Trois essais sur la région MENA et l'économie informelle. / Informality is a social and economical phenomenon that has huge implications on societies. Over $3.1 trillion annually is lost to tax evasion worldwide (see The Tax Justice Network report). Informality means different things to different people. Sometimes this term is used to describe tax evasion and sometimes to refer to noncompliance with labor or regulations. Whatever definition is used, informality can be a serious problem in some countries, stifling investment, undermining the overall competetiveness of the whole economy and impeding growth. It could also be an important remedy in other countries playing a role as a mechanism of economic adjustment and source of livelihood for the poor and unemployed. Hart [1973] was the first anthropologist to observe, study and coin the word "informal economy" in his research in Accra and today’s literature is largely based on his work. Societies started acknowledging the importance of informality and then eventually economists, sociologists and anthropologists started analyzing its characteristics worldwide. […]

Esta pesquisa discute as transformações que vêm ocorrendo nos tradicionais mercados populares do centro de São Paulo (Brás, 25 de Março e Santa Ifigênia), a partir das chamadas galerias e feiras da madrugada. Atualmente, milhares de revendedores, vindos da periferia da cidade, da região metropolitana, do interior do Estado e também de outros estados, direcionam-se a estas regiões em busca de oportunidades de negócios. Além de brasileiros, encontram-se, nesses espaços, bolivianos, chineses, paraguaios, peruanos, libaneses, angolanos, entre outros, atuando seja na distribuição de uma produção local, seja como importadores ou, ainda, como compradores que visam revender as mercadorias em seus países de origem de modo que esses locais passaram a dialogar de outra maneira com a economia urbana da cidade. As formas de controle e fiscalização que incidem sobre estes espaços também se alteraram, tanto por meio das políticas de formalização de certas práticas, que são toleradas e até incentivadas, como através do recrudescimento da repressão policial, que em determinados comportamentos e práticas passam a ser combatidos e reprimidos. A pesquisa procurou problematizar os agenciamentos locais que se constituem em torno do desenvolvimento desses mercados populares, as formas de regulação, práticas de controle e fiscalização de diferentes agentes estatais e a dinâmica dos atores localmente situados. Trata-se de problematizar tais agenciamentos, como eles se formam no entrecruzamento de circuitos de mercadorias de diferentes procedências, quais são as mediações em jogo e de que maneira eles se conectam com as novas formas de gestão da produção e estratégias de circulação e distribuição comercial / This research proposes a discussion on the transformations that have been taking place at the popular tradicional markets in São Paulo downtown, which are: Brás, 25 de março e Santa Ifigênia, through the so called galleries and late-night-early-morning faires. Nowadays, thousands of resellers, coming from the peripheral areas of town, from the metropolitan region, from inter-state and from other states, go into those areas searching for trade oportunities. Besides Brazilian people, these areas receive people from Bolivia, China, Paraguay, Peru, Leban, Angola, among others, who act as distribuitors of local produce, importers of products and buyers who aim at reselling the goods in their original countries. This way, these places have started a different dialogue with the urban economy of the city. The control and fiscalization applied to these spaces have also changed, not only through the policies of formalization of certain practices that are tolerated, and even incentivated, but also through the recrudescence of the police repression, in which certain behaviors and practices have begun to be fought against and repressed. This study made an attempt to problematize the local assemblages that constitute themselves around the development of these popular markets, amidst regulation ways, practices of control and fiscalization done by different state agents, and the dynamics of the locally placed actors. It is about problematizing these assemblages, the ways in which they are formed in the intersection of goods circuits coming from different origins, which the mediations in play are and in which way they are connected with the new management forms and strategies of commercial circulation and distribuition

