This diploma thesis deals with the undervaluation of initial public offerings on the Russian market during the period of 2003-2014 using the ordinary least squares method. The main emphasis of the thesis lies in the development of primary emissions on the Russian market. Moreover, the previous literature is diversified by combining theory of asymmetric information with the analysis of market cycles. We have proved that shares are undervalued on average with the help of the latest figures from the Russian IPO market. By the subsequent analysis of the undervaluation phenomena and factors like age of the institution, size of the institution underwriters, market cycles, supply price of the issued shares, sector of the institution and P/E, P/CF indexes, we have arrived at the conclusion that the Russian IPO market is still developing. We have also demonstrated that in the case of high activity on the IPO market, the so called ¨hot period¨ on the market, and in the case of overpriced shares, the Russian IPO companies undervalue their shares. According to the analysis of the Russian IPO market, the main stress has been put on the companies that belong to the industrial and energy sectors and the analysis has also shown that the reputation of the underwriters does not influence the undervaluation of the...

[pt] Fundos de Private Equity e Venture Capital (PE/VC) investem, principalmente, em pequenas e médias empresas de capital fechado. Sua atuação junto a essas companhias mostra grande ativismo, muitas vezes com a implantação de boas práticas de governança e criação de valor nos processos, com o objetivo de proporcionar rápido crescimento e efetuar o desinvestimento com elevada rentabilidade. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a relação entre a participação societária de fundos de PE/VC antes do IPO e o desempenho de longo prazo das ações das companhias após a abertura de capital. Para tanto, as empresas foram divididas por setor econômico de atuação e duas análises foram realizadas: buy and hold e retorno anormal acumulado (CAR). O primeiro estudo apresenta resultados variados em cada setor. O grupo de empresas com presença prévia de PE/VC teve melhor desempenho somente nos setores de Consumo, Exploração Imobiliária, Saúde e Utilidade Pública. A segunda análise envolveu a comparação dos retornos das empresas com benchmarks setoriais e as regressões efetuadas apontaram que a participação de fundos de PE/VC influencia o CAR somente no período de seis meses após o IPO. Não foram encontradas evidências significativas entre a permanência desses fundos na estrutura societária das companhias e seus retornos de longo prazo. / [en] Private Equity and Venture Capital (PE/VC) funds invest primarily in small and medium private companies. Their partnership with these firms shows great activism, often with implementation of good governance practices and value creation in processes, aiming to provide fast growth and make disinvestment with high profitability. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between PE/VC investment in private firms and the long-term performance of these companies shares after the IPO. Companies were divided by industry and two analyzes were performed: buy and hold and cumulative abnormal return (CAR). The first analysis shows mixed results in each industry. The group of PE/VC-backed firms performed better only in the sectors of Consumption, Real Estate, Healthcare and Utilities. The second analysis involved a comparison of companies returns with industry benchmarks and the regressions performed showed that PE/VC investment has a positive significant relation with CAR six months after the IPO. No significant evidence of this relation was found when these funds held their position or part of that in the corporate structure of the companies.

