Com a introdução de uma nova classe de antiretrovirais integrantes da terapia anti-retroviral altamente ativa (HAART) para o tratamento das infecções pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana, começaram a ser descritos inúmeros efeitos secundários.Na tentativa de se estabelecer um modelo animal para o estudo destes efeitos buscou-se uma espécie com similaridade no perfil e metabolismo lipídico. Iniciou-se estudo em Mesocricetus auratus. Foram avaliados o perfil lipídico e glicêmico,função hepática e renal, níveis de auto-anticorpos anti ox-LDL, perfil eletrocardiográfico, alterações histopatológicas renais e cardíacas nos animais sob dieta hiperlipídica e normal,tratados com Indinavir, inibidor de protease utilizado na HAART. Observou-se uma diminuição da sobrevida nos animais tratados com indinavir, aumento do nível sérico de triglicérides e glicose, redução de auto-anticorpos anti ox-LDL,aumento do segmento QRS no eletrocardiograma, presença de fibrose renal e cardíaca, hipercelularidade glomerular nos animais tratados com a droga com ou sem dieta hiperlipídica quando comparados com os controles. Concluimos que Mesocricetus auratus se apresenta como um bom modelo para o desvendamento dos mecanismos patológicos observados na HAART. / With the introduction of a new antiretroviral class use, integrants of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) for the treatment of infections by human immunodeficiency virus, several side effects started to be described.To establish an animal model for the study of these side effects, was chosen specie that have similarities in the lipidic profile and metabolism. A study in Mesocricetus auratus was started. It was evaluated the lipidic and glicemic profile ,hepatic and renal function, the levels of auto-antibodies against ox-LDL, electrocardiographic profile and renal and cardiac histopathological alterations in these animals under hyperlipidic and normal diets,treated with Indinavir, a protease inhibitor used in HAART.It was observed a decrease in the survival rate in the animals treated with Indinavir; an increase of the triglycerides and glucose serum level; reduction of anti ox-LDL auto-antibodies; increased QRS segment in the electrocardiogram; presence of renal and cardiac fibrosis; glomerular hypercellularity in the animals treated with the drug, with or without hyperlipidic diet when compared with the controls. We conclude that the Mesocricetus auratus is a good model for disclosure of the pathological mechanisms generated by HAART.

A malária é a doença tropical com maior taxa de mortalidade global. O surgimento de resistência às terapias de primeira linha reforça a necessidade do desenvolvimento de novos candidatos a fármacos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a descoberta de inibidores e otimização da atividade destas moléculas como candidatos a compostos líderes para o desenvolvimento de novos agentes antimaláricos. Nesse sentido, realizamos a triagem da coleção Malaria Box e identificamos 11 moléculas de diferentes classes químicas como candidatos a inibidores da enzima enolase de Plasmodium falciparum (Pfeno). Em seguida, determinamos a potência inibitória contra a enzima alvo (IC50 entre 11 – >1.000 μM), atividade antiplasmodial in vitro contra a forma eritrocítica do parasito (EC503D7 entre 5,6–1.600 nM) e citotoxicidade (MCL50 > 19 μM) do subconjunto de 11 compostos do Malaria Box (1–11). Ensaios de combinação com o antimalárico artesunato e estágio de ação foram conduzidos para avaliar o potencial de associação e qual fase do ciclo eritrocítico seria mais suscetível as moléculas desse subconjunto. Os resultados obtidos indicam que alguns compostos apresentam caráter aditivo (2 e 9) ou antagônico (1, 3–8, 10 e 11) em relação ao artesunato e ação rápida (1–3, 5, 7, 9–11) ou lenta (4, 6 e 8) no desenvolvimento do parasita. Diante desses resultados, um conjunto de critérios estruturais e de atividade biológica foi estabelecido para a seleção de um candidato para estudos de relação estrutura-atividade (SAR). O derivado de hidrazinobenzimidazol (4) foi selecionado como hit inicial e 24 derivados (12–35) foram planejados, sintetizados e