciamento de patentes e de marcas, dando ênfase às situações que envolvem a contração compulsória. Abordam-se cláusulas contratuais que podem prejudicar a concorrência, bem como diversos atos unilaterais dos empresários que, no exercício do direito de explorar os bens da Propriedade Industrial, acabam gerando prejuízo à concorrência. São apresentados exemplos práticos de casos julgados no Brasil, nos Estados Unidos e na Europa demonstrando que a exploração da Propriedade Industrial pode ser feita de forma abusiva, causando prejuízos ao mercado e aos concorrentes em geral. Comprova-se, por fim, que não é possível considerar qualquer ato de exploração da propriedade industrial como ilícito per se, devendo-se considerar a regra da razão na análise de cada caso prático

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:47:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BRUNA CASTANHEIRA DE FREITAS.pdf: 3686133 bytes, checksum: 0e11fb62e9737a140ce2a4ce454e6ec9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / This paper aims to map how 3D printing is already affecting and will affect intellectual property. In Chapter 1, we trace the historical development of intellectual property as well as the philosophical justifications for this related to the development of technologies that work with content (music and movies) such as the internet. Therefore, we make analogies with this case in order to capture insights that can guide the analysis regarding the relation intellectual property and 3D printer . Chapter 2 lends itself to analyze the 3D printer and its development in the market; there are also reflections on the Maker Movement, Open Source Hardware licenses and the environmental effects of this technology. Chapter 3 analyzes cases that have already occurred involving 3D printers and intellectual property, analyzing how this technology further enhances the problem of the performance of intellectual property in the XXI century. / O presente trabalho objetiva mapear de que forma a impressão 3D já afeta e afetará a propriedade intelectual. No Capítulo 1, traça-se o desenvolvimento histórico da propriedade intelectual, bem como as justificativas filosóficas para esta em face do desenvolvimento de tecnologias que trabalham com conteúdos (músicas e filmes) como a interent. São feitas assim analogias com este caso de forma a capturar insights que possam nortear análises a respeito da relação propriedade intelectual e impressora 3D . O Capítulo 2 se presta a analisar a impressora 3D e o seu desenvolvimento no mercado; há também reflexões a respeito do Movimento Maker, licenças Open Source Hardware e os efeitos ambientais desta tecnologia. O Capítulo 3 analisa casos que já ocorreram envolvendo a impressora 3D e propriedade intelectual, analisando-se de que forma esta tecnologia problematiza ainda mais o desempenho da propriedade intelectual no século XXI.

Les travaux présentés consistent en une collection d’études consacrées au droit del’immatériel au sens le plus large. Ils visent à mettre en perspective sur une dizained’années la réglementation et la régulation des propriétés intellectuelles dans la sociétéde l’information d’une part, des techniques de surveillance et contrôle, d’autre part.Ces travaux appellent souvent une approche interdisciplinaire qui en fait lasingularité. Il s’agit, en effet, d’associer dans une certaine mesure l’analyse du droitpositif aux sciences sociales. Cette démarche à l’interface vise à mettre en évidence lesenjeux politiques et sociaux de la réglementation-régulation pour favoriser unemeilleure compréhension de l’élaboration de la norme dans un univers dématérialiséet l’éclairer d’un nouveau reflet. La première partie concerne l’acclimatation despropriétés intellectuelles à l’environnement numérique de la société de l’information.Elle s’attache notamment à penser leur réglementation-régulation dedans-dehors dudroit en convoquant les imaginaires sociaux et les controverses autour du droitd’auteur. Les enjeux liés à sa protection conduisent à étudier ses relations avec le droitdes données personnelles. Celles-ci sont au coeur de la seconde partie qui concerne lestechniques de contrôle et surveillance dans différents contextes et sous plusieursaspects, la liberté des communications électroniques et la régulation du commerce / These essays consist of a series of studies about digital law in a broad sense. Thesestudies aim at putting in prospect over the last decade the regulation and thelegislation on intellectual properties rights in the information society on the one hand,on monitoring and control technologies, on the other hand. This work often calls foran interdisciplinary approach, which makes it particular. This is an attempt to link theanalysis of the substantive law to social sciences to a certain extent. This thoughtprocess is at a crossroads in order to highlight social and political issues of theregulation-legislation and to promote a better comprehension of the law makingprocess in a dematerialized world with a new point of view. The first part relates toadaptation of intellectual properties to the new digital area of the information society.More precisely, it sticks to think their regulation-legislation inside-outside the lawinviting social imaginary and controversies about Author’s right. The issues relating tothe protection of intellectual property leads to study its relationships to personal datarights. These rights are in the heart of the second part that relates to control andmonitoring technologies in various contexts and from several angles, freedom ofelectronic communications, regulation of the e-business, and dubious contours of thedigital identity. In particular, it questions the role and the functions of the regulator aswell as the shift of legislation towards the firm from a resolutely critical point of view.

