L'objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance du marché du travail dans les économies en développement à dominante informelle. Le Mali est son cas d'étude. Dans la première partie, elle met en évidence la difficulté de comprendre le chômage au travers du statut ambigu des actifs de l'informel, oscillant entre le chômage et l'emploi. Nous y montrons que l'économie informelle exacerbe l'instabilité des frontières du chômage sans toutefois aliéner la rigidité des revenus salariaux à la baisse. A l'aide d'une courbe du salaire, nous appréhendons cette dernière et présentons ses causes. La seconde partie de la thèse pr'esente les dispositifs en matière d'emploi et montre que si, d'un côté, ils répondent pour une large part aux besoins du marché du travail et visent à corriger ses principales insuffisances - notamment en matière de financement et de formation -, de l'autre, leur mise en oeuvre se révèle profondément défaillante. Ceci explique les résultats mitigés de certaines mesures malgré plus de deux décennies d'application. Dans la troisième partie, l'attention est tournée vers l'offre de travail, à la faible connaissance de laquelle on peut attribuer une partie des échecs des dispositifs d'emploi. Nous y examinons le rôle de l'environnement familial dans la participation au marché du travail et dans la prospection d'emploi et montrons que plusieurs variables de cet espace peuvent contribuer à la formulation de meilleurs dispositifs / The aim of this thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of the labour market in informal-dominated developing economies. Mali is its study case. In the first part, it highlights the difficulty to approach unemployment through the ambiguous status of the informal workers, swinging between employment and unemployment. We show that the informal economy exacerbates the instability of the unemployment frontiers without alienating the wage stickiness, which we apprehend through a wage curve. The second part of the thesis presents the employment measures and shows that though, on one hand, they respond accurately to the labour market needs and aim to correct its shortcomings - particularly regarding the financing and training -, on the other hand, their execution is deeply dysfunctional. That explains the mitigated results of some measures, in implementation for over two decades. In the third part, the attention is turned to the labour supply, the weak knowledge of which can partially explain the failures of the employment policies. We examine the role of the household environment in the participation decision and the job search and shows that many variables of this environment can contribute to improving the measures.

Cette thèse vise à explorer comment et de quelle manière la production domestique a un impact sur les choix des consommateurs qui, à son tour, détermine l'inégalité des revenus et la pauvreté en Turquie. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'examiner la nature de la décision d’allocation du temps en respectant la technologique de production domestique de chaque ménage. À cette fin, les hypothèses posées pour chaque chapitre sont progressivement testées afin de mieux saisir le profil des activités ménagères par des estimations micro-économétriques. Ainsi, l’objet de la thèse est de répondre à 5 questions : 1) Est-ce que le taux de salaire sur le marché est une bonne approximation du coût d’opportunité du temps dans les pays en voie de développement ? 2) Quelles sont les activités domestiques qui sont les moins sensibles à une variation du coût d’opportunité du temps qui accroît par substitution l’intensité en biens de la consommation ? 3) Quels sont les effets d’une variation du revenu et des prix lorsque l’on prend en compte la production domestique ? 4) Est-ce que les activités domestiques déterminent le secteur informel et jusqu’à quel degré ? 5) Est-ce que l’activité domestique et le secteur informel diminuent les inégalités de revenus et baissent le niveau de pauvreté dans l’économie ? La thèse apporte une contribution importante à une question qui se pose depuis longtemps dans les travaux de recherche sur les liens à faire entre le temps consacré au travail rémunéré et le temps qualifié de libre utilisé dans la production domestique. La théorie du consommateur doit en effet intégrer ces deux types de temps pour arriver à donner une vue d’ensemble des comportements en mettant en évidence le rôle de la production domestique. / The main focus of this dissertation is to examine the nature of time allocation decision with respect to domestic production technology pattern of each household in Turkey. Households’ main preference structure is defined under domestic production technology viewpoints. We measure the degree of complementarity and substitution for each consumption groups of the households. Therefore, our findings in this research highlights that the households resources are not only the function of market wage rates, as the opportunity cost of time, but also of the domestic production technology. However, demand elasticity measurement enables to identify the characteristics of decision-making of the households with regard to their domestic production technology. This measurement is highly important for political interventions. As a matter of fact, compensate of the loss, due to change in price or in income, in household’s welfare can be limited by domestic production technology. This finding underlines that the income and substitution effects as supposed by theory can be biased if domestic production technology is excluded from the model. The compensation of utility loss through inflation or decreasing purchasing power of the households may require good intensive domestic production for certain activities. However, this later points out a contradictory situation especially for developing countries. High level of working hours and constraints in labour markets may prevent households to compensate these lost thorough domestic activities. Thus, informal earnings appear to be the only solution to overcome shortages in time use and commodity used in domestic production. Lack of necessary goods and services with limited time allocation capacity inevitably yields increasing under reported incomes for these economies. Thus, the participation in informal activities rescue from income shortage for given labour supply which in turns reallocates income distributions and poverty within the society.