Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:09:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 9982047 bytes, checksum: c97a4cb337cf64dfe05ab4a780c54d2c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-28 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / This research proposes to investigate the application of the instrument land tenure regularization in informal settlements in Brazil, through a theoretical, legal and practical contribution of discussions and experiences, which from a technical, political and social reading, we seek from case study of regularization process of the Casa Branca´s community, located in Bayeux/PB, understand the possible problems and blame the actors to do not complete this. Under the time frame between 2006 to 2013 where the first is distinguished to year of initiation, the research focuses on two hypotheses raised regarding non-completion of this process specifically, these being, the lack of integration between the actors involved which are the Municipal government of Bayeux (PMB), the Superintendent of Union Assets/PB (SPU/PB) and the Association of Residents of the Casa Branca community (AMCB), and to disorganization of public documents, as causes of slowness. Based on the empirical of object analysis, the scenario method has been established as the method of analysis, where qualitative and quantitative procedures were applied, either through the use of questionnaires to stakeholders, and a analysis of the process in detail, to be established possible futures scenarios, positive or not, that will materialize the process analyzed. The results confirmed that technical impediments, are responsibility of the SPU / PB, and involving the PMB, are the political impediments the main obstacles to the process, and that the SPU / PB would be the main actor on progress of steps. However, the hypothesis of lack of integration between the actors involved as a factor of slowness was denied, and confirmed that the mess of public documents along with the technical and political impediments found, would be the main reasons for non-implementation of the regularization process of the Casa Branca´s community / Esta pesquisa propõe a investigação da aplicação do instrumento de regularização fundiária em assentamentos informais no Brasil, por meio da análise de um aporte teórico, legal e prático de discussões e experiências, onde a partir de uma leitura técnica, política e social, busca-se estudar o processo de regularização fundiária da comunidade Casa Branca, localizada em Bayeux/PB, e compreender os possíveis entraves e atores responsáveis pela não concretização deste. Sob o recorte temporal de 2006 a 2013, onde o primeiro destaca-se pelo ano de início do processo, a pesquisa debruça-se sobre duas hipóteses levantadas quanto a não conclusão deste processo especificamente, sendo estas, a falta de integração entre os atores envolvidos, que são a Prefeitura Municipal de Bayeux (PMB), a Superintendência de Patrimônio da União/PB (SPU/PB) e a Associação de Moradores da comunidade Casa Branca (AMCB), e a desorganização dos documentos públicos, como causas da lentidão. Com base no objeto empírico analisado, o método de cenários foi estabelecido como forma de análise, onde foram aplicados procedimentos qualitativos e quantitativos, utilizando-se de ferramentas como à aplicação de questionários, nos atores envolvidos, na análise do processo de forma detalhada, para assim, serem estabelecidos os possíveis cenários futuros, positivos ou não, que concretizem o processo analisado. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram que impedimentos técnicos, de ordem da SPU/PB, e políticos, envolvendo a PMB, seriam os principais entraves do processo, e que a SPU/PB, seria o principal ator inibidor das etapas. Entretanto, a hipótese de falta de integração entre os agentes envolvidos como fator da lentidão foi negada, e confirmada que a desordem dos documentos públicos, juntamente com impedimentos técnicos e políticos levantados, seriam os principais motivos da não concretização do processo de regularização da comunidade Casa Branca

A dissertação tem como objetivo geral analisar as formas de tratamento pelos poderes públicos municipais voltadas aos assentamentos informais das áreas urbanas de duas cidades turísticas, Canela e Gramado, enquanto aglomeração urbana na Região das Hortênsias. Para tal, foram utilizadas três técnicas: observação não participante; aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 02 (dois) grupos distintos, sendo o primeiro grupo de líderes comunitários e segundo grupo com técnicos de ambas as Prefeituras; e cruzamento de dados. Observou-se que embora existam análises acadêmicas a respeito dessas cidades, os temas estão voltados a outros assuntos, como por exemplo, capital imobiliário e turismo. Os resultados apresentados nessa dissertação refutaram a hipótese inicial, de que Canela e Gramado compartilhassem de estratégias para gestão dos assentamentos informais nessas cidades. A hipótese inicial teve como principal consideração a quantidade de assentamentos existentes em Canela quando comparado com Gramado. No entanto, foram observadas diferentes formas de gestão nos assentamentos informais, o que implicam em diferentes formas de ocupação no espaço urbano. / The dissertation is to analyze the general forms of treatment by municipal authorities aimed to informal settlements in urban areas of two tourist cities, Canela and Gramado, while urban agglomeration in the Region of Hortênsias. To this end , three techniques were used: non-participant observation; application of semi-structured interviews with 02 ( two) distinct groups, the first group of community leaders and the second group with experts from both prefectures; and linking of data. It was observed that although there are academic analyzes of these cities, the themes are turned to other matters, such as real estate and tourism capital. The results presented in this dissertation disproved the initial hypothesis that Canela and Gramado share strategies for management of informal settlements in these cities. The initial hypothesis was the main consideration the amount of existing settlements in Canela compared to Gramado . However, different forms of management were observed in informal settlements , which imply different forms of occupation of urban space.