tiveram a atividade de inibição enzimática (IC50 entre 44 – >200 μM), atividade antiplasmodial contra cepas sensível (EC503D7 entre 0,19–14 μM) e resistente (EC50K1 entre 0,15–2,4 μM) e citotoxicidade (MCL50 > 3,7 μM) determinadas no primeiro ciclo de SAR. Os dados obtidos sugerem que a enzima Pfeno não é o alvo principal de ação dos derivados hidrazinobenzimidazol, contudo, a atividade antiplasmodial da série indicou razoável distribuição em termos de potência e variabilidade estrutural que permitiram a construção de um modelo HQSAR (q2= 0,64 e r2 = 0,93) adequado para o planejamento e predição da atividade inibitória de oito novos derivados hidrazinobenzimidazol (36–43). Os novos derivados foram sintetizados e tiveram sua atividade antiplasmodial (EC503D7 entre 0,10–2,3μM), citotoxicidade (MCL50 > 3 μM) e seletividade (SI > 5) determinadas. Os dados de validação prospectiva do modelo indicaram boa correlação entre a atividade real e predita para os novos derivados. Além disso, neste segundo ciclo de SAR foi descoberto o composto 41 como o mais potente (EC50 = 0,1 μM) e seletivo (SI > 2.000) da série investigada neste trabalho. Nossos resultados indicam que os derivados hidrazinobenzimidazol são moléculas atrativas para a descoberta de compostos líderes para o desenvolvimento de candidatos a fármacos antimaláricos. / Malaria is the tropical disease with the highest overall mortality rate. The emergence of resistance to first-line therapies reinforces the need for the development of new drug candidates. The main goal of this work was the discovery and optimization of these molecules as lead candidates for the development of new antimalarial agents. In this sense, we screened Malaria Box collection and identified 11 molecules from different chemical classes as inhibitor candidates of Plasmodium falciparum enolase enzyme (Pfeno). Then, we determined the inhibitory potency against the target enzyme (IC50 between 11 – >1.000 μM), in vitro antiplasmodial activity against the erythrocytic form of the parasite (EC503D7 between 5,6–1.600 nM) and cytotoxicity (MCL50 > 19 μM) of the 11 compounds subset from Malaria Box (1–11). Combination with artesunate and stage of action assays were conducted to evaluate the potential of association and which erythrocytic stage would be more susceptible to the molecules of this subset. The results obtained indicate that some compounds showed additive (2 and 9) or antagonistic (1, 3–8, 10 and 11) effect with artesunate and fast (1–3, 5, 7, 9–11) or slow (4, 6 and 8) acting on parasite development. In view of these, a set of structural and biological activity criteria was established for the selection of a candidate for structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. The hydrazinobenzimidazole derivative (4) was selected as hit and 24 derivatives (12–35) were designed, synthesized and had the enzyme inhibitory activity (IC50 between 44 – >200 μM), antiplasmodial activity against sensitive strains (EC503D7 between 0,19–14 μM) and resistant (EC50K1 between 0,15–2,4 μM) and cytotoxicity (MCL50 > 3,7 μM) determined in the first round of SAR. The collected data suggest that Pfeno is not the main target of the hydrazinobenzimidazole derivatives. However, the antiplasmodial activity of the series indicated a reasonable distribution in terms of potency and structural variability which allowed us the development of a HQSAR model (q2 = 0,64 and r2 = 0,93) suitable for the design and prediction of the inhibitory activity of eight new hydrazinobenzimidazole derivatives (36-43). The new derivatives were synthesized and had the antiplasmodial activity (EC503D7 between 0,10–2,3μM), cytotoxicity (MCL50 > 3 μM) and selectivity (SI > 5) evaluated. The prospective validation of the HQSAR model indicated good correlation between the actual and predicted activity for the new derivatives. Moreover, in the second round of SAR, compound 41 was discovered as the most potent (EC50 = 0,1 μM) and selective (SI > 2,000) in these series. Our results indicate that the hydrazinobenzimidazole derivatives are attractive molecules for the discovery of new lead compounds for the development of antimalarial drug candidates.