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The informal economy accounts for a large part of the global economic movement, and according to some studies such as Schneider and Williams (2013) and Williams (2015), could account for about 40% of the global economic movement. Considering the current and historical context of the informal economy, its multiple causalities and manifestations, factors that impact and increase informality, the research problematic lies in the perspective of unveiling the discourses that circumscribe the field of study defined by the informal economy. In this study, it is important to unveil the conceptions of supranational and global discursive structures (the World Trade Organization / WTO, International Labor Organization / ILO and the World Bank) on the informal economy and how they articulate, contradict, converge and diverge to the issue of informality. To do so, the critical discourse approach will be used in an attempt to unravel contradictions and distortions that the discourse of these organizations carry on the theme. The research will be based on the methodological tools provided by the Critical Discourse Analysis – CDA, of English matrix, proposed by Fairclough (2001). This study is qualitative in nature, based on documentary research in publications, specific reports and manifestations of supranational organizations WTO, ILO and World Bank. Data analysis will follow the Fairclough CDA strategy (2001) from the dimensions and categories of analysis proposed by the method CDA. The results of the research point to a situation of complementarity and articulation between discourses that converge in relation to the phenomenon of informality in the world, as well as indicates discursive constructions under the same ideological basis for all organizations. / A economia informal representa grande parte do movimento econômico mundial sendo que, segundo alguns estudos como o de Schneider e Williams (2013) e Williams (2015), poderia atingir cerca de 40% de todo o movimento econômico mundial. Considerando o contexto atual e histórico da economia informal, suas múltiplas causalidades e manifestações, fatores que impactam e incrementam a informalidade, a problemática da pesquisa se situa na perspectiva de desvendar os discursos que circunscrevem o campo de estudo definido pela economia informal. Nesse estudo, interessa desvendar as concepções de estruturas discursivas supranacionais e globais (a Organização Mundial do Comércio/OMC, Organização Internacional do Trabalho/OIT e o Banco Mundial) sobre economia informal e como essas se articulam, se complementam e convergem em relação ao tema da informalidade. Para tanto, foi utilizada a abordagem crítica do discurso na tentativa de desvendar contradições, similaridades e diferenciações que o discurso dessas organizações carregam sobre o tema. A investigação será baseada no instrumental metodológico proporcionado pela Análise Crítica do Discurso - ACD, de matriz inglesa, proposta por Norman Fairclough (2001). Este estudo é de natureza qualitativa, baseado em pesquisa documental sobre publicações, relatórios e manifestos das organizações supranacionais OMC, OIT e Banco Mundial. A análise de dados seguiu a estratégia da ACD de Fairclough (2001) partindo das dimensões e categorias de análise propostas pelo método de ACD. Os resultados da pesquisa sinalizam para uma situação complementaridade e articulação entre discursos que convergem em relação ao fenômeno da informalidade no mundo, bem como indica construções discursivas sob uma mesma base ideológica para todas as organizações. / São Cristóvão, SE

Huvudämnet för denna studie är de svårigheter som etniska entreprenörer möter för att etablera sina företag, hur och i vilken utsträckning de drar nytta av sina sociala nätverk, användningen av informella system och konflikthantering. Urvalet av studien består av assyriska entreprenörer som är verksamma inom olika sektorer i Sverige. En detaljerad intervju genomfördes med 20 assyriska entreprenörer. Resultaten av studien visar om den viktiga roll som det privata sociala nätverk som assyriska entreprenörer spelar i etableringsprocessen av företagen och hur entreprenörerna hanterar sina företag. Syftet är undersöka vilka svårigheter assyriska företagare i Sverige har att hitta finansiellt kapital under etableringsfasen och vilka finansieringslösningar de har utvecklat. Tidigare forskning har visat att invandrarföretagare upplever diskriminering vid tillgång till kapital, vilket kan leda till att många företagare lägger ner sina företag. Därför fortsätter forskningen att undersöka problemet med invandrarföretagares tillgång till kapital.  