This research investigates, using the New Institutional Economics theories of property rights and transaction cost, two interrelated problems. Firstly, the question of whether real estate markets in the urban informal settlements of Namibia could be used to alleviate poverty or, to put it differently, create wealth. The second problem relates to the question of whether specific forms of property rights matter for engendering pro-poor outcomes in real estate markets and, if so, what form these are likely to take. Corresponding to these questions are two working hypotheses respectively. Firstly, it is hypothesised that real estate is a significant asset held by the urban poor in Namibia and that there is potential for capital accumulation by trading up in real estate markets. Secondly it is hypothesised that, by affecting the incentive structure of, and transaction costs in real estate markets, systems of property rights affect market outcomes, thus ultimately determining whether these markets may be efficacious for poverty alleviation. The study employs the comparative institutional methodological approach in a case study framework to examine effects of three types of property rights regimes on low income real estate markets in settlements located on Windhoek’s periphery. The main empirical data for the study were collected by means of a questionnaire survey of 440 households in two settlements called Goreangab and Okahandja Park respectively. This survey was supplemented by 14 unstructured interviews with selected respondents and by key-informant interviews with officials from the Windhoek City Council (WCC), the Namibian Housing Action Group (NHAG), and the Namibian Housing Enterprises (NHE). The study finds that real estate is indeed a major asset held by the respondents. The study finds that, while there are robust rental markets for rooms and backyard structures, there is very limited sale activity. The study also finds that in the absence of formal property rights, social networks and hierarchical organisations rather than impersonal markets provide the institutional structure to transaction activity. It is found that the degree of formality of property rights correlates to perception of security, that property rights affect investment in housing and that property rights (to some extent) affects the degree of market activity. The study therefore concludes that while not insignificant gains are to be had from rental markets, there is at present limited potential to derive benefits from sale markets in Namibia due to a lack of trading activity. The first hypothesis is thus only partially confirmed. It is also concluded that while social networks guarantee access to urban land for the poor, they tend to lock them in enclaves of ethnic and kinship relations, inhibiting the development of wider, impersonal markets argued to be necessary for capital accumulation. Further, it is concluded that formal property rights create incentives for investment and therefore matter for capital accumulation, but that they are not necessarily accessible to the poor. The second hypothesis, that property rights affect market outcomes, is substantially confirmed. Overall the study concludes that there is good potential for leveraging real estate markets in Namibia’s (and other developing countries’) informal settlements for capital accumulation but that these need to be primed first. This means deliberate interventions with the aim of bringing about increased trading activity. In this regard specific proposals have been made for policy intervention in three key areas, namely, the creation of appropriate property rights systems, together with supporting organisational infrastructure, the expansion of physical infrastructure and the building of shared understanding and trust in urban communities. The study makes a number of key contributions to knowledge about the relationship between real estate markets and poverty alleviation in the area of theory, methodology, policy and empirical data. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Construction Economics / unrestricted