[pt] Nos últimos 10 anos, bolsas de valores de vários países buscaram alianças ou implementaram novas regras de governança que, em geral, visam a proteger os acionistas minoritários. O Novo Mercado foi criado pela BOVESPA dentro desse contexto, inspirado no Neuer Markt alemão. Ao aderir às regras do Novo Mercado, as firmas garantem um maior nível de proteção aos seus acionistas minoritários, o que deve levar a um aumento dos preços das ações e, conseqüentemente, da capacidade de financiamento dessas firmas via mercado de capitais. Utilizando uma amostra de 46 Ofertas Públicas Iniciais de Ações de empresas privadas ocorridas na BOVESPA de 1994 a 2006, encontramos evidência de que empresas que optam pelo Novo Mercado, em média, vendem uma fração maior de seu capital (9,52% a mais) do que as empresas que optam por outros segmentos da BOVESPA. Nosso estudo também mostra um benefício do Novo Mercado ao qual não se tem dado tanta atenção. O aumento do preço facilita a venda de parte das ações existentes dos acionistas controladores, possibilitando uma diversificação de riqueza a custos mais baixos. O Novo Mercado parece ser tão importante para a capacidade de financiamento das empresas como para os ganhos de diversificação dos controladores. / [en] For the last 10 years, stock exchanges from several countries have been searching for alliances or implementing new corporate governance rules in order to protect minority shareholders. The Novo Mercado (New Market) was created by the Brazilian stock exchange, BOVESPA, in this context, inspired by the German Neuer Markt. By adhering to Novo Mercado rules, firms guarantee a higher level of minority shareholder protection, which should lead to an increase in stock prices and, as a consequence, on firm´s financing capacity through capital markets. Using a sample of 46 Initial Public Stock Offerings at BOVESPA from 1994 until 2006, we find that companies that list their shares at Novo Mercado sell, on average, a bigger fraction of their capital (9.52% more) when compared to those that list at other segments in BOVESPA. Our study also shows a benefit of Novo Mercado that has not being much discussed. Higher stock prices make it less costly for controlling stockholders to diversify their wealth. The Novo Mercado seems to be as relevant for financing companies as for diversifying shareholders´ portfolios.

Nesta pesquisa buscamos compreender a produção social da escala metropolitana em um contexto atual de mundialização financeira. Neste sentido, reunimos dados referentes à abertura de capital nas incorporadoras do setor da construção civil brasileiras, abordando a penetração do capital financeiro em suas estruturas e a ampliação da escala de produção e de atuação geográfica destas empresas a partir de 2005. Estes dados foram iluminados com um estudo simultâneo sobre o endividamento imobiliário urbano, por meio da abordagem dos leilões de imóveis, trazendo os conteúdos do desemprego para a compreensão crítica do crédito imobiliário urbano. O mapeamento dos dados se concentrou na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Identificamos o desdobramento da noção de moderna propriedade da terra em posse e propriedade, liberando a propriedade abstrata para circular como mercadoria e concentrando na posse as lutas cotidianas pela habitação. Constatamos a introdução do endividamento imobiliário como forma significativa de acesso à habitação nas periferias metropolitanas. Este endividamento foi compreendido como elemento de ritmanálise, capaz de transmitir os ritmos de valorização do capital mundial financeiro, definidos pela presença do capital fictício, aos ritmos de trabalho, de exploração e de espoliação urbanos, redefinindo o modo de vida metropolitano, notadamente por meio do acesso à habitação e à cidade. / In this research, we have sought to understand the social production of the metropolitan scale in the contemporary context of financial globalization. Having this in mind, we have gathered data concerning Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) by Brazilian construction firms, bringing into focus the penetration of finance capital into the firms structures, as well as the firms larger scale of operation and geographical reach from 2005 onwards. These data are clarified by a parallel investigation on urban mortgage indebtedness through an analysis of real estate auctions in connection to unemployment levels in metropolitan areas. Data mapping has been limited to the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo. We have recognized the development of modern landed property into (the opposing forms of) ownership and tenure as a process that makes it possible for abstract property to circulate as a commodity while everyday housing struggles focus on tenure rights. We have also noted that mortgage indebtedness has become a fundamental form of access to housing on the metropolitan peripheries. This mortgage indebtedness has been interpreted as an element of rhythmanalysis, in which the rhythms of the valorization of global finance capital characterized by the presence of fictitious capital are transmitted to the rhythms of labor, of urban exploitation and urban dispossession, reshaping the metropolitan way of life, especially with regard to the access to housing and to the city in a general sense.