En Algérie, la protection des marques est mise à l’épreuve par différentes formes d’atteintes, favorisant ainsi, un sentiment d’insécurité juridique très profond. Ce travail de recherche a vocation à effectuer une étude du droit positif algérien afin d’évaluer les dispositions relatives à la protection de la marque et d’en cerner les dispositions lacunaires pour tenter d’apporter des solutions. Nous allons analyser l’existence juridique de la marque afin de comprendre quand le titulaire bénéficie d’une protection sur sa marque, pour ensuite, exposer les instruments prévus dans la législation pour mettre en œuvre cette protection accordée à la marque avant et après son enregistrement. Tel est l’objet de la première partie. Nous allons ensuite dans la seconde partie étudier la protection de la marque au regard du droit comparé en analysant des notions et des principes prévus dans des droits étrangers, tels que l’acquisition de la protection de la marque par l’usage, la protection des marques non visuelles et le risque d’association dans l’esprit du public des consommateurs. Nous nous sommes également intéressés à la recherche d’un système procédural plus complet que celui déjà adopté en droit algérien. Serait important un recours judiciaire contre le refus d’enregistrement et de la procédure d’opposition contre les demandes d’enregistrement de marques, deux procédures négligées en droit algérien. Pour à la fin tenter de chercher une meilleure protection de la marque notoire, afin de proposer ces notions et principes, après avoir tenté de les adapter à la situation en Algérie, comme solutions pour rendre le droit positif algérien plus efficace et complet / In Algeria, trademark protection is put to the test by various forms of infringement, thus favoring a very deep sense of legal uncertainty. This research is intended to carry out a study of Algerian positive law in order to evaluate the provisions relating to the protection of the brand and to identify the incomplete provisions to try to provide solutions. We will analyze the legal existence of the mark in order to understand when the holder benefits from a protection on his mark, then to expose the instruments envisaged in the legislation to implement the protection granted to the mark before and after its registration, which is the purpose of the first part. In the second part, we will study the protection of the brand with regard to comparative law by analyzing concepts and principles provided for in foreign rights, such as the acquisition of trademark protection by use, the protection of non-visual marks and the risk of association in the minds of the consumers. We are also interested in the search for a more complete procedural system than that already adopted in Algerian law. It would be important to have a judicial appeal against the refusal of registration and the opposition procedure against trademark applications ; two procedures neglected by the Algerian legislator. In the end, we try to seek a better protection of the well-known brand, to propose these concepts and principles, after trying to adapt them to the situation in Algeria, as solutions to make Algerian positive law more effective and complete

This thesis analyzes Turkey&rsquo / s integration to European Patent System with special reference to the role of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) within this process. The main purpose is to understand the position of SMEs in Turkey within the industrial property (IP) system in general, patent system in particular, as their effective usage of the IP system is crucial in terms of proper integration of Turkey into the European Patent System. In this respect, the thesis aims to answer two basic questions, namely, &ldquo / What is the role of SMEs within the process of Turkey&rsquo / s integration to European Patent System&rdquo / and &ldquo / How can a more effective use of patent system by the SMEs in Turkey be achieved?&rdquo / Within this framework, a field research was conducted in three different industrial areas in Ankara with 136 SMEs active in manufacturing industry. Within the scope of the field research, it was tried to measure the R&amp / D capacity as well as the extent to which the industrial property system, especially the patent system, in Turkey is effectively used by the participant firms. According to the results of the field research, some proposals were tried to be put forward in terms of the achievement of a more effective use of the industrial property system in general, patent system in particular, by the SMEs in Turkey.