The global community is experiencing an increasing number of disasters that ranges from earthquakes, floods, storms, epidemics, fires, landslides, hurricanes, tsunamis and social conflicts that result to loss of life and properties. South Africa is dominated by localised incidents, such as wild fires, seasonal flooding, droughts and accidents in the mining industry. Resource-poor communities such as those residing in many parts of South African informal settlements, currently live with a range of stresses and risks including climate risks, HIV/AIDS and access to insecure land. While disaster relief has been at the forefront for quite a long time, communities are increasingly looking at disaster risk reduction as the best solution to safeguard human lives and property. Scholars and policy makers are relying on disaster preparedness and resilience as strategies to ensure disaster risk reduction. Disaster education has emerged as a pinnacle for both the preparedness and resilience by teaching communities about the prevalence of hazards and associated vulnerabilities. The aim of this investigation was to determine how education in particular, curriculum and instructional design contributes to learners’ awareness of hazards and disasters. A mixed method research was used to address the question combining questionnaires, interviews and document study as data collection strategies. The questionnaires were distributed to 150 educators from schools located in informal settlements of Ivory Park in Gauteng, Brits in North West Province, Isipingo in KwaZulu-Natal, Bizana in the Eastern Cape and Khayelitsha in the Western Cape. Interviews were conducted with 5 curriculum specialists, 3 disaster specialists and 2 disaster lectures. The findings of the investigation is that the South African National Curriculum Statements explicitly prescribe hazards and disaster learning outcomes only for Grade 7 Social Science and is silent in other grades and learning areas. Some scholars pointed out that there is no adequate translation of curriculum policy provisions to classroom practice in South Africa, which raises questions on the extent to which learners from South African schools are taught about hazards and disasters as prescribed in the National Curriculum Statements. The investigation also found that educators are overburdened with administrative work and would not be in the position to collaborate with one another to develop learning programmes and to teach indigenous knowledge or hazards and disasters. In this study, it is argued that for education to make effective contribution to learners’ awareness of hazards and disasters, the national curriculum should focus on the broad learning outcomes used as guideline to develop learning programmes for disasters and hazards that are provincial, district and local areas specific. The development and teaching for hazards and disasters should be specified in all grades across all learning areas. Another argument presented in this study is that the National Disaster Management Centre should play a crucial role in mobilising other stakeholders involved in disaster risk reductions to develop learning programmes as they have hands-on experience of managing disasters so that alleviate the burden for educators to be gathering data for learning programme development. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Humanities Education / unrestricted

The author Mike Davis has labelled our entire globe as a planet of slums. This hesis aims to provide some insights to the research field of slum rehabilitation, and thus contribution to efforts to make our globe slum free. The United Nations states that security of tenure is one of the essential preconditions for improvements in slums. The statement comes with support from academic research, which highlights the relation between secure tenure and a slums physical quality. Out of these messages two hypotheses are formulated and tested throughout the thesis; one theoretical, the other empirical. The theoretical section holds that tenure should be studied according to property rights and tenure status, that interventions for slum rehabilitation should support the dwellers efforts of incremental development, that tenure is granted in both the informal and formal land market, and that there are several causalities between secure tenure and the quality of housing and infrastructure. The case study examines 208 informal settlements in terms of their living conditions in the city of Pune, India. The thesis draws on empirical data in the form of a citywide slum survey that has been made available by the non-governmental organisations, Maharashtra Action League and CHF International, both of which operate in Pune. The empirical section reveals that secure tenure does not influence housing quality at all, that secure tenure just slightly influences available infrastructure in a settlement, and that urban planners are able to support a sustainable and incremental rehabilitation of slums by focusing on tenure security.

