Requirements acquisition is one of the most important and least well supported parts of the software development process. The Requirements Apprentice (RA) will assist a human analyst in the creation and modification of software requirements. Unlike current requirements analysis tools, which assume a formal description language, the focus of the RA is on the boundary between informal and formal specifications. The RA is intended to support the earliest phases of creating a requirement, in which incompleteness, ambiguity, and contradiction are inevitable features. From an artificial intelligence perspective, the central problem the RA faces is one of knowledge acquisition. It has to develop a coherent internal representation from an initial set of disorganized statements. To do so, the RA will rely on a variety of techniques, including dependency-directed reasoning, hybrid knowledge representation, and the reuse of common forms (clich鳩. The Requirements Apprentice is being developed in the context of the Programmer's Apprentice project, whose overall goal is the creation of an intelligent assistant for all aspects of software development.

Submitted by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-11-07T14:55:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Carla Liane .pdf: 3000568 bytes, checksum: 681d19ebb1279a60a61c6872d2244c8d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Portela (anapoli@ufba.br) on 2013-11-12T18:46:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Carla Liane .pdf: 3000568 bytes, checksum: 681d19ebb1279a60a61c6872d2244c8d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-12T18:46:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Carla Liane .pdf: 3000568 bytes, checksum: 681d19ebb1279a60a61c6872d2244c8d (MD5) / Essa tese analisa a passagem de trabalhadores da condição de empregados assalariados, para o ingresso na condição de desproteção social do mercado informal do comercio nas ruas do centro de Salvador (Bahia), indagando até que ponto esse processo de deslocamento representa um percurso de “desqualificação social”, dada à precarização do trabalho e os estigmas tradicionalmente associados ao trabalho nas ruas. O estudo se baseia na análise das trajetórias de vida e de trabalho dos vendedores ambulantes e tomou como hipótese a dimensão da “desqualificação social” analisada por Serge Paugam ao analisar o processo de precarização do trabalho na realidade francesa, destacando as especificidades de tal processo no Brasil, país com singularidades históricas na constituição e estruturação do mercado de trabalho, marcadas por profundas desigualdades socioeconômicas e culturais e por uma segmentação do mercado de trabalho. Para o exame desta hipótese o estudo fundamentou-se na teoria do reconhecimento dialogando com teses relativas à natureza das desigualdades sociais no Brasil, permitindo avaliar a passagem de elementos de situação de classe desses indivíduos, mas também atributos de “status” sociais que envolvem no plano simbólico, formas identitárias de pertencimento. Essa abordagem buscou ultrapassar uma dimensão puramente econômica, ou puramente simbólica de tal mudança para associá-la às formas de representação e de identidade inscritas num contexto de “novas sociabilidades” vivenciadas na precariedade e na informalidade das relações de trabalho. Verificou-se que tais sujeitos compartilham um processo ambíguo de desqualificação social, na forma de uma “autonomia perversa” e de um reconhecimento denegado, no que tange às condições de vida e ao acesso aos direitos e à proteção, pela interioriorização de uma identidade incerta e estigmatizada historicamente, mas por outro lado, pela possibilidade concreta de integração, ainda que periférica, que tal condição representa, reiterando formas de resistência e luta desses trabalhadores urbanos na busca do enfrentamento de suas condições de pobreza na atualidade. Such a thesis has the aim of investigating the transition of workers of their condition of employed in order for the condition of unprotected socially in the informal commerce of downtown of Salvador city (Bahia) in order to question in what circumstances such a misplacing process has represented a trajectory of social disqualification due to work disqualification socially in the streets. Such a study has been based on the analysis of the life trajectory and work of such vagrant sellers and it has had as a hypothesis of social disqualification which has been made by Serge Pauga when analyzing the process of work disqualification in France. It has specified such a process in Brazil as well which has been a country with historical singularities in its structural constitution of work field. as well as too many cultural, economical and social inequalities due to a segmentation of work field. In order to verify such a hypothesis such a study has been based upon the theory of recognition by comparing with other thesis works which have also been based on social inequalities in Brazil in order to evaluate the social status which involves the symbolical plan of identity ways. Such a study has gone beyond a dimension only economical or symbolical in order to associate the representation and identity in a context of new socializations by informal disqualification of work . It has been verified that such people share the same social disqualification as a way of perverse autonomy and a denied recognition in relation to their life situations and the access to the rights and protection due to a uncertain identity which has been stigmatized historically, otherwise by integration of a concrete possibility of integration even by its peripherical condition which has been represented within which reiterates ways of resistance and fight of such urban workers in order to improve their conditions of poverty nowadays.