Thesis advisor: Charles S. Hoffman / The biological roles of the most recently discovered mammalian cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) family, PDE11, are poorly understood, in part due to the lack of selective inhibitors. To address this need for such compounds I completed a ~200,000 compound high throughput screen (HTS) for PDE11 inhibitors using a yeast-based growth assay. Further characterization of lead candidates using both growth-based assays in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and in vitro enzyme assays identified four potent and selective PDE11 inhibitors. I examined the effect of these compounds on human adrenocortical cells, where PDE11 is believed to regulate cortisol levels. One compound, along with two structural analogs, elevates cAMP levels and cortisol production through PDE11 inhibition, thus phenocopying the behavior of adrenocortical tumors associated with Cushing syndrome. These compounds can be used as research tools to study the biological function of PDE11, and can also serve as leads to develop therapeutic compounds for the treatment of adrenal insufficiencies. This study further validates the yeast-based HTS platform as a powerful tool for the discovery of potent, selective and biologically-active PDE inhibitors. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Biology.

A angiogênese é um processo fundamental e fisiológico de organismos vertebrados, sendo responsável pela formação de novos vasos sanguíneos a partir dos já existentes. Entretanto, a angiogênese pode ocorrer também em condições patológicas, como causa ou consequência de doenças. Um exemplo disso está nos tumores, que para crescer além de alguns milímetros cúbicos, necessitam de um suprimento adequado de oxigênio e nutrientes, e, portanto, dependem da angiogênese. Por isso, compostos que inibem a angiogênese já estão em uso na clínica, não só para o tratamento de tumores, mas também de outras doenças dependentes da angiogênese, as retinopatias. Neste projeto, daremos continuidade à linha de pesquisa do nosso grupo, que procura identificar e validar peptídeos com potencial translacional (pré-fármacos), por apresentarem atividade anti-angiogênica. Utilizando a metodologia do Phage Display, nosso grupo identificou e caracterizou um hexapeptídeo, que foi selecionado por interagir com os receptores do principal fator iniciador da angiogênese, o VEGF (fator de crescimento endotelial vascular). Os receptores de VEGF (ou VEGFR) são proteínas do tipo receptor tirosina quinase, expressos em células endoteliais e essenciais para a iniciação e progressão da neovascularização. O hexapeptídeo identificado em nosso laboratório liga-se ao VEGFRs e inibe a formação de vasos sanguíneos in vivo em modelos animais de angiogênese. Neste trabalho, procuramos estender os estudos com este hexapeptídeo para identificar o sítio de ligação do mesmo no VEGFR e avançar em modelos que permitam a determinação dos requisitos estruturais de interação peptídeoreceptor. Com estes conhecimentos, poderemos num futuro próximo, caminhar para o desenvolvimento racional de moléculas peptideomiméticas com propriedades anti-angiogênicas. / Angiogenesis is a fundamental and physiological process for vertebrate organisms, being responsible for the formation of new blood vessels, sprouting from the existent ones. However, angiogenesis may occur in pathological conditions, being cause or consequence of diseases. One example is tumor development. To grow beyond a few cubic millimeters, tumors need a suitable supply of oxygen and nutrients, and, therefore, they are dependent of angiogenesis. In fact, anti-angiogenic compounds are already in therapeutic use, targeting not only tumors but other angiogenesis dependent diseases, like retinopathies. In this project, we expand research from our own group to identify and develop anti-angiogenic peptides with translational potential (pre-drugs). Using Phage Display methodology, our group identified and characterized a hexapeptide, that was selected based on its capacity to interact with the receptors for the main initiator factor of angiogenesis, the VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor). VEGF receptors (VEGFR) are tyrosine kinase proteins, expressed by endothelial cells and essential for neovascularization initiation and progress. The hexapeptide identified in our lab binds to VEGFRs and inhibit blood vessel formation in vivo when tested in an angiogenesis animal model. In this study, we seek to further understand the interaction of this hexapeptide with its receptor by identifying its binding domain on VEGFR and develop models that will allow the determination of the structural requirements for interaction of this receptor ligand pair. With this knowledge, we can in a near future progress to a rational development of novel peptidemimetic molecules with angiogenic properties similar to this hexapeptide.

Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) are key oxidative enzymes that are crucial in several biological processes, such as metabolism of exogenous and endogenous substances, the biological transformation of drugs and xenobiotics and biosynthesis of steroids and fatty acid. Several CYP have been identified in extra hepatic tissues implying that these enzymes exert other biological functions, which might explain their association with a number of diseases including diabetes, obesity and cancer. Understanding of these functions may provide the platform for the development of new therapeutic approaches and this is the aim of this investigation, namely to delineate the role of CYP in breast carcinogenesis. Cancer cells exhibit high levels of glycolysis even in the presence of high oxygen concentration. Cancer cells have very high proliferating rates so they need more biosynthesis materials like nucleic acids, phospholipids, fatty acids and glycolysis is the main source of biosynthetic precursors. Energy metabolism has recently attracted the interest of several laboratories as targeting the pathways for energy production in cancer cells could be an efficient anticancer treatment. Previous studies have shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate the energy metabolism in cancer cells. CYP are one of the ROS source. Expression of CYP in extrahepatic implies that these enzymes exert other biological functions which have not yet been elucidated. These findings led us to hypothesise that cytochrome P450 enzymes might be involved in the determination of the pathway of cellular energy metabolism in breast cancer cells and in particular in directing tumour cells to produce energy through glycolysis rather than Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). To investigate the role of CYP in breast carcinogenesis, we followed the protein levels of CYP1B1, CYP1A1, CYP2E1, CYP2C8, CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 in MCF-7 (Michigan Cancer Foundation-7), T47-D, MDA-MB-231 (MD Anderson series 231 cell line) and MDA-MB-468 (MD Anderson series 468 cell line) breast cancer cells treated with glycolytic inhibitors 3-Bromopyruvate and 2-Deoxyglucose (3BP and 2DG). CYP were differentially expressed in breast cancer cells upon treatment with the glycolytic inhibitors (2DG and 3BP) in breast cancer cell lines bearing different genetic background and migratory capacity. The CYP mediated ROS generation was followed in breast cancer cells overexpressing CYP1B1, CYP2C8, CYP2C9 and CYP2E1 or treated with 3BP, 2DG and CYP1B1 specific inhibitor 2,3',4,5'-Tetramethoxystilbene (TMS) by H2DCFDA (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) staining. The functional significance of the CYP1B1, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2E1 mediated modulation of the cellular redox state was investigated by recording changes of indicators of biological pathways known to be affected by the cellular redox state such as cell cycle, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level, lactate level, mitochondrial potential, autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Furthermore, the effect of CYP1B1 and CYP2E1 induction by their inducers (Benzopyrene and Acetaminophen respectively) and inhibition by their specific inhibitors (TMS and chlormethiazole (CMZ) respectively) on cell survival was investigated. Migratory potential of breast cancer cells was investigated under the treatment of glycolytic inhibitors, CYP1B1 inducer and inhibitors. The results obtained provide evidence that CYP are potentially involved in the regulation of ROS, cell cycle, ATP level, lactate level, mitochondrial potential, autophagy, ER stress and migratory potential in a manner dependent on the genetic background of the cells and the stage of the breast cancer, supporting the notion that CYP are potential breast cancer biomarkers.

La MAPK p38α est une protéine clé de l’inflammation, également impliquée dans de nombreux processus liés au cancer. Les petites molécules chimiques inhibitrices de p38α bloquent son activité kinase par un mécanisme de compétition à l’ATP. En raison de la grande conservation du domaine kinase, la spécificité de la majorité de ces inhibiteurs n’est pas restreinte à la p38α et des effets « off-targets » ont été rapportés. Dans ce contexte, le projet de ma thèse a porté sur l’utilisation de fragments d’anticorps au format scFv comme nouvel outil de ciblage pharmacologique afin de définir une/des voie(s) alternative(s) d’inhibition de la p38α. Les fragments d’anticorps lient un motif antigénique avec une affinité et une spécificité élevées, tout comme les immunoglobulines classiques. Leur expression intracellulaire permet également le ciblage de protéines cytoplasmiques et l’étude de leurs fonctions dans des processus physiologiques et pathologiques. Nous avons