PhD, Unversity of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health, School of Public Health / Rationale Understanding how to ensure and sustain the health and health equity of urban populations is of increasing importance as over half of the world population is now urban (UNFPA, 2007). Urbanisation is taking place rapidly across Africa, with fifty percent of the continent expected to be residing in urban areas by 2030 (UNFPA, 2007). South Africa has experienced a faster rate of urbanisation compared to neighbouring countries, with almost sixty percent of the population estimated to be urban (Kok & Collinson, 2006). This process of urban growth is accompanied by in-migration from within the country and across borders. Urban growth places pressure on limited, well-located and appropriate housing, resulting in the development of informal settlements within and on the periphery of urban areas. In addition to the multiple exposures to a variety of health hazards in informal settlements, HIV presents a contextual challenge, particularly in South Africa where the highest HIV prevalence is found within urban informal settlements (Shisana, Rehle, Simbayi, Parker, Zuma, Bhana et al., 2005). South African local government has a ‘developmental mandate’ which calls for government to work with citizens to develop sustainable interventions to address their social, economic and material needs (The Republic of South Africa, 1998a). This requires local government to address the challenges of urban growth, migration, informal settlements and HIV, as outlined above (Bocquier, 2008; Landau & Singh, 2008; Landau, 2007). The current (2007 – 2011) South African National Strategic Plan (NSP) for HIV signalled a welcome shift in HIV policy, with recognition of the role of government in ensuring that (1) internal and cross-border migrant groups and (2) residents of informal settlements are able to access the continuum of HIV-related services, which includes prevention, testing, support, treatment, and access to basic services. However, guidelines are lacking to assist local government in addressing HIV-related concerns with migrant groups and in informal settlements at the local level. As a result, migrant groups and residents of informal settlements struggle to access HIV-related services, including healthcare, adequate housing, and basic services such as water, sanitation and refuse removal. Given the developmental mandate of local government in South Africa (The Republic of South Africa, 1998a), this raises the question: how should local government respond to the urban challenges of migration and informal settlements in the context of high HIV prevalence? This thesis explores how the challenges of migration and informal settlements – within a context of high HIV prevalence – interact to generate a specific urban reality that requires an appropriate urban health response at the local government level. The question of how to address the gap between discourse, theory and action is tackled. Various frameworks for urban health have been developed that aim to assist in understanding the impact of city living on urban health, several of which draw on the concept of the social determinants of urban health (SDUH) (for example Galea, Freudenberg, & Vlahov, 2005; WHO, 2008b, 2008a). However, as I will go on to argue, none of the existing urban health frameworks deal adequately with the specific complexities of developing country urban environments. In particular, the frameworks have failed to adequately account for guiding local government in responding to the challenges identified above, namely: urban growth and informal settlements; internal and cross-border migration; high HIV prevalence; and, the responsibilities of a developmental local government. Aim Based on the findings from four studies, this PhD research aims to generate a revised urban health framework that will address the following specific challenges that I argue are associated with developing country contexts: (1) urban growth and informal settlements; (2) internal and cross-border migration; (3) high HIV prevalence; and, (4) the responsibilities of developmental local government. It is proposed that this revised framework will assist local government in responding to the interlinked challenges of informal settlements and migration in a context of high HIV prevalence. Methods A series of four studies were undertaken in Johannesburg. A review of international and local literature – including existing policy – was undertaken. In order to engage with the complexity of the urban environment, the four studies draw on both quantitative and qualitative methods. These include: a cross-sectional household survey across Johannesburg inner-city and one urban informal settlement (n = 487); a cross-sectional survey with ART clients at four ART sites in the inner-city (n = 449); and semi-structured interviews with community health worker volunteers, healthcare providers, local level policy makers and programmers involved with urban health and HIV in Johannesburg. By reflecting on involvement in participatory photography and film projects, the experiences of rural migrants who enter the city through ‘hidden spaces’ are examined; the concept of ‘being hidden’ is explored as a tactic employed by marginalised groups so that they are able to find a way to enter and participate in the city. Through the four studies, a series of four central themes were identified: (1) rights to the urban social determinants of health; (2) urban livelihoods; (3) policy and governance; and (4) urban methodologies. These four themes assist in synthesising the study findings and generating a revised approach to guide local government