<p>IPO underpricing is a phenomenon found in all markets worldwide. Investors are always looking for a good opportunity of short-term abnormal positive returns, and the IPOs first-day trading returns have been a good investment strategy for both institutional and private investors in all markets of the world.</p><p>This study consists at an investor’s perspective analysis of the first-day returns of 59 IPOs listed on the Brazilian Stock Exchange Market from January 2004 to April 2007, where I have found a significantly mean positive underpricing of 6,60%.</p><p>I have found also some evidences of a sprouting “hot-market” period in Brazil, since the number of the IPOs in Brazil has been growing almost in an exponential speed, taking advantage of the constant growing cash inflow and liquidity of the Brazilian market, followed by the high evaluation of the Ibovespa Index, with return of 140% on the study time frame.</p><p>When categorizing the study by year, by underwriter (investment bank) and by market segment, I always have found positive adjusted initial returns, which corroborates the fact that underpricing is a constant phenomenon in the Brazilian market.</p><p>Other important facts that were identified in this study is that the average returns of the IPOs are decreasing along the years and that companies that depend to a large extent on their human capital and are in the business areas that are staff intensive have a high level of underpricing while companies that have a high level of fixed assets have a low level of underpricing.</p><p>Finally, after performing a multivariate linear regression analysis with the chosen independent variables on the full sample and some categorized samples, the results did not have enough statistical significance and consistence that could make them useful to create a statistical model to explain the underpricing level of Brazilian IPOs between January 2004 and April 2007.</p>

IPO underpricing is a phenomenon found in all markets worldwide. Investors are always looking for a good opportunity of short-term abnormal positive returns, and the IPOs first-day trading returns have been a good investment strategy for both institutional and private investors in all markets of the world. This study consists at an investor’s perspective analysis of the first-day returns of 59 IPOs listed on the Brazilian Stock Exchange Market from January 2004 to April 2007, where I have found a significantly mean positive underpricing of 6,60%. I have found also some evidences of a sprouting “hot-market” period in Brazil, since the number of the IPOs in Brazil has been growing almost in an exponential speed, taking advantage of the constant growing cash inflow and liquidity of the Brazilian market, followed by the high evaluation of the Ibovespa Index, with return of 140% on the study time frame. When categorizing the study by year, by underwriter (investment bank) and by market segment, I always have found positive adjusted initial returns, which corroborates the fact that underpricing is a constant phenomenon in the Brazilian market. Other important facts that were identified in this study is that the average returns of the IPOs are decreasing along the years and that companies that depend to a large extent on their human capital and are in the business areas that are staff intensive have a high level of underpricing while companies that have a high level of fixed assets have a low level of underpricing. Finally, after performing a multivariate linear regression analysis with the chosen independent variables on the full sample and some categorized samples, the results did not have enough statistical significance and consistence that could make them useful to create a statistical model to explain the underpricing level of Brazilian IPOs between January 2004 and April 2007.

Bakgrund: Under de senaste två åren så har svenska Private Equity-bolag ökat sina investeringar signifikant. Enkelheten i att anskaffa kapital, såväl som billig skuldsättningsgrad har lett till en ökad aktivitet från PE-bolagen genom uppköp av marknadsledande bolag med starkt kassaflöde. Konkurrensen för attraktiva företag som är till salu har ökat nämnvärt, vilket i sin tur har lett till prisökningar på de utsatta bolagen. De högre värderingarna från PE-bolagen påverkar också antalet börsintroduktioner på Stockholmsbörsen. Ett skäl för de allt färre börsintroduktioner kommer av att bolagen har blivit högre värderade av PE-bolagen jämförelsevis med en värdet av en börsintroduktion. Syfte: Avsikten med denna uppsats är att, från aktieägarens synvinkel, analysera och beskriva de olika skäl som finns för att gör en börsintroduktion