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de dois estudos empíricos utilizando a base de dados da Economia Informal Urbana (ECINF) do IBGE sobre micro negócios nas capitais do Brasil. O primeiro estudo avalia o impacto da introdução da lei do SIMPLES sobre a formalização das firmas. Introduzida em 1996, essa lei reduziu e simplificou a carga fiscal das micro e pequenas empresas brasileiras. Utilizando os métodos diferenças em diferenças e propensity score matching, verificou-se que a lei estimulou as firmas de comércio a entrarem no setor formal. O segundo estudo investiga a associação (matching) entre características observáveis dos empregados e seus empregadores. Foram encontradas evidências da existência de matching: os proprietários das firmas contratam trabalhadores com o mesmo sexo, faixa etária e nível educacional que o seu. Além disso, há evidências de que essa combinação afeta a escolha do contrato: empregados e empregadores parecidos têm mais chances de estabelecer contratos que remuneram o desempenho. / [en] This thesis explores the ECINF database, a survey conducted by the Brazilian Census Bureau that investigates micro- enterprises in Brazil, in two different aspects. First, the enactment of a new tax registration system (SIMPLES) is investigated. This system has reduced the tax collection of small and micro enterprises in Brazil. Using difference in difference and propensity score matching methods, it was found that the new system has increased the formality among firms in the retail sector. Second, the linked employer-employee nature of the data was used to study the issue of matching between employers and employees. The results indicate the presence of matching in the labor contracts. There is evidence that employers tend to contract workers with the same gender, age and educational level. Moreover, it is shown that this matching affects the contract form. People with the same gender and educational level prefer piece rate contracts.

De acordo com o discurso oficial presente nas agências de fomento à atividade, nos órgãos governamentais e na grande mídia, o turismo é um setor responsável pela criação de grande quantidade de postos de trabalho e geração de renda para o país. No entanto, em outra vertente de análise, quando identificamos a real quantidade de postos de trabalho criados e a qualidade dos mesmos percebemos que o discurso parece não se refletir na prática. Visando investigar a presente situação este estudo tem por objetivo identificar as principais características do trabalho no turismo no Brasil. Para tanto, realizamos um trabalho de pesquisa para levantar o total do pessoal ocupado, a distribuição geográfica, além de aspectos demográficos e ocupacionais do trabalho no setor, onde identificamos sinais de forte informalidade, baixos salários, extensas jornadas, baixa qualificação e precarização. Este levantamento mais acurado permite um melhor entendimento do emprego no setor, bem como importantes aspectos da organização do próprio turismo no país. / According to the official speech, present in the activity promotion agencies, in government agencies and in the mainstream media, tourism is an industry responsible for creating a large number of jobs and generating income for the country. However, in another aspect of analysis, when we identify the real number of jobs created and the quality of the same, we realize that the speech does not seem to be reflected in practice. Aiming to investigate the present situation, this study aims to identify the main characteristics of labour in tourism in Brazil. To do so, we carried out a survey to collect the total number of employees, geographical distribution, demographic and occupational aspects of the labour in the sector, identifying signs of strong informality, low salaries, long hours, low qualification and precariousness. This more accurate survey, however, will allow a better understanding of labour and employment in the sector, as well as aspects of the organization of tourism itself in the country.