Las indicaciones de origen geográfico están reguladas por un cúmulo de disposiciones normativas de diversa procedencia (internacional, regional y estatal), y por tanto, no es de extrañar que hayan despertado el interés de diferentes sectores del ordenamiento jurídico. El presente análisis, lejos de realizar un examen normativo completo, es decir, comprensivo de la total normativa internacional y regional relacionada con las indicaciones de origen geográfico, ostenta unos límites más modestos, toda vez que pretende examinar únicamente los preceptos dedicados a la tutela de las indicaciones de origen geográfico desde la perspectiva del Derecho sobre la Competencia Desleal en los acuerdos internacionales que las contemplan, esto es, analizarlas simultáneamente bajo la perspectiva del modelo tradicional de la propiedad intelectual que comprende el Convenio de la Unión de París, y bajo la perspectiva del modelo actual comprendido en el Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC y en los Convenios Bilaterales de nueva generación. / Indications of geographical origin are regulated by a host of regulatory requirements from various sources (international, regional and state), and therefore, no wonder they have attracted interest from various sectors of the legal system. This analysis, far from comprehensive regulatory examination, that is, understanding of the total international and regional regulations related to indications of geographical origin, holds more modest limits, all while attempting to consider only the precepts dedicated to the protection of indications of geographical origin from the perspective of the Unfair Competition law in international agreements that provide for them, that is, simultaneously analyzed from the perspective of the traditional model of intellectual property which includes the Paris Union Convention, and under the current model perspective included in the TRIPS Agreement and the Bilateral Agreements of new generation.

Zugl.: Dresden, Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2008. / Literaturverz.

Esta dissertação tem como tema o instituto das Indicações Geográficas (IGs), signo distintivo da área do Direito denominada Propriedade Intelectual, situada no campo da propriedade industrial que, no Brasil, é regulada pela Lei de propriedade industrial 9.279, de 14 de maio de 1996. As IGs relacionam um produto ou a prestação de um serviço ao seu local de origem e têm importância estratégica para os envolvidos, protegendo produtos ou serviços desde a elaboração até sua comercialização. As IGs possuem papel destacado no mundo, especialmente no setor da vitivinicultura, e na Serra Gaúcha onde estão localizadas as primeiras IG’s para vinhos finos e espumantes do Brasil, o que motivou, de forma decisiva, a escolha desse tema. O objetivo da dissertação foi analisar a titularidade das IGs no Brasil, comparando a legislação brasileira com a de Portugal e da Argentina, além da legislação de organismos internacionais. A normatização das IGs no Brasil iniciou no século XIX, porém, foi no fim do século XX, em consonância com o avanço dos acordos multilaterais, que a atual lei que regula o sistema de Propriedade Industrial e, consequentemente das IGs, foi aprovada. Mas foi somente em 2002, que o Brasil registrou sua primeira IG nacional, a Indicação de Procedência Vale dos Vinhedos. O estudo evidenciou que tanto na Argentina quanto em Portugal existe legislação específica para IGs de vinhos que abarcam mais aspectos e de forma mais precisa. A aplicação afirmativa do instituto das IGs no Brasil é recente e o estudo comparativo evidenciou que a legislação brasileira possui lacunas e aspectos não definidos explicitamente, além do que o direito à titularidade das IGs não é implementado na forma como previsto em lei. Uma revisão das normas que regem o sistema de Propriedade Industrial e que oportunize e implemente o amparo legal pode propiciar um avanço na proteção das regiões, dos produtos e dos produtores e pode consolidar, cada vez mais, o instituto das Indicações Geográficas no Brasil. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-02-24T18:27:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Andresa Colloda.pdf: 1142566 bytes, checksum: 517fc87b8a7b6b5bfe0ab957e1e04396 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-24T18:27:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Andresa Colloda.pdf: 1142566 bytes, checksum: 517fc87b8a7b6b5bfe0ab957e1e04396 (MD5) / This dissertation is about Geographical Indications (GIs), a distinctive feature of the Law area known as Intellectual Property, belonging to the field of industrial property, which is, in Brazil, regulated by the Industrial Property Law, number 9279, from May 14, 1996. GIs relate a product or the provision of a service to their place of origin and have strategic importance for those involved, protecting products or services since the development up to the commercialization. GIs have a prominent role in the world, especially in the sector of viticulture, and to the Serra Gaúcha, where are located the first GIs to fine wines and sparkling wines from Brazil, which led, in a decisive way, to the choice of this theme. The aim of this dissertation was to analyze the ownership of GIs in Brazil, comparing the Brazilian legislation with Portugal´s and Argentina´s, in addition to legislation of international organizations. The standardization of the GIs in Brazil began in the nineteenth century, but was in the late twentieth century, in line with the advancement of multilateral agreements, that the current law that regulates the Industrial Property system, and consequently of GIs, was approved. But it was only in 2002 that Brazil had its first national GI, the Indication of Origin of Vale dos Vinhedos. The study showed that both Argentina and Portugal have specific legislation for GIs of wines that covers more aspects and are more specific. The effective application of the GIs in Brazil is recent, and the comparative study showed that Brazilian legislation has gaps and issues not explicitly defined, and in addition, the right to the ownership of GIs is not implemented in the way foreseen by law. A review of the rules governing the Industrial Property system that oportunize and implement the legal support may provide a breakthrough in the protection of regions, products and producers, and can consolidate, increasingly, the Geographical Indications in Brazil.

