Cette thèse consistait à étudier les marchés périodiques à Bangkok selon les objectifs suivants ; (1) étudier les modèles de développement et le processus de la naissance des activités commerciales appelées « marché périodique urbain » dans Bangkok (2) connaître les effets des marchés périodiques urbains, leur influence sur la ville et le comportement des habitants (3) connaître les éléments qui ont la potentialité de faire naître les marchés périodiques urbains en effectuant des études comparatives des marchés périodiques urbains qui sont apparus dans divers lieux. La première étape est l'étude des documents relatifs à cette étude. Les théories et les concepts relatifs à ce sujet ont été étudiés. Les variables principales sont ; la pauvreté et le statut de la population, la densité de la population et le système de contrôle étatique. Les variables secondaires sont ; les activités et les composants de la ville et le comportement des acheteurs et des vendeurs. L'étape suivante est la compilation d'informations de différentes organisations pour la classification de l'ensemble des marchés périodiques trouvés. Les fonctionnaires de l’État en charge de la réglementation ont été interrogés afin de comprendre le système de contrôle de telles activités. Nous avons également fait une observation et une interrogation des acheteurs et les vendeurs. Les statistiques de la population, le nombre des emplacements des marchés périodiques et les cartes ont été récoltés, afin d’analyser les relations de la densité des différents types de population avec tous les emplacements des marchés périodiques et les composantes urbaines. Enfin, nous avons sélectionné les trois marchés périodiques urbains pour faire une enquête sur les comportements des vendeurs et des acheteurs en utilisant les questionnaires. Les emplacements et leurs composants environnants ont été analysés pour une compréhension plus claire. Les résultats de cette étude sont (1) Le niveau des revenus de la population influe sur le choix d'un marché périodique, qui émerge en raison de la nécessité ou la demande d'un espace de vente et de marchandises à bas prix. Là, nous pouvons trouver les vendeurs qui font cette activité comme un travail supplémentaire, tandis que les acheteurs ont d'autres raisons telles que gagner du temps. (2) Les marchés périodiques apparaissent en général pour les acheteurs et les vendeurs d'une région éloignée venant à l'endroit à la certaine période de temps, plutôt que pour les gens dans les quartiers ou les environs eux-mêmes. Cela peut désigner la commodité des transports au point, où certaines activités réunissent les gens et donc un marché périodique se produit. (3) Les réglementations de l'État dépendent des caractéristiques des emplacements. L'Etat s’implique toujours dans l'émergence et l'existence d'un marché périodique dans le processus d'autorisation. Cependant, il a été constaté que des marchés périodiques à Bangkok peuvent facilement avoir lieu à cause du contrôle qui n’est pas trop strict. (4) Les petits marchés périodiques se dispersent généralement vers des endroits où les gens se rassemblent, comme les bureaux et les communautés. Les très grands marchés périodiques se trouvent dans des domaines spécifiques autorisées par l'Etat. Nous avons constaté que les activités dans un espace et les composants ne sont pas toujours les facteurs qui influent directement sur l'émergence des marchés périodiques. Des marchés périodiques peuvent exister dans les zones où il n'y a pas un grand nombre des gens qui se rassemblent, mais certains autres facteurs ont été créés pour les attirer. (5) Les comportements des vendeurs et des acheteurs varient avec les composants de l'espace, les gens et le nombre des jours de vente. Ce qui est plus important est que la plupart des acheteurs voient les marchés périodiques comme des lieux de détente plutôt que des lieux pour acheter des marchandises. / This research involved the study of periodic markets in Bangkok with the following objectives: (1) to study the development and emerging procedures of urban periodic markets in Bangkok, (2) to know the impact of urban periodic markets on the city and lifestyles of the population, and (3) to determine the factors leading to the emergence of urban periodic markets in Bangkok which will be useful for the study of other cities that have tendency for periodic markets. The first step of this work was the investigation of relevant documents and work, leading. Theories and concepts related to this type of market were also studied. Variables were then stipulated for the investigation of Bangkok area. The principle variables comprised poverty and population's income ranges, density of different population, namely, local people, students, workers, and tourists, and state's regulations. The supplementary variables were urban components and activities and behaviours of buyers and sellers. The next step was compilation of information from different organizations for the classification of the entire periodic markets found. State's officers in charge of