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-05T15:05:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Kelly_Samá_Lopes_de_Vasconcelos.pdf: 899498 bytes, checksum: 7b70712927d11b795cc4e48b29a641d6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-05T15:05:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Kelly_Samá_Lopes_de_Vasconcelos.pdf: 899498 bytes, checksum: 7b70712927d11b795cc4e48b29a641d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-29 / CAPEs / PROPESQ / A informalidade tem sido constantemente discutida na literatura econômica, e os resultados sugerem que uma vez que não existe recolhimento de tributos, são gerados impactos na arrecadação, sendo a Previdência a maior prejudicada. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar, a partir de características do empresário individual, as chances desses empresários contribuírem com a Previdência ou passarem a ter inscrição no Cadastro Nacional de Pessoa Jurídica, a partir da estimação de um modelo de dados em painel logit. As estimativas obtidas mostraram que as chances de formalização dos empreendedores individuais parece ter sido afetada positivamente de 2009 a 2014 ao considerar a contribuição previdenciária; já para o critério CNPJ, os resultados foram positivos, mas de pequena magnitude. Com relação às mudanças nas chances de contribuição com a Previdência, de 2004 a 2008 para 2009 a 2014, pode-se dizer que houve um aumento de 2009 a 2014 das chances de o empresário individual contribuir com a Previdência. Uma possível explicação para a ocorrência de resultados com baixa magnitude na formalização via inscrição no CNPJ estaria no curto período de análise, ou seja, são efeitos de curto prazo. / Informality has been constantly discussed in the economic literature, and the results suggest that since there is nonpayment of taxes are generated impacts on revenues, and the social security most impaired. In this paper the objective is analyze from individual entrepreneur characteristics, the chances of these entrepreneurs contribution to the security or official tax payer administrative file (CNPJ) by the informal individual entrepreneurs, from the estimation of a logit panel model. The estimates obtained demonstrated the odds of formalization of individual entrepreneurs appears to have been positively affected (2009-2014) to consider the social security contributions, as the criterion for CNPJ, the results are positive, but small in magnitude. One possible explanation for the occurrence of results with low magnitude in the formalization of CNPJ would be the short period of analysis.

A informalidade atinge níveis expressivos nos países em desenvolvimento. No Brasil cerca de 50% dos postos de trabalho estão na informalidade, sendo responsáveis por quase 40% do PIB nacional. O modelo de crescimento neoclássico padrão, desenvolvido e aplicado originalmente para países desenvolvidos não é capaz de compreender porque os brasileiros não estão trabalhando menos como conseqüência dos fortes crescimentos das alíquotas tributárias no início dos anos 90. O modelo prevê uma queda dramática do número de horas trabalhadas, entretanto tal fenômeno não é observado nos dados. A informalidade parece uma boa resposta para esse desajuste, pois trabalhadores informais pagam menos impostos e, assim, aumentos nas alíquotas impactariam menos a decisão de ofertar trabalho. O objetivo dessa dissertação é modelar o número de horas trabalhadas pelo brasileiro médio para o período 1986- 1998, adicionando um setor informal no modelo de crescimento neoclássico. A inclusão de um setor informal no modelo diminui o efeito de impostos sobre o número de horas trabalhadas, melhorando assim a aderência do modelo aos dados brasileiros. / The informal sector has reached significant levels in developing countries. In Brazil about 50% of jobs are informal and account for nearly 40% of national GDP. The traditional neoclassical growth model does not explain why, given the significant increase in tax rates in the early 90s, Brazilians did not work less. The traditional model predicts a dramatic drop in the number of hours worked, but such a sharp drop is not observed in Brazilian data. The informal sector seems to be a good explanation for this divergence; informal workers do not pay taxes and so the increases in tax rates should have no impact in ones work-leisure decision. The central aim of this dissertation is to model the number of hours the average Brazilian worked between 1986 and 1998. By including the informal sector, the proposed model predicts a less dramatic change in the number of hours worked in the presence of increasing tax rates. This change makes the predicted number of hours worked closer to the actual behavior found in Brazilian data.