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia dos Santos.pdf: 497006 bytes, checksum: 57aa459987bd988cfb01a4548d49b1ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-15 / Due to the hegemony of capitalism system that globalization has set, regional and global markets have suffered many deep changes and some categories and businesses have vanished while others have been created. Among the new ones, the informal sector has arisen strongly and this study is exactly about this issue based on the following title: informal sector an unclear category . This study aims to codify the different concepts of informality and its subsystems in order to have a better understanding of this relevant and meaningful economic sector for Brazilian market, consistently aiming to subsidize initiatives in the subsystems supported by the public sector. Methodologically, this study brings for discussion the dynamics and standards of Brazilian labor market since the 90 s by thoroughly and critically describing the customs opening and its consequences to national productive sectors, denationalization, informal sector, informal activities, regionalisms, informal work characteristics and its categories. It discusses the concept of informality, residual concept and informality consequences, cost and the informal concept segmentation / Com a hegemonia do sistema capitalista configurado pela globalização, os mercados regionais e mundial sofreram várias e profundas modificações extinguindo categorias e setores e gerando outras. Dentre esses setores, surgiu de forma impactante o setor informal e é sobre ele que esta pesquisa discute tomando como base o seguinte título: setor informal: uma categoria imprecisa. Tem como objetivo sistematizar os diferentes conceitos de informalidade e de seus respectivos subsistemas a fim de entender de forma mais consistente esse setor econômico de expressiva significação no mercado brasileiro com o propósito de subsidiar iniciativas localizadas nos subsistemas de forma mais consistente com respaldo do setor público. Metodologicamente, traz à discussão as dinâmicas e configurações do mercado de trabalho brasileiro desde os anos 1990 descrevendo pormenorizado e criticamente a abertura alfandegária e suas respectivas conseqüências para os setores produtivos nacionais, a desestatização, o setor informal, as atividades informais, as regionalidades, as características do trabalho informal e suas categorias. Discute o conceito de informalidade, conceito residual, e as conseqüências da informalidade, o custo da informalidade e as segmentações do conceito informal

Apesar das diferenças existentes entre língua oral e língua escrita, ambas se interrelacionam; por isso são vistas por estudiosos da linguagem, como Briz e Marcushi, entre outros, como um continuum. Sabe-se que nessas duas modalidades encontram-se tanto o registro formal quanto o informal. Dessa forma, seria errôneo, por exemplo, dizer que língua coloquial é o mesmo que língua oral, embora se reconheça que a coloquialidade está mais presente na modalidade falada que na modalidade escrita. Logo, de forma alguma a coloquialidade é exclusiva da oralidade. Para se reconstruir um texto oral coloquial, portanto, é necessário não só lançar mão de um planejamento estilístico, como também empregar marcas próprias da oralidade e da coloquialidade, como expressões fixas, gírias, marcadores interacionais, entre outras. A análise deste trabalho, por conseguinte, consiste em identificar e analisar tais marcas no corpus. Para comprovar a presença dessas marcas, além de facilitar sua visualização, elaboramos uma tabela Outro elemento abordado nessa pesquisa, ainda que de forma incipiente, foi a questão da comicidade presente no corpus. Assim, considerando a presença da oralidade/coloquialidade e da comicidade, este trabalho se propõe a verificar, a partir da análise da relação entre ambas, de que maneira a oralidade colabora para a produção do efeito de sentido cômico no texto. / In spite of the differences between oral and written language, both are interrelated, that is why they are seen by researchers as Briz, Marcushi and others like a continuum.It is known that in both modalities we can find as much formal as colloquial register. Because of this it would be wrong to say that colloquial language is the same as oral language, although we recognize that the informality is more present in the spoken modality than in the written one, by no means we can assert that informality only appears in the orality.In order to reconstruct an oral/ colloquial text it is necessary to use a stylistic planning and to make use of oral and colloquial aspects as: ready expressions, slang, signs of interaction and others. The analysis of our work consists of identifying signs of orality/ informality in the corpus. To prove the existence of these signs in our corpus we made a chart where it is possible to visualize them. Another feature that was slightly discussed in our research was the humor present in the corpus. Considering the presence of orality/ informality and humor, we tried to establish a relationship between both, or else, to show that orality also helped to a funny effect in the text.