activity regulations were interviewed in order to understand the control system. Buyers and sellers were interviewed and statistics on population, number, and locations of periodic markets including maps were compiled to analyze the relationships of density of different types of population, all periodic market locations, and urban components. Finally, the three selected urban periodic markets were studied on behaviours of sellers and buyers using questionnaire, and the locations together with surrounding components were investigated for clearer understanding. Following is the results of the study. (1) The level of incomes of the people affects the choice for a periodic market, which emerges due to the need for a selling space and low-price merchandise. However, this is not the major reason for other markets where buyers have higher purchasing power. There, we may find sellers who do it as a hobby or as a supplementary job, while buyers have other reasons such as time-saving. (2) Urban periodic markets usually emerge where both buyers and sellers from a remote area rather than areal people themselves come to the place at certain period of times. This may denote convenience of transportation at that point or some activities that gather people temporarily and hence a periodic market occurs. (3) The state's regulations depend on the areal characteristics. The state is always involved in the emergence and existence of a periodic market in the process of authorization. However, it was found that periodic markets in Bangkok could easily take place because the control is still not strict. (4) Small periodic markets usually disperse towards places where people gather, such as office areas, community areas. Big periodic markets are found in specific areas authorized by the state. We found that areal activities and components may not always be the factors directly affecting the emergence of periodic markets. Periodic markets can exist in areas where not a great number of people gather, but some other factors have been created to attract people. (5) The behaviours of sellers and buyers vary with the areal components, people, and the number of selling days. More importantly, buyers also see periodic markets as a place for relaxation rather than a place to buy merchandise. Thus, we frequently find a lot more teenagers in some markets than adults.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance du marché du travail dans les économies en développement à dominante informelle. Le Mali est son cas d'étude. Dans la première partie, elle met en évidence la difficulté de comprendre le chômage au travers du statut ambigu des actifs de l'informel, oscillant entre le chômage et l'emploi. Nous y montrons que l'économie informelle exacerbe l'instabilité des frontières du chômage sans toutefois aliéner la rigidité des revenus salariaux à la baisse. A l'aide d'une courbe du salaire, nous appréhendons cette dernière et présentons ses causes. La seconde partie de la thèse pr'esente les dispositifs en matière d'emploi et montre que si, d'un côté, ils répondent pour une large part aux besoins du marché du travail et visent à corriger ses principales insuffisances - notamment en matière de financement et de formation -, de l'autre, leur mise en oeuvre se révèle profondément défaillante. Ceci explique les résultats mitigés de certaines mesures malgré plus de deux décennies d'application. Dans la troisième partie, l'attention est tournée vers l'offre de travail, à la faible connaissance de laquelle on peut attribuer une partie des échecs des dispositifs d'emploi. Nous y examinons le rôle de l'environnement familial dans la participation au marché du travail et dans la prospection d'emploi et montrons que plusieurs variables de cet espace peuvent contribuer à la formulation de meilleurs dispositifs / The aim of this thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of the labour market in informal-dominated developing economies. Mali is its study case. In the first part, it highlights the difficulty to approach unemployment through the ambiguous status of the informal workers, swinging between employment and unemployment. We show that the informal economy exacerbates the instability of the unemployment frontiers without alienating the wage stickiness, which we apprehend through a wage curve. The second part of the thesis presents the employment measures and shows that though, on one hand, they respond accurately to the labour market needs and aim to correct its shortcomings - particularly regarding the financing and training -, on the other hand, their execution is deeply dysfunctional. That explains the mitigated results of some measures, in implementation for over two decades. In the third part, the attention is turned to the labour supply, the weak knowledge of which can partially explain the failures of the employment policies. We examine the role of the household environment in the participation decision and the job search and shows that many variables of this environment can contribute to improving the measures.