sélectionné par phage display, à partir d’une banque de fragments d’anticorps, 5 scFv spécifiques de la MAPK p38α. Alors que tous ces scFv empêchent l’activation par phosphorylation de la p38α par MKK6, l’un d’entre eux agit directement sur l’enzyme pour inhiber totalement son activité kinase in vitro. Ce scFv possède un site de liaison et un mécanisme d’inhibition distincts des inhibiteurs pharmacologiques déjà décrits : bien qu’il ne cible pas le domaine kinase et n’empêche pas la fixation de l’ATP, le scFv se comporte comme un inhibiteur compétitif de l’hydrolyse de l’ATP. Ces résultats suggèrent un effet allostérique du scFv sur l’activité de la p38α et permettent de le caractériser comme un inhibiteur compétitif non conventionnel. La détermination de son épitope d‘interaction ainsi que la confirmation de sa fonctionnalité une fois exprimé dans le cytosol des cellules nous permettra de définir une voie alternative d'inhibition de la p38α et de valider notre approche de ciblage par l’utilisation de fragments d’anticorps.Ces données ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives de design d’inhibiteurs chimiques de la p38α de meilleure spécificité que ceux actuellement disponibles. / MAPK p38α is a key protein in inflammation, but is also involved in many cancer-related processes. All the currently described chemical inhibitors of p38α inhibit its kinase activity by an ATP-competitive mechanism. Because of the high conservation of the ATP-binding pocket, the majority of these inhibitors are not specific to p38α and off-target effects have been reported. To identify alternative approaches to inhibit p38α MAPK, my thesis project focused on the use of scFv antibody fragments as a new highly specific pharmacological tool.Antibody fragments bind to an antigen with high affinity and specificity like conventional immunoglobulins. Their intracellular expression also allows to target cytoplasmic proteins and study the target functions in physiological and pathological processes. Using a naïve library of antibody fragments, we have selected by phage display five scFv specific of MAPK p38α isoform. While all these scFv inhibit the activation of p38α by MMK6, one of them also completely inhibits its kinase activity in vitro. This scFv has a binding site and a mechanism of inhibition distinct from the pharmacological inhibitors currently described: although it does not target the ATP-binding pocket and does not prevent ATP binding, it behaves like a competitive inhibitor of ATP hydrolysis. These results suggest an allosteric effect of this scFv on p38α activity and allow to characterize it as an unconventional competitive inhibitor. The determination of its epitope as well as the confirmation of its inhibitory activity once expressed in the cell cytosol will allow us to propose an alternative approach to target p38α function using antibody fragments.These data open up new perspectives for the design of more specific p38α chemical inhibitors than those currently available.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are required for tissue remodelling processes, including angiogenesis. MMP activity is generally proangiogenic but MMP-12 is suggested to be antiangiogenic and its precise role is still unclear. The work in this thesis describes the synthesis of an MMP-12 inhibitor and activity probe to address the hypothesis that MMP-12 inhibits angiogenesis. An inhibitor, synthesised in-house, selectively inhibited MMP-12 in in vitro recombinant enzyme assays. An activity probe, also synthesised in-house, was selective for MMP-12 in in vitro recombinant enzyme assays. The function of MMP-12 during angiogenesis was assessed using murine models of angiogenesis; the in vivo sponge implantation, and the ex vivo aortic ring assays. Angiogenesis and MMP activity were imaged in vivo in sponges in C57Bl6/J mice over 7 − 21 days (D) using commercial probes (MMPSense™ and AngioSense™). MMP-12 protein concentration and activity were higher in sponges during early angiogenesis (D 3 − 7) when gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (a proangiogenic marker) was also high. Gene expression for MMP-12 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (a marker of vascular maturation) were both higher on D 21 as angiogenesis started to stabilise. The MMP-12 activity probe was unsuccessful in selectively detecting MMP-12 activity in sponge lysate mixtures from D 7 − 21. Administration of an MMP-12 inhibitor did not increase angiogenesis in the sponges in vivo. Additionally, sponges implanted in MMP-12-/- mice did not exhibit significant changes in angiogenesis or MMP activity when imaged in vivo using commercial probes (MMPSense™ and AngioSense™) on D 7. Supporting this, histological analysis of the sponges (removed on D 21) showed that deletion of MMP-12 also did not increase angiogenesis within the sponges.