Esta pesquisa constrói o argumento de que a indústria lítica de Abrigos Vermelhos não corresponde à falta de padronização técnica ou a degeneração das habilidades dos artesãos ocorridas a partir de repertórios tecnológicos líticos do início do Holoceno. Em interface com a Arqueologia de Lugar, a noção de contexto é utilizada para substituir esta argumentação, pela noção de intencionalidade de produção deste conjunto artefatual em meio à relação estabelecida com outros vestígios arqueológicos no sítio, preferivelmente à noção de informalidade, de oportunismo e de irregularidade dos procedimentos técnicos atribuídos habitualmente à produção lítica do período de transição entre horizontes caçadores-coletores e ceramistas. / This research builds the argument that the lithic industry from Abrigos Vermelhos does not correspond with a lack of technical standardization or with the degeneration of the ability of the craftsmen that occurred since the lithic technological repertories of the beginning of the Holocene. Interfacing with the Archaeology of Place, the idea of context is used to replace this reasoning with the idea of intentionality of production of this set of artifacts amidst the stablished relation with other archaeological remains on the site, preferably to the notion of informality, opportunism and unevenness of the technical procedures usually assigned to the lithic production of the transition period between the hunter-gatherer and potter horizons.

Esta pesquisa discute as transformações que vêm ocorrendo nos tradicionais mercados populares do centro de São Paulo (Brás, 25 de Março e Santa Ifigênia), a partir das chamadas galerias e feiras da madrugada. Atualmente, milhares de revendedores, vindos da periferia da cidade, da região metropolitana, do interior do Estado e também de outros estados, direcionam-se a estas regiões em busca de oportunidades de negócios. Além de brasileiros, encontram-se, nesses espaços, bolivianos, chineses, paraguaios, peruanos, libaneses, angolanos, entre outros, atuando seja na distribuição de uma produção local, seja como importadores ou, ainda, como compradores que visam revender as mercadorias em seus países de origem de modo que esses locais passaram a dialogar de outra maneira com a economia urbana da cidade. As formas de controle e fiscalização que incidem sobre estes espaços também se alteraram, tanto por meio das políticas de formalização de certas práticas, que são toleradas e até incentivadas, como através do recrudescimento da repressão policial, que em determinados comportamentos e práticas passam a ser combatidos e reprimidos. A pesquisa procurou problematizar os agenciamentos locais que se constituem em torno do desenvolvimento desses mercados populares, as formas de regulação, práticas de controle e fiscalização de diferentes agentes estatais e a dinâmica dos atores localmente situados. Trata-se de problematizar tais agenciamentos, como eles se formam no entrecruzamento de circuitos de mercadorias de diferentes procedências, quais são as mediações em jogo e de que maneira eles se conectam com as novas formas de gestão da produção e estratégias de circulação e distribuição comercial / This research proposes a discussion on the transformations that have been taking place at the popular tradicional markets in São Paulo downtown, which are: Brás, 25 de março e Santa Ifigênia, through the so called galleries and late-night-early-morning faires. Nowadays, thousands of resellers, coming from the peripheral areas of town, from the metropolitan region, from inter-state and from other states, go into those areas searching for trade oportunities. Besides Brazilian people, these areas receive people from Bolivia, China, Paraguay, Peru, Leban, Angola, among others, who act as distribuitors of local produce, importers of products and buyers who aim at reselling the goods in their original countries. This way, these places have started a different dialogue with the urban economy of the city. The control and fiscalization applied to these spaces have also changed, not only through the policies of formalization of certain practices that are tolerated, and even incentivated, but also through the recrudescence of the police repression, in which certain behaviors and practices have begun to be fought against and repressed. This study made an attempt to problematize the local assemblages that constitute themselves around the development of these popular markets, amidst regulation ways, practices of control and fiscalization done by different state agents, and the dynamics of the locally placed actors. It is about problematizing these assemblages, the ways in which they are formed in the intersection of goods circuits coming from different origins, which the mediations in play are and in which way they are connected with the new management forms and strategies of commercial circulation and distribuition