istället för att sälja till ett PE-bolag. Metod: Undersökningen är baserad på att samla och förstå information gällande specifika personers val och motiv med ett kvalitativt synsätt. Urvalet från undersökningen innehåller alla företag som har genomfört en börsintroduktion på Stockholmsbörsen mellan 1 januari 2005 och 1 april 2006. Intervjuerna har genomförts med varje styrelseordförande, i och med att författarna tror att dessa företrädare är de bästa representanterna för aktieägarna. De personer som lät sig intervjuas fick tala fritt, även om de större frågorna var tvungna att följas i kronologisk ordning. Slutsats: Alla motiv för att genomföra en börsintroduktion kunde ha uppfyllts genom att sälja till ett PE-bolag, förutom motivet om att uppnå likviditet i aktierna. Ett av de attraktiva motiven för likviditet i aktier är att aktieägarna kan välja mellan att minska ägandet, öka ägandet eller bibehålla de nuvarande aktierna. Ett annat attraktivt skäl är att finansiella institutioner normalt ansluter sig som aktieägare, vilket i sin tur ökar trovärdigheten av företaget. Åtta av det tio företagen hade parallella planer längs med arbetet med börsintroduktionen. De flesta av bolagen hade i åtanke att sälja till ett PE-bolag vid eventuellt gynnsamt bud. Dock fanns det inga PE-bolag som bjöd ett tillräckligt bra pris för de individuella bolagen. Antingen så erhöll de dåvarande ägarna ett bättre pris från börsintroduktionen, eller så trodde de återstående ägarna på att börsen i framtiden skulle prestera bättre än PE-bolagens bud. Enligt teorierna har buy-outs fler fördelar jämförelsevis med börsintroduktioner, men de empiriska undersökningarna visar att de två alternativen var likvärdiga. Den enda fördelen med en eventuell buy-out var att det skulle begära mindre eller samma arbetsbelastning i termer av förberedelser. Dock så ansågs en börsintroduktion vara dyr såväl som att den tar energi och fokus från ledningen. / Background: During the last two years, Swedish Private Equity (PE) companies have increased their investments significantly. Easy access to capital, as well as inexpensive leverage, has led to an increase in activity of PE buy-outs of market leaders with strong cash flow. The competition for objects that are for sale has amplified, which has resulted in price increases of the objects. The higher prices offered by the PE companies also affects the number of initial public offerings (IPO) on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. One reason for the small number of current IPOs is that the objects simply have been valued higher by PE companies than they would do in an IPO. Purpose: The purpose with this thesis is, from a shareholder’s point of view, to analyze and describe the reasons of making an IPO instead of selling to a PE company. Methodology: Since the research is based on gathering and understanding information regarding specific persons’ choices and motives, a qualitative approach has been conducted. The research sample contains of all companies that made an IPO on the Stockholm Stock Exchange between 1 January 2005 and 1 April 2006. Interviews have been made with each company’s Chairman of the Board of Directors, since the authors believe that these individuals are the ultimate shareholder rep-resentatives. The interviewees were allowed to speak freely, even though the major questions had to be followed in a chronological order. Conclusion: All the main motives of the IPO could have been achieved by selling to PE company, except the motive of attaining share liquidity. One of the attractive reasons for share liquidity is that shareholders easily can choose between reducing ownership, increasing ownership or remain with existing shares. Another attractive reason is that financial institutions normally become share-holders, which in turn increases the credibility of the company. Eight out of the ten companies had parallel plans to the IPO; most of them including a possible PE buy-out scenario. However, no PE company offered a price high enough for the individual companies. Either the existing owners received a better IPO price, or the remaining owners believed that the stock exchange would out-perform the PE price offers in the long-run. Theory means that buy-out has got its advantages compared to IPO, but the empirical findings show that the alternatives were on the contrary quite similar. The single advantage with a possible buy-out was that it would demand less, or at most equal, work load in terms of preparation before the sale. However, the negative part with the IPO was that it was considered expensive as well as it took energy and distraction of focus it took from the management team.