Polímeros heterocíclicos abrangem uma grande variedade de materiais, desde simples polímeros lineares sintetizados a partir de monômeros do tipo heterocíclicos vinílicos até polímeros altamente funcionalizados e reticulados. Neste trabalho realizou-se a modificação química da poliacrilonitrila com a incorporação de grupos tetrazol em diferentes teores (1%, 2,5%, 5% e 10%). Os copolímeros de acrilonitrila e vinil-tetrazol obtidos foram caracterizados por FTIR e o seu comportamento térmico analisado por DSC e TGA. Os polímeros heterocíclicos foram avaliados como inibidores de corrosão para aço-carbono em meio ácido obtendo-se bons resultados e alcançando, em alguns casos, uma eficiência de inibição média superior a 70% / Heterocyclic polymers enclose a great variety of materials, since simple linear polymers synthesized from monomers of vinyl heterocyclics to polymers highly functionalized and crosslinked. In this work was carried out the chemical modified of polyacrilonitrile with incorporation of tetrazole groups in different quantities (1%, 2,5%, 5% and 10%). The acrilonitrile and vinyl-tetrazole copolymers were characterized by FTIR and its thermal behavior analyzed by DSC and TGA. The heterocyclic polymers were evaluated as corrosion inhibitor to carbon steel in acidic medium. It was obtained good results and in some cases inhibitor efficient average higher than 70% were reached

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No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Géssica Laize Berto Gomes.pdf: 960450 bytes, checksum: 01f35541007decb425986338cf77d27a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Brazilian production of grains has grown every year, transforming Brazil in one of the main cereals and oilseeds producers. However, the post-harvest losses are huge, causing production loss by the inadequacy of storage, especially in order of pest occurrence. In the case of sesame, there has been a marked occurrence of P. interpuctella, which attack stored grains accompanied by other pests causing economic damage to the crop. With this, the Breeding Program Sesame Embrapa Cotton seeks alternatives to control these pests by genotypes that express high levels of protein inhibitors (PIs) with ability to inhibit proteolytic digestive enzymes of insects. The objective of this study was to detect trypsin inhibitors in genotypes of sesame (S. indicum L.) with potential use in biotechnological applications and programs to improve the species, aiming selection of genotypes resistant to stored grain pests, so we proceeded to study PIs in 10 sesame genotypes belonging to the Active Germplasm Bank at Embrapa Cotton. The total protein extracts of accessions were extracted and tested in vitro with bovine pancreatic trypsin (BPT) and intestinal homogenate of larvae of P. interpuctella. After selection of the most promising genotypes, we proceeded to a protein fractionation with ammonium sulfate. The protein fractions obtained were analyzed for inhibitory activity with BPT and intestinal homogenate of larvae of P. interpuctella, and yet, as the thermal stability and hydrogen ion and bioassays with P. interpuctella. Data were analyzed by Tukey test at 5% of probability. The results showed the presence of trypsin inhibitors in the total protein extracts of 10 sesame genotypes, ranging from 51% to 90% inhibition, among which, the BRS-SEDA, CNPA G3 and CNPA G4 stood out with 87%, 88% and 90% inhibition, respectively. These genotypes inhibitory activity have been demonstrated for the intestinal homogenate of larvae of P. interpuctella, with inhibition between 60% and 76%. The fractions F2 of the three genotypes were relatively stable to changes in temperature and pH. In the bioassay, the larvae of P. interpuctella. were susceptible to protein extracts of the three genotypes of sesame, with a maximum of 83% mortality of larvae in different strengths with total protein extracts and 58% in fractions F2, however, did not observe statistically a significant difference between genotypes. In this regard, BRS-SEDA, CNPA G3 and CNPA G4 have protein inhibitors that can prevent the development of P. interpuctella, suggesting candidates with potent insecticidal properties to control stored grain pests. / A produção