in responding to urban health challenges in a developmental way. Key findings The developmental mandate of local government is evolving very slowly (Paper I, V). Local level responses to the interlinked urban health challenges of migration, informal settlements and HIV are lacking (Paper I, V). Where they do exist, HIV is not viewed as an intersectoral developmental challenge and vertical HIV programmes prevail (Paper V). It will be argued that informal settlements require integrated local developmental responses (Paper V). In general, policies and guidelines that outline the right to basic healthcare and ART for crossborder migrants are not implemented at the local level (Papers I and III). In addition, residents of informal settlements struggle to access adequate housing and basic services (Papers IV and V). Some internal migrant groups, who reside in ‘hidden spaces’ of the innercity, are found to employ deliberate tactics in order to evade the state, whilst others are marginalised through a lack of state intervention (Paper II). The research shows that innovative methods are required to engage with urban populations, both for research and intervention purposes. Participatory approaches are found to be useful methods for engaging with urban migrant groups and this research draws on participatory photography and film projects as examples (Paper II, V). It is essential that urban public health practitioners and other development professionals learn how to engage with the complexities of the urban environment. A review of existing urban health frameworks finds that whilst these frameworks are themselves complex, and include the multiple levels and determinants that ultimately impact health outcomes, they result in generalised and static models of urban health. I argue that these existing frameworks are unable to inform responses to the specific complexities present within a particular urban context. Through the synthesis of the four study findings, an alternative approach to assist local government and other stakeholders in responding to urban health challenges is proposed. The idea of ‘concept mapping’ is suggested as a way to vii enable local government, and other actors, to engage with the complexities of the urban context in a participatory way. A core set of components have been identified that can be used to guide the creation of city-specific ‘concept maps’, that are able to work towards identifying and addressing the specific urban health needs associated with different areas within a city. A recommitment to intersectoral action, ‘healthy urban governance’ and public health advocacy is considered critical to the effectiveness of such an approach. It is suggested that the resultant ‘concept map’ will assist local government in responding in a developmental way to the interlinked challenges of migration and informal settlements in a context of high HIV prevalence. Implications Based on the findings of the PhD research, a new approach to urban health is suggested. ‘Concept mapping’ is presented as a new tool to assist local government in achieving its developmental mandate and address urban health. Whilst developed to address the challenges faced by urban migrants and residents of informal settlements in a context of high HIV prevalence, the concept map approach is likely to be a useful tool for considering the health and development needs of other urban groups. Future research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the application of participatory ‘concept mapping’ to assisting local level urban health policy makers, planners, and other stakeholders respond to the interlinked challenges of migration and informal settlements in a context of HIV.

Together with a steadily increasing urban population, South Africa and the city of Cape Town is facing continuously expanding informal settlements and communities with no access to basic human services or adequate housing. There’s an urgent need to design, plan and implement alternative and creative approaches to help stimulate an equal, inclusive and sustainable urban development and strategic spatial planning. Integrating methods and processes that includes participation, communication and collaboration by incorporating civil society and local community members in urban planning practices is one way of promoting sustainable and equal spatial growth. Co-production is a concept used in urban development theory that embraces this in and can be described as a communicative form of spatial planning where state, planners and citizens mutually interact in the planning process. In consideration of these challenges, this thesis aims to apprehend how marginalized, local communities in Cape Town can be included in matters regarding urban development and spatial planning practically and if co-production can be used to define and explain this form of approach. Therefore, this thesis is based on a case study research of the Better Living Challenge (BLC) incubator, a two-week long project in Cape Town, which supported 15 informal builders in improving and developing their designing, building and marketing skills. The practical implementation of this incubator and its process has been examined to determine if the theory of co-production can be used to outline the project and understand the results emerging from it. The incubator proved to be successful in several ways and was met with impressive feedback from the stakeholders. It was also followed with difficulties and restrictions like power dynamics and tension. The conclusions that were made highlights that the incubator can be defined as an alternative and unorthodox co-productive approach based on the aim and lay-out of the process.