Cette thèse vise à explorer comment et de quelle manière la production domestique a un impact sur les choix des consommateurs qui, à son tour, détermine l'inégalité des revenus et la pauvreté en Turquie. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'examiner la nature de la décision d’allocation du temps en respectant la technologique de production domestique de chaque ménage. À cette fin, les hypothèses posées pour chaque chapitre sont progressivement testées afin de mieux saisir le profil des activités ménagères par des estimations micro-économétriques. Ainsi, l’objet de la thèse est de répondre à 5 questions : 1) Est-ce que le taux de salaire sur le marché est une bonne approximation du coût d’opportunité du temps dans les pays en voie de développement ? 2) Quelles sont les activités domestiques qui sont les moins sensibles à une variation du coût d’opportunité du temps qui accroît par substitution l’intensité en biens de la consommation ? 3) Quels sont les effets d’une variation du revenu et des prix lorsque l’on prend en compte la production domestique ? 4) Est-ce que les activités domestiques déterminent le secteur informel et jusqu’à quel degré ? 5) Est-ce que l’activité domestique et le secteur informel diminuent les inégalités de revenus et baissent le niveau de pauvreté dans l’économie ? La thèse apporte une contribution importante à une question qui se pose depuis longtemps dans les travaux de recherche sur les liens à faire entre le temps consacré au travail rémunéré et le temps qualifié de libre utilisé dans la production domestique. La théorie du consommateur doit en effet intégrer ces deux types de temps pour arriver à donner une vue d’ensemble des comportements en mettant en évidence le rôle de la production domestique. / The main focus of this dissertation is to examine the nature of time allocation decision with respect to domestic production technology pattern of each household in Turkey. Households’ main preference structure is defined under domestic production technology viewpoints. We measure the degree of complementarity and substitution for each consumption groups of the households. Therefore, our findings in this research highlights that the households resources are not only the function of market wage rates, as the opportunity cost of time, but also of the domestic production technology. However, demand elasticity measurement enables to identify the characteristics of decision-making of the households with regard to their domestic production technology. This measurement is highly important for political interventions. As a matter of fact, compensate of the loss, due to change in price or in income, in household’s welfare can be limited by domestic production technology. This finding underlines that the income and substitution effects as supposed by theory can be biased if domestic production technology is excluded from the model. The compensation of utility loss through inflation or decreasing purchasing power of the households may require good intensive domestic production for certain activities. However, this later points out a contradictory situation especially for developing countries. High level of working hours and constraints in labour markets may prevent households to compensate these lost thorough domestic activities. Thus, informal earnings appear to be the only solution to overcome shortages in time use and commodity used in domestic production. Lack of necessary goods and services with limited time allocation capacity inevitably yields increasing under reported incomes for these economies. Thus, the participation in informal activities rescue from income shortage for given labour supply which in turns reallocates income distributions and poverty within the society.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The informal economy accounts for a large part of the global economic movement, and according to some studies such as Schneider and Williams (2013) and Williams (2015), could account for about 40% of the global economic movement. Considering the current and historical context of the informal economy, its multiple causalities and manifestations, factors that impact and increase informality, the research problematic lies in the perspective of unveiling the discourses that circumscribe the field of study defined by the informal economy. In this study, it is important to unveil the conceptions of supranational and global discursive structures (the World Trade Organization / WTO, International Labor Organization / ILO and the World Bank) on the informal economy and how they articulate, contradict, converge and diverge to the issue of informality. To do so, the critical discourse approach will be used in an attempt to unravel contradictions and distortions that the discourse of these organizations carry on the theme. The research will be based on the methodological tools provided by the Critical Discourse Analysis – CDA, of English matrix, proposed by Fairclough (2001). This study is qualitative in nature, based on documentary research in publications, specific reports and manifestations of supranational organizations WTO, ILO and World Bank. Data analysis will follow the Fairclough CDA strategy (2001) from the dimensions and categories of analysis proposed by the method CDA. The results of the research point to a situation of complementarity and articulation between discourses that converge in relation to the phenomenon of informality in the world, as well as indicates discursive constructions under the same ideological basis for all organizations. / A economia informal representa grande parte do movimento econômico