A reorganização econômica, caracterizada pelo processo de globalização, provocou alterações nas estruturas produtivas da economia brasileira e, conseqüentemente, mudanças no mercado de trabalho. Essas mudanças refletiram-se nas características setoriais de emprego, trazendo uma grande preocupação quanto às relações de trabalho e à crescente taxa de desemprego. A reorientação do modelo de desenvolvimento, que transitava de proteção ao setor industrial para uma economia aberta e a consolidação da moeda, a partir de 1990, originou profundas mudanças no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Os postos de trabalho dos setores primário e secundário foram reduzidos, enquanto que, no setor terciário, houve aumento dos empregos, mas não suficiente para absorver todos os trabalhadores liberados dos demais setores. A participação dos trabalhadores no mercado informal no ano de 2003 representava cerca de 52%. Dessa forma, a questão de empregos no Brasil nos últimos anos tem se tornado cada vez mais discutida e questionada quanto à capacidade de gerar novos empregos e qual a qualidade desses empregos. O trabalho pretende discutir as características e evolução do pessoal ocupado procurando analisar a relação setorial entre os empregos formais e informais, a partir de 1990, sob a ótica do modelo Insumo-Produto. Os principais resultados apontam que houve uma redução da capacidade de gerar empregos para cada um milhão de reais da produção. Os dados mostram que apesar da proporção de trabalhadores informais na economia ser superior aos trabalhadores na formalidade, o setor formal foi o responsável por cerca de 60% dos empregos gerados no período estudado. / The reorganization of the Brazilian economy, in the globalization process, has brought out changes in its productive structure, and, consequently, changes in the job market. These changes had impact on the employment at the sectoral level, with great concerns related to the labor relations and to the growing unemployment rates. In the 1990s, the change in the focus of the development strategy, from a closed protected economy to an open economy with monetary control, has originated deep changes in the labor market. The number of employed persons in the primary and secondary sector was reduced, while in the tertiary sector there was an increase in the number of jobs, but not enough to absorb all the employees released from the previous two sectors. The share of informal jobs in the Brazilian economy was around 52% in 2003. In this way, the question of employment generated by the economic sectors, in number and quality, has become a crucial issue. The goal of this work is to study the characteristics and the evolution of the occupied persons, and to relate it with the formal and informal job market, as well as the economy productive structure, using for that input-output matrices constructed for the Brazilian economy. The main results show that there was a reduction in the capacity of the economy to generate employment for every million of Reais produced in a given sector. The data also shows that despite the ratio of informal workers in the economy being superior to the workers in the formality, the formal sector was responsible for about 60% of the jobs generated in the period of analysis.

[pt] Esta dissertação tem por principal objetivo analisar os efeitos do salário mínimo sobre o mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Para isto, exploramos o processo de convergência dos salários mínimos regionais ocorrido durante a primeira metade dos anos 80. A metodologia empregada foi usualmente denominada diferenças em diferenças e as informações utilizadas foram obtidas da Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego (PME) para as seis principais regiões metropolitanas brasileiras. Além disso, desenvolvemos um modelo teórico que procura captar os impactos sob salário mínimo sobre o salário dos trabalhadores informais. / [en] The main objective of this disseration is to analyse the effects of the minimum wage on the Brazilian labour market. In order to do that, we explore the regional convergence of the Brazilian minimum wage that occured during the first half of the 80’s. Our methodology is based on the so called differences-in-differences approach and the data we use were obtained from the monthly household survey Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego (PME) for the six main Brazilian metropolitan regions. In addition, we develop a theorical model that tries to explain the influence of the Brazilian minimum wage on the wage of informal workers.