Den här studien är inriktad på den teoretiska grunden för studier om entreprenörskap i småföretag. För det första uppmärksammas betydelsen av faktorer som finansiellt kapital, humankapital och socialt kapital som påverkar företagsstarten. För det andra visas genom en analys av befintliga teorier om etniskt entreprenörskap att det är nödvändigt att beakta teorier om mänskligt, socialt och kulturellt kapital tillsammans. För det tredje betonas att konflikter kan ha en betydande inverkan på företagets framgång. / The main topic of this study is the difficulties that ethnic entrepreneurs face in establishing their businesses, how and to what extent they benefit from their social networks, the use of informal systems, and conflict management. The study's sample consists of Assyrian entrepreneurs operating in different sectors in Sweden. A detailed interview was conducted with 20 Assyrian entrepreneurs. The results of the study show the important role that private social networks play in the establishment process of businesses for Assyrian entrepreneurs and how they manage their businesses. The purpose of this study is to investigate the difficulties that Assyrian entrepreneurs in Sweden face in finding financial capital during the establishment phase and what financing solutions they have developed. Previous research has shown that immigrant entrepreneurs experience discrimination in access to capital, which can lead to many entrepreneurs closing their businesses. Therefore, research continues to examine the problem of immigrant entrepreneurs' access to capital. This study focuses on the theoretical foundation of studies on entrepreneurship in small businesses. Firstly, the importance of factors such as financial capital, human capital, and social capital that affect business start-ups is highlighted. Secondly, an analysis of existing theories on ethnic entrepreneurship shows that it is necessary to consider theories of human, social, and cultural capital together. Thirdly, it is emphasized that conflicts can have a significant impact on the success of the business. / <p>QC 20230525</p>

This paper aims to shed light on the issue of irregular migration in Sweden, which has become an increasingly pressing concern for policy makers and the public. This study examines the various factors that contribute to irregular migration and the situation of irregular migrants. It explores the various risks that migrants face after entering Sweden such as documentation, challenges, well-being, exploitation, abuse, shelter, and insecurity etc. Additionally, it discusses why some immigrants choose unauthorized migration as a strategy to move, stay, or survive in an illegal situation in Sweden. This study examines and analyses academic literature on irregular migration, including definitions, theories, and methods. Terminology and methods of measuring irregular migration are briefly discussed, and analysis of some of the basic determinants of irregular migration and Swedish government’s policies and initiatives to address this issue and their effectiveness. Literature on migration has been used to frame the discourse and empirical research, i.e., to frame the theoretical framework. Thus, mixed-methods research is used to draw empirical information by combining quantitative and qualitative methods (e.g., semi-structured interview) to obtain results that cannot be achieved by using only one method. An evaluation of empirical evidence is conducted using neoclassical theory and social network theory to assess the 'current' state of irregular migration in Sweden

This thesis is composed of three distinct but related essays. The first essay studies the role of the size of the economy in mitigating the impact of public sector corruption on economic development. The analysis is based on a dynamic general equilibrium model in which growth occurs endogenously through the invention and manufacture of new intermediate goods that are used in the production of output. Potential innovators decide to enter the market considering the fraction of future profits that may be lost to corruption. We find that depending on the number of times bribes are demanded, the size of the economy may be an important factor in determining the effects of corruption on innovation and economic growth. The second essay presents an occupational choice model in which a household can choose either formal or informal entrepreneurship or at the subsistence livelihood. Credit market constraints and initial wealth conditions (bequest) determine an agent's occupational choice. Corruption arises when bureaucrats exchange investment permits for bribes. Corruption worsens credit market constraints. Equilibrium with corruption is characterised by an increase (decrease) in informal (formal) entrepreneurship and a decrease in formal entrepreneurship wealth. Since corruption-induced credit constrained households choose informal entrepreneurship as opposed to subsistence livelihood income in the formal sector, the informal economy is shown to mitigate the extent of income inequality. The third essay explains the role of bureaucratic corruption in undermining public service delivery, public finance, and economic development through incentivising tax evasion. The analysis is based on a dynamic general equilibrium model in which a taxable household observes the quality of public services and decides whether or not to fulfil his tax obligation. Bureaucratic corruption compromises the quality of public services such that a taxable household develops incentives to evade tax payment. We show that corruption-induced tax evasion increases the likelihood of a budget deficit, renders tax payable increase counter-productive, and aggravates the negative effect of bureaucratic corruption on economic development.