brasileira de grãos tem crescido a cada ano levando o Brasil a um dos principais produtores de cereais e oleaginosas. No entanto, as perdas na pós-colheita são enormes provocando uma redução da produção em função do controle inadequado no armazenamento, especialmente em função da ocorrência de pragas. No caso do gergelim, tem havido uma ocorrência acentuada de P. interpuctella, que ataca os grãos armazenados acompanhado de outras pragas, causando danos econômicos à cultura. Com isto, o Programa de Melhoramento Genético de Gergelim da Embrapa Algodão busca alternativas para controlar essas pragas, por meio de genótipos que expressem altos níveis de inibidores proteicos (IPs) com capacidade de inibir enzimas proteolíticas digestivas de insetos. Objetivou-se com este trabalho detectar inibidores de tripsina em genótipos de gergelim (Sesamum indicum L.) com potencial uso na aplicação biotecnológica e no programa de melhoramento da espécie, visando seleção de genótipos resistentes a pragas de grãos armazenados. Assim, procedeu-se o estudo de IPs em 10 genótipos de gergelim, pertencentes ao Banco Ativo de Germoplasma da Embrapa Algodão. Os extratos proteicos totais dos acessos foram extraídos de sementes de gergelim e testados in vitro com tripsina pancreática bovina (TPB) e homogenato intestinal de larvas de P. interpuctella. Após seleção dos genótipos mais promissores, procedeu-se um fracionamento proteico com sulfato de amônia. As frações proteicas obtidas foram analisadas quanto a atividade inibitória com TPB e homogenato intestinal de larvas de P. interpuctella, e ainda, quanto a estabilidade térmica e hidrogeniônica e em bioensaios com P. interpuctella. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probalibilidade. Os resultados obtidos mostraram a presença de inibidores de tripsina nos extratos proteicos totais dos 10 genótipos de gergelim, com variação de 51% a 90% de inibição, dentre os quais, o BRS-SEDA, CNPA G3 e CNPA G4 se destacaram com 87%, 88% e 90% de inibição, respectivamente. Nesses genótipos foram evidenciadas atividade inibitória para o homogenato intestinal de larvas de P. interpuctella, com inibição entre 60% e 76%. As frações F2 dos três genótipos foram relativamente estáveis às variações de temperatura e pH. No ensaio biológico, as larvas de P interpuctella mostraram-se suscetíveis aos extratos proteicos dos três genótipos de gergelim, com mortalidade máxima de 83% das larvas em diferentes dosagens com extratos proteicos totais e 58% nas frações F2, contudo, estatisticamente não observou-se diferença significativa entre os genótipos. Neste aspecto, os genótipos BRS-SEDA, CNPA G3 e CNPA G4 possuem inibidores proteicos capazes de impedir o desenvolvimento P. interpuctella, o que sugere potentes candidatos com propriedades inseticidas no controle de pragas de grãos armazenados.

nÃo hà / O aumento nos Ãltimos anos de indivÃduos imunocomprometidos, como portadores da SÃndrome da ImunodeficiÃncia Adquirida, de doenÃas malignas, transplantados e outros usuÃrios de terapias imunossupressoras, favorece o surgimento de infecÃÃes oportunistas, principalmente as de teor fÃngico, como a candidÃase e a criptococose. Apesar de a terapia antifÃngica atual ser eficiente na maioria dos casos, algumas vezes fazem-se necessÃrias novas drogas que atuem como alternativa ou como coadjuvantes no tratamento para potencializar o efeito dos antifÃngicos utilizados. As estatinas sÃo fÃrmacos hipolipemiantes mais prescritos mundialmente para doenÃas cardiovasculares. Entretanto, recentemente, tem sido descritos outros efeitos benÃficos destas drogas, como, por exemplo, o controle de infecÃÃes. Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a atividade antifÃngica in vitro das estatinas ante 51 cepas de Candida, sendo 16 de C. albicans, 11 de C. krusei, 12 de C. tropicalis e 12 de C. parapsilosis, e 25 cepas de Cryptococcus, sendo 12 de C. gattii e 13 de C. neoformans, por meio de testes de microdiluiÃÃo em caldo, segundo documento M27-A3 padronizado pelo CLSI. O intervalo de concentraÃÃo testado para pravastatina foi de 50 a 0,0977 mg/mL, para sinvastatina, 1 a 0,0020 mg/mL e para atorvastatina, 10 a 0,0200 mg/mL. Pravastatina inibiu 37 leveduras do gÃnero Candida apresentando concentraÃÃo inibitÃria mÃnima (CIM) na faixa de 1,56 a 6,25 mg /mL e as cepas restantes nÃo foram inibidas mesmo na maior concentraÃÃo testada (50 mg /mL), enquanto que sinvastatina e atorvastatina apresentaram atividade antifÃngica sobre todas as 51 cepas avaliadas, apresentando CIMs de 0,02 a 1 mg / mL e 0,04 a 5,00 mg / mL, respectivamente. Para o gÃnero Cryptococcus, apenas 4 cepas foram inibidas ante a pravastatina (CIM = 25 mg / mL), por outro lado, sinvastatina inibiu todas as 25 cepas (CIM = 0,06 a 1 mg / mL), e atorvastatina apenas 8 cepas (CIM = 0,62 a 2,5 mg / mL), sendo que as 17 restantes nÃo foram inibidas mesmo na maior concentraÃÃo testada ( ≥ 10 mg / mL). Foi determinada concentraÃÃo fungicida mÃnima (CFM) de pravastatina sobre 15 cepas do gÃnero Candida (CFM = 3,12 a 25 mg / mL), de sinvastatina sobre 34 cepas (CFM = 0,03 a 1 mg / mL), e de atorvastatina sobre 16 cepas (CFM = 0,04 a 0,31 mg / mL). Para o gÃnero Cryptococcus, das 25 cepas testadas, pravastatina exibiu CFM sobre apenas 3 cepas (CFM = 50 mg / mL), sinvastatina sobre 21 cepas (CFM = 0,12 a 1 mg / mL), e atorvastatina sobre 1 cepa (CFM = 1 mg / mL). Esta atividade inibitÃria in vitro de estatinas sobre espÃcies de Candida e Cryptococcus, abre uma perspectiva importante para a investigaÃÃo do possÃvel uso destas drogas com finalidade antifÃngica in vivo. / In the past years, fungal opportunistic infections, especially, candidiasis and cryptococcosis, have become more frequent because of the increase in the number of immunocompromised individuals, such as AIDS, transplant and cancer patients and those that are on immunosuppressive therapy. In spite of being effective, sometimes it is necessary to use new drugs as alternatives or as adjuvants in order to potentiate the effect of the classical antifungal therapy. Statins are the most prescribed hypolipemiant drugs worldwide for preventing cardiovascular diseases. However, other benefic effects for these drugs have been described, such as the control of infections. This work aimed at determining the antifungal activity of statins against Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for three different statins (pravastatin, simvastatin and atorvastatin) were determined against 51 strains of Candida spp. (16 C. albicans, 11 C.krusei, 12 C. tropicalis and 12 C. parapsilosis) and 25 strains of Cryptococcus spp. (12 C. gattii and 13 C. neoformans), through broth microdilution assay, according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI - Document M27-A3). The concentration tested for pravastatin ranged from 50 to 0.0977 mg/mL, for simvastatin, it ranged from 1 to 0.0020 mg/mL and, for atorvastatin, it varied from 10 to 0.0200 mg/mL. Pravastatin inhibited 37 Candida strains, with MICs varying from 1.56 to 6.25 mg/mL and the remaining strains were not inhibited, even at the highest concentration tested (50 mg/mL). Simvastatin and atorvastatin, on the other hand, inhibited all 51 Candida strains evaluated, presenting MICs ranging from 0.02 to 1 mg/mL and from 0.04 to 5 mg/mL, respectively. Concerning Cryptococcus spp., only four strains were inhibited by pravastatin (MIC=25 mg/mL), while all 25 strains were inhibited by simvastatin (0.06≤MIC≤1 mg/mL) and eight were inhibited by atorvastatin (0.62≤MIC≤2.5 mg/mL) and the remaining 17 were not susceptible to the highest atorvastatin concentration tested (10 mg/mL). The minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) for the tested statins were also determined. The MFC for pravastatin against Candida spp. was determined against 15 strains (3.12≤MIC≤25 mg/mL). The MFC values for simvastatin were determined for 34 strains of Candida spp. (0.03≤MFC≤1 mg/mL), while those for atorvastatin were determined against 16 strains (0.04≤MFC≤0,31 mg/mL). Concerning Cryptococcus spp., the 25 strains tested, MFC values for pravastatin were found against three strains (MFC=50 mg/mL), while those for simvastatin were determined against 21 strains (0.12≤MFC≤1 mg/mL) and those for atorvastatin were determined against one single strain (MFC=1 mg/mL). This in vitro inhibitory activity of statins against Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp. creates an important perspective for the use of these drugs in vivo in order to control fungal infections.