mundial sendo que, segundo alguns estudos como o de Schneider e Williams (2013) e Williams (2015), poderia atingir cerca de 40% de todo o movimento econômico mundial. Considerando o contexto atual e histórico da economia informal, suas múltiplas causalidades e manifestações, fatores que impactam e incrementam a informalidade, a problemática da pesquisa se situa na perspectiva de desvendar os discursos que circunscrevem o campo de estudo definido pela economia informal. Nesse estudo, interessa desvendar as concepções de estruturas discursivas supranacionais e globais (a Organização Mundial do Comércio/OMC, Organização Internacional do Trabalho/OIT e o Banco Mundial) sobre economia informal e como essas se articulam, se complementam e convergem em relação ao tema da informalidade. Para tanto, foi utilizada a abordagem crítica do discurso na tentativa de desvendar contradições, similaridades e diferenciações que o discurso dessas organizações carregam sobre o tema. A investigação será baseada no instrumental metodológico proporcionado pela Análise Crítica do Discurso - ACD, de matriz inglesa, proposta por Norman Fairclough (2001). Este estudo é de natureza qualitativa, baseado em pesquisa documental sobre publicações, relatórios e manifestos das organizações supranacionais OMC, OIT e Banco Mundial. A análise de dados seguiu a estratégia da ACD de Fairclough (2001) partindo das dimensões e categorias de análise propostas pelo método de ACD. Os resultados da pesquisa sinalizam para uma situação complementaridade e articulação entre discursos que convergem em relação ao fenômeno da informalidade no mundo, bem como indica construções discursivas sob uma mesma base ideológica para todas as organizações. / São Cristóvão, SE

Huvudämnet för denna studie är de svårigheter som etniska entreprenörer möter för att etablera sina företag, hur och i vilken utsträckning de drar nytta av sina sociala nätverk, användningen av informella system och konflikthantering. Urvalet av studien består av assyriska entreprenörer som är verksamma inom olika sektorer i Sverige. En detaljerad intervju genomfördes med 20 assyriska entreprenörer. Resultaten av studien visar om den viktiga roll som det privata sociala nätverk som assyriska entreprenörer spelar i etableringsprocessen av företagen och hur entreprenörerna hanterar sina företag. Syftet är undersöka vilka svårigheter assyriska företagare i Sverige har att hitta finansiellt kapital under etableringsfasen och vilka finansieringslösningar de har utvecklat. Tidigare forskning har visat att invandrarföretagare upplever diskriminering vid tillgång till kapital, vilket kan leda till att många företagare lägger ner sina företag. Därför fortsätter forskningen att undersöka problemet med invandrarföretagares tillgång till kapital.  Den här studien är inriktad på den teoretiska grunden för studier om entreprenörskap i småföretag. För det första uppmärksammas betydelsen av faktorer som finansiellt kapital, humankapital och socialt kapital som påverkar företagsstarten. För det andra visas genom en analys av befintliga teorier om etniskt entreprenörskap att det är nödvändigt att beakta teorier om mänskligt, socialt och kulturellt kapital tillsammans. För det tredje betonas att konflikter kan ha en betydande inverkan på företagets framgång. / The main topic of this study is the difficulties that ethnic entrepreneurs face in establishing their businesses, how and to what extent they benefit from their social networks, the use of informal systems, and conflict management. The study's sample consists of Assyrian entrepreneurs operating in different sectors in Sweden. A detailed interview was conducted with 20 Assyrian entrepreneurs. The results of the study show the important role that private social networks play in the establishment process of businesses for Assyrian entrepreneurs and how they manage their businesses. The purpose of this study is to investigate the difficulties that Assyrian entrepreneurs in Sweden face in finding financial capital during the establishment phase and what financing solutions they have developed. Previous research has shown that immigrant entrepreneurs experience discrimination in access to capital, which can lead to many entrepreneurs closing their businesses. Therefore, research continues to examine the problem of immigrant entrepreneurs' access to capital. This study focuses on the theoretical foundation of studies on entrepreneurship in small businesses. Firstly, the importance of factors such as financial capital, human capital, and social capital that affect business start-ups is highlighted. Secondly, an analysis of existing theories on ethnic entrepreneurship shows that it is necessary to consider theories of human, social, and cultural capital together. Thirdly, it is emphasized that conflicts can have a significant impact on the success of the business. / <p>QC 20230525</p>

This paper aims to shed light on the issue of irregular migration in Sweden, which has become an increasingly pressing concern for policy makers and the public. This study examines the various factors that contribute to irregular migration and the situation of irregular migrants. It explores the various risks that migrants face after entering Sweden such as documentation, challenges, well-being, exploitation, abuse, shelter, and insecurity etc. Additionally, it discusses why some immigrants choose unauthorized migration as a strategy to move, stay, or survive in an illegal situation in Sweden. This study examines and analyses academic literature on irregular migration, including definitions, theories, and methods. Terminology and methods of measuring irregular migration are briefly discussed, and analysis of some of the basic determinants of irregular migration and Swedish government’s policies and initiatives to address this issue and their effectiveness. Literature on migration has been used to frame the discourse and empirical research, i.e., to frame the theoretical framework. Thus, mixed-methods research is used to draw empirical information by combining quantitative and qualitative methods (e.g., semi-structured interview) to obtain results that cannot be achieved by using only one method. An evaluation of empirical evidence is conducted using neoclassical theory and social network theory to assess the 'current' state of irregular migration in Sweden