<p>Bakgrund: Under de senaste två åren så har svenska Private Equity-bolag ökat sina investeringar signifikant. Enkelheten i att anskaffa kapital, såväl som billig skuldsättningsgrad har lett till en ökad aktivitet från PE-bolagen genom uppköp av marknadsledande bolag med starkt kassaflöde. Konkurrensen för attraktiva företag som är till salu har ökat nämnvärt, vilket i sin tur har lett till prisökningar på de utsatta bolagen. De högre värderingarna från PE-bolagen påverkar också antalet börsintroduktioner på Stockholmsbörsen. Ett skäl för de allt färre börsintroduktioner kommer av att bolagen har blivit högre värderade av PE-bolagen jämförelsevis med en värdet av en börsintroduktion.</p><p>Syfte: Avsikten med denna uppsats är att, från aktieägarens synvinkel, analysera och beskriva de olika skäl som finns för att gör en börsintroduktion istället för att sälja till ett PE-bolag.</p><p>Metod: Undersökningen är baserad på att samla och förstå information gällande specifika personers val och motiv med ett kvalitativt synsätt. Urvalet från undersökningen innehåller alla företag som har genomfört en börsintroduktion på Stockholmsbörsen mellan 1 januari 2005 och 1 april 2006. Intervjuerna har genomförts med varje styrelseordförande, i och med att författarna tror att dessa företrädare är de bästa representanterna för aktieägarna. De personer som lät sig intervjuas fick tala fritt, även om de större frågorna var tvungna att följas i kronologisk ordning.</p><p>Slutsats: Alla motiv för att genomföra en börsintroduktion kunde ha uppfyllts genom att sälja till ett PE-bolag, förutom motivet om att uppnå likviditet i aktierna. Ett av de attraktiva motiven för likviditet i aktier är att aktieägarna kan välja mellan att minska ägandet, öka ägandet eller bibehålla de nuvarande aktierna. Ett annat attraktivt skäl är att finansiella institutioner normalt ansluter sig som aktieägare, vilket i sin tur ökar trovärdigheten av företaget. Åtta av det tio företagen hade parallella planer längs med arbetet med börsintroduktionen. De flesta av bolagen hade i åtanke att sälja till ett PE-bolag vid eventuellt gynnsamt bud. Dock fanns det inga PE-bolag som bjöd ett tillräckligt bra pris för de individuella bolagen. Antingen så erhöll de dåvarande ägarna ett bättre pris från börsintroduktionen, eller så trodde de återstående ägarna på att börsen i framtiden skulle prestera bättre än PE-bolagens bud. Enligt teorierna har buy-outs fler fördelar jämförelsevis med börsintroduktioner, men de empiriska undersökningarna visar att de två alternativen var likvärdiga. Den enda fördelen med en eventuell buy-out var att det skulle begära mindre eller samma arbetsbelastning i termer av förberedelser. Dock så ansågs en börsintroduktion vara dyr såväl som att den tar energi och fokus från ledningen.</p> / <p>Background: During the last two years, Swedish Private Equity (PE) companies have increased their investments significantly. Easy access to capital, as well as inexpensive leverage, has led to an increase in activity of PE buy-outs of market leaders with strong cash flow. The competition for objects that are for sale has amplified, which has resulted in price increases of the objects. The higher prices offered by the PE companies also affects the number of initial public offerings (IPO) on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. One reason for the small number of current IPOs is that the objects simply have been valued higher by PE companies than they would do in an IPO.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose with this thesis is, from a shareholder’s point of view, to analyze and describe the reasons of making an IPO instead of selling to a PE company.</p><p>Methodology: Since the research is based on gathering and understanding information regarding specific persons’ choices and motives, a qualitative approach has been conducted. The research sample contains of all companies that made an IPO on the Stockholm Stock Exchange between 1 January 2005 and 1 April 2006. Interviews have been made with each company’s Chairman of the Board of Directors, since the authors believe that these individuals are the ultimate shareholder rep-resentatives. The interviewees were allowed to speak freely, even though the major questions had to be followed in a chronological order.