This research on healthcare strategies of home-based, low-wage, immigrant careworkers contributes to the ways medical anthropology, migration studies and social science understand human-economy-family care relationships and health and carework as commodities in today's global economy. It reveals the consequences for workers as they defray the costs of care for the Italian government and contribute to their home economies. This research was conducted in Genoa, Italy, which has the largest percentage of people over the age of 70 in any city of its size in the world and a tradition of sending and receiving immigrant workers. The main question was: Under the circumstances of providing labor-intensive, in-home supportive services, how do immigrant workers respond to their own health needs? The researcher collected data from interviews with 50 careworkers, 25 professionals who provide services to the careworkers, and 23 administrators in the health system, government agencies, labor unions, and the Catholic Church. The careworkers interviewed were women from South America, as they do most of the carework jobs in this city. Long-term participant observation and interview data were analyzed to: 1) produce empirical data on health concerns of and healthcare resource use by migrant careworkers; and 2) investigate the relationships between health concerns, living/working conditions, and healthcare resource use of transnational immigrants in the informal economy. The data showed that the Catholic Church promoted immigrants as able workers, aided their elderly parishioners, and provided necessary mental health support to careworkers who experienced stress. The data also revealed that the health care system of Italy functioned well to address the physical health concerns of immigrant careworkers. The relationship between the client and the worker was important for the general well-being of the worker and her ability to maintain her general health, have time for medical appointments, socialize outside of the workplace, and attend community events. This study examined: strategies for using health resources; responses of the Italian medical system personnel to anti-immigrant legislation; use of non-State resources to meet health needs; the health consequences of caring for an elderly person in the private home; and ways to address these health consequences.

This thesis is about the quest to build effective strategies to support the development of enterprise on the margins of the economy, to create jobs and reduce poverty. A core part of this challenge includes grappling with the role of markets in development, and of markets as a critical part of the context in which enterprise development in rural and peri-urban areas can either provide a path out of poverty – or instead serve to lock people into poverty. The thesis explores these issues by tracking the experience of the Mineworkers Development Agency (MDA) as it attempted to grapple with this challenge. MDA is the development wing of South Africa’s National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) , and was set up to create jobs and support enterprise development for communities affected by the loss of jobs on the mines. The thesis covers a fourteen-year period in MDA’s history, from its inception in 1988 until 2002. It tracks the learning process across several phases in the development of MDA’s approach. These included the development of worker co-operatives, the establishment of business service centres, value-chain work in the craft sector, and the commercialization of a juice product from the indigenous marula berry. In the process, MDA engaged with an emergent paradigm in the development sector called ‘Making Markets Work for the Poor’. Can markets really be made to work for the poor? Or even just made to work ‘better’ for the poor? Or is the process of inclusion in markets inexorably and inevitably one of making the poor work for markets? The thesis explores these issues in the context of MDA’s experience, locating this within a wider set of theoretical concerns over the role of markets in society, and the ways in which societies have protected themselves from the negative impacts of the development of market economies. It draws on wider political economy approaches to argue that markets are institutions that are socially constructed, and explores what scope there might therefore be to construct them differently. While recognising the importance of social protection, the thesis argues that there is a need to go beyond defensive strategies aimed at protecting society from markets, to identify new terms of engagement within markets to shape markets, and to harness their wealth-creating potential in ways that have different distributional consequences, as part of a long-term agenda of eradicating poverty.