La investigación se realizó en el Distrito de Morrope, debido a que es una zona que con el pasar del tiempo se ha notado la presencia y el aumento de negocios informales, pues muchos se vieron obligados a emprender un negocio a causa de la pandemia, por ello se desea que se formalicen para ampliar la base tributaria. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo general diseñar estrategias tributarias mediante el NRUS para la formalización de dichos negocios, priorizando que conozcan y tengan como primera opción tributar en dicho régimen. La investigación es de enfoque cualitativo, de tipo aplicada, nivel descriptivo, diseño no experimental y transversal. La técnica de recolección de datos fue una encuesta en donde se pudo diagnosticar su situación tributaria actual y su perspectiva de tributar en este régimen. Además, una entrevista para conocer la opinión de expertos respecto a la legislación tributaria peruana. Se obtuvo como resultado, que la gran mayoría de los negocios del Distrito de Morrope son informales y desconocen el proceso de formalización, sin embargo, después de presentarles los beneficios del NRUS, mostraron una iniciativa de tributar en este régimen. Se concluye que el diseño de estrategias ayudará en buena parte a promover la formalización de estos negocios, para mejorar la recaudación por parte de la SUNAT contribuyendo al desarrollo del país. / The research was carried out in the Morrope District, because it is an area that, with the passage of time, has seen the presence and increase of informal businesses, as many were forced to start a business due to the pandemic, due to It is desired that they be formalized to expand the tax base. The general objective of this research was to design tax strategies through the NRUS for the formalization of said businesses, prioritizing that they know and have the first option to pay taxes in said regime. The research has a qualitative approach, applied type, descriptive level, non-experimental and transversal design. The data collection technique was a survey where it was possible to diagnose their current tax situation and their perspective of paying taxes in this regime. In addition, an interview to learn the opinion of experts regarding Peruvian tax legislation. The result was that the vast majority of businesses in the Morrope District are informal and are unaware of the formalization process; however, after being presented with the benefits of the NRUS, they showed an initiative to pay taxes under this regime. It is concluded that the design of strategies will largely help to promote the formalization of these businesses, to improve collection by SUNAT, contributing to the development of the country.

This thesis is composed of three distinct but related essays. The first essay studies the role of the size of the economy in mitigating the impact of public sector corruption on economic development. The analysis is based on a dynamic general equilibrium model in which growth occurs endogenously through the invention and manufacture of new intermediate goods that are used in the production of output. Potential innovators decide to enter the market considering the fraction of future profits that may be lost to corruption. We find that depending on the number of times bribes are demanded, the size of the economy may be an important factor in determining the effects of corruption on innovation and economic growth. The second essay presents an occupational choice model in which a household can choose either formal or informal entrepreneurship or at the subsistence livelihood. Credit market constraints and initial wealth conditions (bequest) determine an agent's occupational choice. Corruption arises when bureaucrats exchange investment permits for bribes. Corruption worsens credit market constraints. Equilibrium with corruption is characterised by an increase (decrease) in informal (formal) entrepreneurship and a decrease in formal entrepreneurship wealth. Since corruption-induced credit constrained households choose informal entrepreneurship as opposed to subsistence livelihood income in the formal sector, the informal economy is shown to mitigate the extent of income inequality. The third essay explains the role of bureaucratic corruption in undermining public service delivery, public finance, and economic development through incentivising tax evasion. The analysis is based on a dynamic general equilibrium model in which a taxable household observes the quality of public services and decides whether or not to fulfil his tax obligation. Bureaucratic corruption compromises the quality of public services such that a taxable household develops incentives to evade tax payment. We show that corruption-induced tax evasion increases the likelihood of a budget deficit, renders tax payable increase counter-productive, and aggravates the negative effect of bureaucratic corruption on economic development.