</p><p>Conclusion: All the main motives of the IPO could have been achieved by selling to PE company, except the motive of attaining share liquidity. One of the attractive reasons for share liquidity is that shareholders easily can choose between reducing ownership, increasing ownership or remain with existing shares. Another attractive reason is that financial institutions normally become share-holders, which in turn increases the credibility of the company. Eight out of the ten companies had parallel plans to the IPO; most of them including a possible PE buy-out scenario. However, no PE company offered a price high enough for the individual companies. Either the existing owners received a better IPO price, or the remaining owners believed that the stock exchange would out-perform the PE price offers in the long-run. Theory means that buy-out has got its advantages compared to IPO, but the empirical findings show that the alternatives were on the contrary quite similar. The single advantage with a possible buy-out was that it would demand less, or at most equal, work load in terms of preparation before the sale. However, the negative part with the IPO was that it was considered expensive as well as it took energy and distraction of focus it took from the management team.</p>

企業初次公開發行(IPO，Initial Public Offering)向來是股票市場炙手可熱的話題之一，在財務經濟領域中，探討股票初次上市發行的相關議題更是多如過江之鯽，而關於IPO期初報酬率影響因素之探討更可溯及至1970年代。本研究主要係探討台灣初次上市企業期初報酬率的影響因素及影響情形，並以2005年承銷新制上路以後、直至2011年的初次上市企業為研究對象，除利用傳統的最小平方法觀察影響期初報酬的因素外，有鑑於期初報酬率普遍具有右偏分配的現象，本研究亦輔以分量迴歸分析法觀察影響期初報酬的因素，經由分量值的變動，可將解釋變數影響被解釋變數的各種情形加以估計出。再來，本研究在探討期初報酬率影響因素之基礎上，以分量迴歸分析法尋找出交易準則，並進一步檢驗當投資人遵循交易準則下，是否得以獲取顯著異於同期間大盤指數之報酬績效。在上市首日買入並持有至第五日收盤賣出之案例中，以分量迴歸結果所設定之交易準則並無法為投資人帶來顯著優於大盤指數之報酬水準；然而，在上市首日買入並持有至第二十日收盤賣出之案例，以分量迴歸結果所設定之交易準則卻可為投資人帶來顯著優於大盤指數之報酬水準。總體而言，本研究試圖將近年影響台灣企業IPO期初報酬率之因素加以剖析，進而從中尋找一些潛在規則，讓投資人得以一窺初級市場的變化及其所可能帶來之潛在獲利良機。

[pt] Esta Dissertação apresenta uma análise de retornos e características das emissões primárias de capital (IPO) realizadas na BMeFBovespa no período de 10 anos compreendido entre 2006 e 2015. Analisamos a relação entre as características de uma empresa no momento de sua abertura de capital e a sua performance no primeiro ano na bolsa contra os pares da bolsa e de seu setor. Além disso, é analisada a influência do investimento por um fundo de Private Equity na formação dessas características. São utilizados dados financeiros e de governança para a construção das variáveis. Podemos observar que empresas investidas por fundos de private equity apresentaram retornos inferiores aos das empresas que não tinham esse tipo de investidor, exceto quanto os fundos mantiveram seus investimentos após a abertura de capital. Além disso, as investidas de fundos de private equity apresentaram melhores níveis de governança, maior grau de alavancagem e menores múltiplos de precificação no momento de suas ofertas primárias. / [en] This dissertation presents an analysis of the returns and characteristics of the Initial Public Offerings (IPO) performed at the BMandFBovespa over a period of 10 years between 2006 and 2015. We analyze the relationship between the characteristics of a company at the time of its IPO and its performance in the first year of trading in the stock exchange against their stock market peers and their industry. In addition, the influence of the investment by a Private Equity fund on the construction of these characteristics is analyzed. Financial and governance data are used to construct the variables. We can observe that companies invested by private equity funds presented lower returns than companies that did not have this type of investor, except when the funds kept their shares after the IPO. In addition, private equity fund s investee companies presented better levels of governance, higher leverage, and lower pricing multiples at the time of their primary offerings.