Cities in the Global South are undergoing rapid urbanization, where a high percentage of the urban poor live in informal settlements that lack basic services, are associated with unemployment, low-income levels, and insecurity. The impacts of climate change, intensive agricultural practices, and highly globalized food systems pose challenges to food security. Urban farming is one of the alternative practices to tackle food insecurity and urban poverty. In this study, urban farming was examined through grassroots innovation theory, which focuses on creating innovative sustainable development solutions from the bottom up. However, insufficient research has been done on urban farming initiatives in highly deprived areas. A qualitative approach was adopted, where semi-structured interviews were conducted, that were triangulated with observation and documentation data, providing multiple sources of support. The data was analysed through the Resources-Rationales-Relations Framework, which has been also used by other researchers to analyse grassroots initiatives. The results demonstrate that water is a crucial resource in urban farming grassroots initiatives, as water availability is limited due to droughts and climate change. Furthermore, resource-scarce environments experience limited access to water due to the unequal distribution of resources. Another identified resource that urban farming grassroots initiatives imply is climate-smart innovative technologies, such as the hydroponic system, that gives farmers good exposure. Sustainable livelihood creation was the main rationale to be involved in urban farming grassroots initiatives, by creating employment, giving back to the community, and influencing youth’s food and lifestyle choices. Relations were found to be crucial between farmers and organizational intermediaries, as they have increased their visibility and enabled them to engage with a wider context. The study concludes that the urban sustainability transition in Global South’s informal settlements is achieved when it cuts through all three levels of knowledge production, which was done by the climate-smart innovative farming technologies that raise attention and interest beyond the local context up to the political arena.

Previous studies of post-genocide Rwanda illutrates how nation-building and the government’s urgency to break with the past results in aims to rearrange society in order to prevent further violence and hostility. Developmental aims are also embedded in the broader project of post-genocide nation-building, adapted to promote a new and improved way of life after the genocide. This thesis examines the local experiences of parents in post-genocide Rwanda, with the specific geographical focus on the capital city of Kigali. Based on an ethnographic data collection from spring 2022, this thesis deals with the local experience of top-down rearrangements among parents in “informal” settlements in Kigali. Governmental perceptions of informality highlight the issue of risk in the urban context of post-genocide Kigali. Characterized by lack of order and formality the neighborhoods are deemed as excluded from the new societal modes and norms in the post-genocide aims of social engineering. This thesis uses the theory social engineering by James Scott (1998) to highlight the top-down measures intended to rearrange the lives of parents in “informal” settlements in Kigali. Additionally, the theoretical perspective of parenting culture is applied in order to explore the targeted regulations of parenting, as a result of government’s special interest in children as “future members of the nation” in a post-genocide context. This thesis shows that parenting culture is especially targeted by top-down regulations as a risk preventing strategy to shape the future of the nation. Working with a bottom-up perspective on top- down measures of social engineering the thesis includes the theoretical perspective of governmentality described by Mitchell Dean (2010) and Tania Murray Li (2007). Through mechanisms of self-regulation and accountability the thesis shows how regulations of parents in “informal” settlements are contested by their lack of ability and willingness to integrate top-down social engineering as meaningful rearrangements in everyday life.

Urbanisation in South African cities is a worrying phenomenon. Cities such as the City of Johannesburg are faced with a severe housing backlog. This situation could be attributed to many issues such as lack of suitable land for housing, and the existence of informal settlements. This study has been undertaken to investigate whether the interventions implemented by City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality to eradicate informal settlements are effective in addressing challenges faced by informal settlement dwellers. In South Africa, informal settlement upgrading process is acknowledged as an effective means of eradicating informal settlements. In this regard, interventions to eradicate informal settlements require extensive research in order to have proposals for future policy interventions. This study has been also undertaken to make some recommendations that might resolve the challenges of informal settlements in the City of Johannesburg. / Public Administration & Management / M.P.A.