[pt] Nos últimos 15 anos, o grau de informalidade no mercado de trabalho brasileiro vem aumentando quase que monotonicamente, tendo permanecido estável nos últimos dois anos em torno de 60% da população economicamente ativa. Este fenômeno impressiona não só pela grandeza como também pela persistência, levando a uma pergunta inevitável: o que está acontecendo e por quê? As instituições do mercado de trabalho são freqüentemente apontadas como uma das principais causas do seu mau funcionamento e argumenta-se que seu desenho inadequado estaria gerando incentivos à informalidade tanto para trabalhadores quanto para empregadores. Este trabalho tem por objetivo contribuir para o debate analisando os efeitos destas instituições sobre o grau de informalidade, desemprego e bem-estar da economia. Para tanto, desenvolve-se um modelo de matching com dois setores - formal e informal - em que firmas e trabalhadores negociam salários (através de uma barganha de Nash) e que incorpora as principais características institucionais do mercado de trabalho brasileiro. O modelo é resolvido numericamente, o que permite realizar experimentos de política não só qualitativos como também quantitativos. A partir dos resultados obtidos com estes exercícios é possível observar que variações nos custos de demissão têm impactos mais significativos sobre o grau de informalidade e desemprego do que reduções no custo não salarial do trabalho. Mostra-se também que a legislação não pode ser responsabilizada pelos elevados diferenciais de salários observados entre trabalhadores dos setores formal e informal. Ao contrário, na ausência de qualquer heterogeneidade entre firmas e empregados, o diferencial unicamente induzido pela legislação é amplamente favorável aos trabalhadores informais. Além da análise formal, é feita também uma revisão da literatura relevante. / [en] In the last 15 years, informality in the Brazilian labor market has been rising steadily, having stabilized in the last two years around 60% of the economically active population. The magnitude of this phenomenon is impressive not only for its intensity but also for its persistence, leading to an inevitable question: what is happening and why? Labor market institutions are usually pointed as one of the main causes of informality and it is frequently argued that their poor design would be generating incentives towards informality both for workers and employers. The objective of this work its to contribute for the debate analyzing the effects of these institutions on the informality degree, unemployment and welfare of the economy. To do so, I develop a matching model with two sectors - formal and informal - where workers and firms negotiate wages (through a Nash bargain) and the main institutional characteristics of the Brazilian labor market are included. The model is numerically solved, what allows investigating not only qualitative but also quantitative effects of policy experiments. From the results obtained with these exercises is possible to observe, for instance, that variations in the dismissal costs have more significant impacts on the informality degree and equilibrium unemployment than reductions in non-wage costs of labor. Besides this formal analysis, a review of the relevant literature and of the Brazilian labor legislation is made.