Effective team working across disciplines is essential to solve the technological and managerial problems associated with construction projects. However, while it is widely accepted that this method of working is critical to the achievement organisational goals, it is a poorly understood process. Generic best practice recipes on how to improve team work in collaborative projects appears to have had limited impact on performance. Unless the realities of implementing and managing such joint endeavours are conceptualised and articulated in a manner that reflects the actual processes and patterns of behaviour, multi-disciplinary team working will remain a poorly understood working model. The goal of this work was to develop a conceptual framework that visualises the real success factors of multi-disciplinary working so that practitioners can apply a new understanding of predictable processes and patterns of behaviours to improve collaborative project outcomes. To achieve this, the project started with an exploration of critical success factors in multi-disciplinary design projects, encompassing extensive interviewing, workshops and a survey followed by a grounded theory (GT) study of collaborative working in six multi-disciplinary design projects. The switch to GT methodology offered possibilities to further probe into the dynamics of multi-disciplinary team working from the perspective of the team members. The findings show that team working in multi-disciplinary design projects can be explained through the social process of informalising. Informalising refers to the strategies practitioners use to cope with the multiple pressures and unforeseen demands that pervade the collaborative design environments. It portrays the relevance of managing of expectations and value-judging to remain effective and efficient in the face of change and uncertainty. These are critical factors that influence the project trajectory and experience of those involved. Alongside these results the work also demonstrates the importance of so called super soft factors such as shared values, creativity and innovation and passion and enthusiasm to achieve positive project outcomes. Overall, recognising that the process of informalising forms an essential part of cultivating collaboration, and hence getting the work done, more attention should be given to understand such activity in today s turbulent and transient project organisations. Knowledge and understanding of this form of emergent and improvisational strategy may enable managers to predict and control patterns of behaviour inherent in the management of collaborative design projects, and positively influence project outcomes in terms of perceived value and profit.

A Paris, il existe en marge des marchés aux Puces des zones de vente informelle réunissant des personnes en situation de précarité qui font commerce d'articles de récupération et, dans une moindre mesure, d'articles neufs. Face à la répression policière accrue dont elles font l'objet, un mouvement militant s'est constitué pour défendre le droit des vendeurs informels d'articles de récupération, les biffins, à occuper l'espace public. Parallèlement, le phénomène, souvent désigné par l'expression de « marchés de la misère », s'est étendu, gagnant des quartiers moins périphériques. L'approche retenue se situe à l'articulation entre action collective et action publique. La thèse retrace l'évolution des « marchés de la misère » et du mouvement de défense des biffins, tout en rendant compte de l'instauration de plusieurs dispositifs d'encadrement des biffins. Il s'agit de montrer comment le traitement politique de l'informalité donne lieu à une hybridation partielle de l'action publique à travers la controverse sur les biffins et les « marchés de la misère ». Dans ce contexte, le mouvement de défense des biffins est marqué par une fragmentation qui entrave sa montée en généralité. Il est traversé de conflits internes qui découlent du caractère partiel et partial de l'encadrement des biffins, mais qui, réciproquement, l'entretiennent. La redéfinition à la marge de la place des vendeurs de rue et récupérateurs informels que sont les biffins relève alors plus du registre de la régulation que de celui de l'alternative, dans un contexte où le recul des tolérances envers les activités informelles débouche une gestion incrémentale et semi-institutionnalisée au niveau local. / In Paris, there are, on the margins of the flea markets, some areas of informal street trade gathering people in precarious situations selling second-hand items and, to a lesser extent, new items. In face of the harsher repression they endure, a collective movement got formed to defend the right of the informal vendors selling second-hand items, the biffins, to occupypublic space. At the same time, the phenomenon, often qualified as « misery markets », has extended, spreading to less outlying areas. The approach focuses on the link between collective action and public action. The thesis relates the evolution of the « misery markets » and of the biffins' movement. It aims at showing how the political treatment ofinformality causes a partial hybridization of public action through the controversy about the biffins and the « misery markets ». In this context, the biffin's movement is marked by a division hindering its generalization. It is crossed by internal conflicts deriving from the partial and biased nature of the institutionnalization of the biffins' activities, but which, in turn, fuels this. The minor redefinition of the place of this informal street vendors and wastepickers is thus more a matter of regulation than of alternative, in a context where the reduction of police tolerances toward informal activities leads to an incremental and semiinstitutionnalized type of management, at the local level.