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Osmar Sanches.pdf: 736312 bytes, checksum: 34003117aef15c5e2a451633b5552154 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work has as central objective analyze the behavior of the informal economy in RMSP (Região Metropolitana de São Paulo) in the period 2002 to 2008, and their possible determinants. The procedure used research is, in their vast majority, the bibliographical research, which has as a source some of the main authors and research institutes who studies the informal economy in the international sphere. In addition, are used empirical data supplied mainly by IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) through its PME (Pesquise Mensal de Emprego) and datas from INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Geografia) through its ENOE (Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo). It is also used a comparative analysis of the development of the informal economy between RMSP and RMCM (Região Metropolitana da Cidade do México). The focus of comparative analysis is the RMSP. The RMCM, in this case, serves as a reference, that is, in order to verify that the findings made for the RMSP has resonance in another reality. One of the conclusions of this work is that the determinants of the informal economy can be found in three major lines of the analysis: labor market, demographic aspects and economic growth. And from the observation of the determinants contained in these lines of the analysis with the informal economy, it was possible to reach other conclusions. In the case of RMSP, for the period 2002 to 2008, the informal economy presented a mild trend for reduction, went out of 45.11% of the population occupied and turning to 44.26%. Therefore, after these observations, the trend is for the RMSP the reduction of the informal economy observed is related to the growth of PIB on quarterly average rates around 4.5% over the last two years. This growth in PIB favored the reduction of unemployment a marked increase in the region, which possibly led people employed in the informal economy to find occupations in formal economy. However, the reduction of the informal economy has not been more marked due to the growth of PEA (População Economicamente Ativa) which has a strong positive correlation with the informal economy. The RMCM, for the period 2002 to 2008, presented a growth of the informal economy, and in 2002 the population occupied in the informal economy was in 51.10% from 52.07% in 2008. The trend is that this growth in the informal economy is related to economic growth little consistent in Mexico, which gave a lower capacity for generation of jobs for the region. In addition, the growth of PEA, the same way as for the RMSP, has stimulated a growth of the occupied in the informal economy / Este trabalho tem como objetivo central analisar qual o comportamento da economia informal na RMSP (Região Metropolitana de São Paulo) no período entre 2002 a 2008, e quais os seus possíveis determinantes. O procedimento de pesquisa utilizado é, em sua grande maioria, a pesquisa bibliográfica, que tem como fonte alguns dos principais autores e institutos de pesquisa que estudam a economia informal em âmbito internacional. Além disso, são utilizados dados empíricos fornecidos principalmente pelo IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) por meio de sua PME (Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego) e dados do INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Geografia) por meio de sua ENOE (Encuesta Nacional de Ocupacion y Empleo). Também é utilizada uma análise comparativa do desenvolvimento da economia informal entre a RMSP e a RMCM (Região Metropolitana da Cidade do México). O foco da análise comparativa é a RMSP. A RMCM, neste caso, serve como uma referência, ou seja, para que se possa verificar se as constatações feitas para a RMSP têm ressonância em outra realidade. Uma das conclusões deste trabalho é que os determinantes da economia informal podem ser encontrados dentro de três grandes linhas de análise: mercado de trabalho, aspectos demográficos e crescimento econômico. E a partir da observação da relação dos determinantes contidos nestas linhas de análise com a economia informal, foi possível chegar a outras conclusões. No caso da RMSP, para o período entre 2002 a 2008, a economia informal apresentou uma leve tendência de redução, saindo de 45,11% da população ocupada e passando para 44,26%. Portanto, após estas observações, a tendência é de que para a RMSP a redução da economia informal observada esteja relacionada ao crescimento do PIB em torno de taxas médias trimestrais em torno de 4,5% ao longo dos dois últimos anos. Este crescimento do PIB favoreceu a redução do desemprego de forma acentuada na região, o que possivelmente levou as pessoas ocupadas na economia informal a encontrarem ocupações na economia formal. Porém, a redução da economia informal não foi mais acentuada devido ao crescimento da PEA (População Economicamente Ativa) que apresentou forte correlação positiva com a economia informal. A RMCM, para o período entre 2002 a 2008, apresentou um crescimento da economia informal, sendo que em 2002 a população ocupada na economia informal estava em 51,10% passando em 2008 para 52,07%. A tendência é de que este crescimento da economia informal esteja relacionado a um crescimento econômico pouco consistente no México, o que proporcionou uma menor capacidade de geração de empregos para a região. Além disso, o crescimento da PEA, da mesma forma que para a RMSP, estimulou um crescimento dos ocupados na economia informal