The following study situates itself within the Post-Modern, post-positivist epistemological paradigm that seeks to approach urban informality (and more appropriately, a-formality) within the South African township landscape, not as a problem to be solved, but rather as a generative manifestation of being – and the de facto restitution of prevailing urban inefficiencies engendered through applied Euclidean zoning practices. Specifically, the architectural complexities of urban informality as the embodiment of socio-cultural values, and the efficacy of these architectural complexities to manifest real change within the urban environment. Theories and methods of Smart Urbanism, Complexity Science, Urban Informality and Urban Morphology are investigated and applied as a means to understand this emerging architectural complexity as a physical manifestation of urban identity and its physical impact on the original urban fabric, given as empirical evidence. A qualitative empirical data collection, followed by qualitative, interpretive analyses of urban informality at various scales forms the basis of the research method. The neighbourhood consisting of the Khalambazo and White City Sections, in the African township of Mamelodi East, Gauteng, is utilised as a case study to critically analyse and document urban a-formality and emerging architectural complexity. As is discussed within the current study, complex agents of a-formality within the chosen study area are entities informed by contextualised, location-specific human relationships that are temporally and spatially interrelated with each other. Emergent complexity inherent in urban a-formality leads to context-specific multi-functional urban morphological alterations that contribute to urban transformation over time. Positive urban transformation is made possible through the generative adaptability of multi-functional localised complex agents over time. Therefore, Mamelodi East is a significant case study to understand our Post- Apartheid urban condition, from where we can learn to enact meaningful change that responds to the existing dialogues that have already been established. The analysis and documentation of urban informality within townships, as forms of complex emergence manifest in built form, can enable a deeper understanding not only of the new South African condition but also of the global human condition. / Dissertation (MArch)--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Architecture / MArch (Research) / Unrestricted

In Mabopane’s core, designers have, in an idealistic, static and utopian fashion, created environments for a society that does not exist, which has resulted in a tension between formal environments and informal activities. Because of the nature of formal institutions, informality (which is the backbone of identity of place) is suffering and being encroached upon by formal developments. In reality, in all formality lies some informality, and vice versa. The intention is not to formalise the informal or informalise the formal, but rather to create a hybrid space where the two extremes (which are dependent on each other for survival) can co-exist and form a symbiotic relationship. How does one create this landscape of co-dependence? The answer is firstly sought in a programmatic approach . An apprenticeship workshop inherits current site activities and forges a new relationship between the two extremes by sourcing the by-products of retail from the formal structure (i.e. the shopping centre) and utilising the evident resource effi ciency of the community in order to solve a series of urban problems. The programme consists of two branches: the larger product manufacturing (where a current modular housing system with added recycled insulation is produced); and the smaller workshops (where fi ner crafts are practised, such as sewing and mending). These spaces are aimed at creating social, economic and knowledge-exchange environments. The programme is used as a vessel to illustrate the concept that three types of spaces are required: the necessary, the optional and the spontaneous. The programme is designed in such a way that it compliments existing activities, introduces new ones where necessary and capitalises on established networks. The built form is thus required to create a hybrid landscape of exchange. In order to create this landscape, a visual language is extracted from the context, deciphered and applied to the proposed site and activities. The designer is only capable of creating the formal and not in control of the informal, but one can learn from the fabric by deciphering some of the visible patterns on how to create successful space. This understanding of “anonymous architecture” aims to stimulate the narrative between the two extremes. By examining the context, understanding what works and why it works in that specifi c way, a decision on what formal intervention is needed, could be supported to compliment and refl ect the dynamic properties of the context. This familiarity of form is used to create an architecture that is region specifi c in its message and use. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted

The purpose, of this mini dissertation is to understand South Africa as a country in a spatial crisis that leads to the entrapment of the black body in a social, political, economic and legally depressed state. The crisis describes and is as a result of the multiple upheavals and ruptures that have shaped the post-colonial, particularly African, landscape, and experiences of its people. Particular to the post-colonial landscape is that these ruptures are largely defined by the history of extraction, exclusion and violence by the white elite against the black poor. The nature of the crisis is that it continues to support and re-enact the same colonial oppressive outcomes, ensuring the black poor continue to exist in a state of marginalisation. The spaces in the crisis also work to physically push out and keep marginalised black people in informal spaces away from economic activity. But additionally, the intangible elements of space mean that black people carry the consequences and definitions of these spaces with them which define how they are interpellated, ensuring that in and out of the physical space they are viewed as sub-human. In this dissertation I am particularly interested in how transformative constitutionalism can proactively facilitate spatial justice for the historically and presently marginalised in ameliorating the effects of the crisis. Spatial justice, in my understanding would mean the removal of the abyssal line and simultaneity between those interpellated as human and sub-human. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Jurisprudence / LLM / Unrestricted