This research on healthcare strategies of home-based, low-wage, immigrant careworkers contributes to the ways medical anthropology, migration studies and social science understand human-economy-family care relationships and health and carework as commodities in today's global economy. It reveals the consequences for workers as they defray the costs of care for the Italian government and contribute to their home economies. This research was conducted in Genoa, Italy, which has the largest percentage of people over the age of 70 in any city of its size in the world and a tradition of sending and receiving immigrant workers. The main question was: Under the circumstances of providing labor-intensive, in-home supportive services, how do immigrant workers respond to their own health needs? The researcher collected data from interviews with 50 careworkers, 25 professionals who provide services to the careworkers, and 23 administrators in the health system, government agencies, labor unions, and the Catholic Church. The careworkers interviewed were women from South America, as they do most of the carework jobs in this city. Long-term participant observation and interview data were analyzed to: 1) produce empirical data on health concerns of and healthcare resource use by migrant careworkers; and 2) investigate the relationships between health concerns, living/working conditions, and healthcare resource use of transnational immigrants in the informal economy. The data showed that the Catholic Church promoted immigrants as able workers, aided their elderly parishioners, and provided necessary mental health support to careworkers who experienced stress. The data also revealed that the health care system of Italy functioned well to address the physical health concerns of immigrant careworkers. The relationship between the client and the worker was important for the general well-being of the worker and her ability to maintain her general health, have time for medical appointments, socialize outside of the workplace, and attend community events. This study examined: strategies for using health resources; responses of the Italian medical system personnel to anti-immigrant legislation; use of non-State resources to meet health needs; the health consequences of caring for an elderly person in the private home; and ways to address these health consequences.

This thesis is about the quest to build effective strategies to support the development of enterprise on the margins of the economy, to create jobs and reduce poverty. A core part of this challenge includes grappling with the role of markets in development, and of markets as a critical part of the context in which enterprise development in rural and peri-urban areas can either provide a path out of poverty – or instead serve to lock people into poverty. The thesis explores these issues by tracking the experience of the Mineworkers Development Agency (MDA) as it attempted to grapple with this challenge. MDA is the development wing of South Africa’s National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) , and was set up to create jobs and support enterprise development for communities affected by the loss of jobs on the mines. The thesis covers a fourteen-year period in MDA’s history, from its inception in 1988 until 2002. It tracks the learning process across several phases in the development of MDA’s approach. These included the development of worker co-operatives, the establishment of business service centres, value-chain work in the craft sector, and the commercialization of a juice product from the indigenous marula berry. In the process, MDA engaged with an emergent paradigm in the development sector called ‘Making Markets Work for the Poor’. Can markets really be made to work for the poor? Or even just made to work ‘better’ for the poor? Or is the process of inclusion in markets inexorably and inevitably one of making the poor work for markets? The thesis explores these issues in the context of MDA’s experience, locating this within a wider set of theoretical concerns over the role of markets in society, and the ways in which societies have protected themselves from the negative impacts of the development of market economies. It draws on wider political economy approaches to argue that markets are institutions that are socially constructed, and explores what scope there might therefore be to construct them differently. While recognising the importance of social protection, the thesis argues that there is a need to go beyond defensive strategies aimed at protecting society from markets, to identify new terms of engagement within markets to shape markets, and to harness their wealth-creating potential in ways that have different distributional consequences, as part of a long-term agenda of eradicating poverty.