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:15:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Carlos Brito Silva.pdf: 10582738 bytes, checksum: cf5493c30207a7fbda5b7e5f62e4d477 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-01 / This research analyzes and seeks to understand the increase in informal activities in general and mobile commerce as a particular case and the conflict between the public and employees of these itinerant trade. This analysis is performed as a result of the dynamics inherent in the capitalist system that is based on socioeconomic contradictions, among them the need to generate a surplus of labor to thus have its disposal an army reserve. In that sense this analysis takes into account the urbanization process as RMSP suffered by one of the promotion of unemployment which had their causes in several variables. The phenomenon of the increase in practice of these activities, named in this study as "independent work", practiced by itinerant workers in trains and other public spaces of RMSP, has widened from the 80's resulting from economic crises that hit the country causing huge recession unemployment and an economy that can be described as the results of politics applied at that moment. This unemployment is particularly accentuated in the 90s resulting from the economic opening process undertaken by the Brazilian Government as a way of integrating the country in the process of globalization. The way this integration, was made, marked by unbridled economic openness, reflected in several aspects of the economy of the country: it has a new territoriality of plants provided by the development of technical-scientific-media informational affectry RMSP mainly because this the most industrialized in the country, it also involves a process of productive restructuring in which the industrial sector loses its economic space and it is substituted by tertiary activities; as a consequence implemented a new model of administrative organization and the production process adopted by enterprises, the model flexible also called post-fordist, requiring a new profile with more and better professional qualifications to perform the tasks, now with a greater degree of complexity and flexibility. These changes reflected directly in the levels of unemployment now reaching ever higher rates. Informal activities in general and labor have become mobile, thus a way to ensure survival for the huge number of unemployed, to consolidate is not as alternatives but rather as a temporary work, by effective work. Just as the growing number of than practitioners in itinerant trade grew the conflicts that came to rely even violently with police actions undertaken. The territory of the CPTM trains as public spaces and great appeal to the trade due to the large flow of passengers, has become one of those places where this picture was reflected socioeconomic and conflict is fierce. This territory, which offers easier to enable practitioners of this activity a condition of legalization of the organization and activities to provide decent conditions for a significant number of workers was the locus chosen in this research as part of the complex and contradictory dynamics of capitalist economy / Esta pesquisa analisa e procura compreender o aumento das atividades informais de maneira geral e do comércio ambulante como um caso específico e os conflitos entre o poder público e esses trabalhadores do comércio ambulante. Esta análise é realizada enquanto resultante de uma dinâmica inerente ao próprio sistema capitalista que se assenta em contradições socioeconômicas, dentre elas a necessidade de geração de um excedente de mão-de-obra para, dessa maneira, ter a sua disposição um exército de reserva. Nesse sentido essa análise leva em consideração o processo de urbanização sofrido pela RMSP como um dos pressupostos de promoção do desemprego que teve suas causas em várias variáveis. O fenômeno do aumento na prática dessas atividades, denominadas nessa pesquisa como trabalho autônomo , praticada pelos trabalhadores ambulantes nos trens e outros espaços públicos da RMSP, se acentuou a partir das décadas de 80 resultantes de crises econômicas que atingiram o Brasil provocando enorme recessão econômica e um desemprego que pode ser caracterizado como conjuntural. Esse desemprego acentua-se de sobremaneira na década de 90 resultante do processo de abertura econômica empreendido pelo Estado brasileiro como forma de integração do País ao processo de globalização. A forma como se deu essa integração, marcada por uma abertura econômica desenfreada, repercutiu em vários aspectos da economia do País: empreendeu-se uma nova territorialidade das plantas industriais proporcionado pelo desenvolvimento dos meios técnico-científico-informacionais atingindo principalmente a RMSP por ser esta a mais industrializada do País; a mesma também passa por um processo de reestruturação produtiva em que perde espaço o caráter industrial e ganham espaço as atividades terciárias; implanta-se um novo modelo de organização administrativa e do processo de produção adotado pelas empresas, o modelo flexível também denominado pós-fordista, que exigem um novo perfil de profissional com maior e melhor qualificação para executar as tarefas, agora com um maior grau de complexidade e flexibilidade. Essas transformações repercutiram diretamente nos níveis de desemprego que passaram a atingir índices cada vez maiores. As atividades informais em geral e o trabalho ambulante tornaram-se, dessa forma, numa forma de garantir a sobrevivência para esse enorme contingente de desempregados, passando a se consolidarem não como alternativas temporárias e sim como trabalho de fato. Da mesma forma que crescia o número de praticantes no comércio ambulante cresciam os conflitos que passaram a contar inclusive com ações policiais empreendidas violentamente. O território dos Trens da CPTM, enquanto espaços públicos e de grande apelo para o comércio devido ao grande fluxo de passageiros, passou a ser um desses lugares onde este quadro socioeconômico se refletiu e os conflitos se acirraram. Esse território que oferece condições mais fáceis de possibilitar aos praticantes dessa atividade uma condição de organização e legalização da atividade visando proporcionar condições dignas a um número significativo de trabalhadores foi o lócus escolhido nesta pesquisa como uma das partes da complexa e contraditória dinâmica da economia capitalista