Esta dissertação tem como tema o instituto das Indicações Geográficas (IGs), signo distintivo da área do Direito denominada Propriedade Intelectual, situada no campo da propriedade industrial que, no Brasil, é regulada pela Lei de propriedade industrial 9.279, de 14 de maio de 1996. As IGs relacionam um produto ou a prestação de um serviço ao seu local de origem e têm importância estratégica para os envolvidos, protegendo produtos ou serviços desde a elaboração até sua comercialização. As IGs possuem papel destacado no mundo, especialmente no setor da vitivinicultura, e na Serra Gaúcha onde estão localizadas as primeiras IG’s para vinhos finos e espumantes do Brasil, o que motivou, de forma decisiva, a escolha desse tema. O objetivo da dissertação foi analisar a titularidade das IGs no Brasil, comparando a legislação brasileira com a de Portugal e da Argentina, além da legislação de organismos internacionais. A normatização das IGs no Brasil iniciou no século XIX, porém, foi no fim do século XX, em consonância com o avanço dos acordos multilaterais, que a atual lei que regula o sistema de Propriedade Industrial e, consequentemente das IGs, foi aprovada. Mas foi somente em 2002, que o Brasil registrou sua primeira IG nacional, a Indicação de Procedência Vale dos Vinhedos. O estudo evidenciou que tanto na Argentina quanto em Portugal existe legislação específica para IGs de vinhos que abarcam mais aspectos e de forma mais precisa. A aplicação afirmativa do instituto das IGs no Brasil é recente e o estudo comparativo evidenciou que a legislação brasileira possui lacunas e aspectos não definidos explicitamente, além do que o direito à titularidade das IGs não é implementado na forma como previsto em lei. Uma revisão das normas que regem o sistema de Propriedade Industrial e que oportunize e implemente o amparo legal pode propiciar um avanço na proteção das regiões, dos produtos e dos produtores e pode consolidar, cada vez mais, o instituto das Indicações Geográficas no Brasil. / This dissertation is about Geographical Indications (GIs), a distinctive feature of the Law area known as Intellectual Property, belonging to the field of industrial property, which is, in Brazil, regulated by the Industrial Property Law, number 9279, from May 14, 1996. GIs relate a product or the provision of a service to their place of origin and have strategic importance for those involved, protecting products or services since the development up to the commercialization. GIs have a prominent role in the world, especially in the sector of viticulture, and to the Serra Gaúcha, where are located the first GIs to fine wines and sparkling wines from Brazil, which led, in a decisive way, to the choice of this theme. The aim of this dissertation was to analyze the ownership of GIs in Brazil, comparing the Brazilian legislation with Portugal´s and Argentina´s, in addition to legislation of international organizations. The standardization of the GIs in Brazil began in the nineteenth century, but was in the late twentieth century, in line with the advancement of multilateral agreements, that the current law that regulates the Industrial Property system, and consequently of GIs, was approved. But it was only in 2002 that Brazil had its first national GI, the Indication of Origin of Vale dos Vinhedos. The study showed that both Argentina and Portugal have specific legislation for GIs of wines that covers more aspects and are more specific. The effective application of the GIs in Brazil is recent, and the comparative study showed that Brazilian legislation has gaps and issues not explicitly defined, and in addition, the right to the ownership of GIs is not implemented in the way foreseen by law. A review of the rules governing the Industrial Property system that oportunize and implement the legal support may provide a breakthrough in the protection of regions, products and producers, and can consolidate, increasingly, the Geographical Indications in Brazil.