2007年11月全球網路書局巨擘Amazon正式宣布進軍電子書事業，發表一款名為「Kindle」的電子書以及相關營運服務，旋即造成搶購風潮。 此電子書使用E-ink公司研發的電子墨顯示技術，讓使用者的使用彷彿覺得是閱讀印刷物，而電子墨技術已存在四十餘年，最早發明於Xerox Palo Alto Research Center，此技術以使用黑白的電子墨形成可反射環境光顯示方式，有別於主流使用於筆記型電腦或桌上監視器的彩色顯示器，電子書以採反射式，能在有環境照明時清晰可視，不須要一般顯示器的背光源，所以有較低的耗電，同時也可以有較輕與薄的設計。 此差異化的顯示技術與產品定位讓E-ink創新技術花費將近十年均只有極小衆的需求，直到2008年才見有起飛的成長。 本論文透過分析E-ink個案之創新技術擴散歷程，並佐證先前相關創新技術擴散理論之文獻，闡述擴散模式、影響因素、與創新採用過程來明瞭E-ink創新擴散的驅動力。 E-ink創新技術之應用與其他創新技術的最大差異，它不僅是個破壞式創新技術，它的應用是需要改變採用者使用方式。 此類的創新技術不像其他大多數的創新技術是新增使用方式或察覺不出使用方式須改變。 所以研究其技術擴散歷程可幫助我們明瞭此類較不易擴散的創新技術如何能加速其市場擴散。此研究同時比較應用E-ink電子墨顯示技術的電子書與其他新技術與產品市場擴散之差異，包括應用高密度積體電路記憶體設計與製造技術的數位音訊播放器(MP3 player)、應用薄膜電晶體液晶顯示器技術的大尺寸液晶平面電視與應用投射式電容觸控技術的平板電腦。 本研究我們發現，E-ink創新技術的應用驅動採用者改變其以往的使用方式，而此驅動力的來源就是使用創新技術的新產品價值主張。 在此個案中更進一步發現擴散模式的兩股驅動力可改變產品擴散市場的強度，首先是技術發展達到產品可滿足客戶最低的價值主張期望，第二是此價值主張讓使用者選擇此新技術帶來創新產品的需求滿足。 延伸觀察使用方式改變的擴散主要為兩個因素的函數，一為內部推動力- 包括新技術的技術發展力、供應力。另一為外部拉引力- 包括市場對產品價值主張的吸引力、其他創新技術使用的協同效果、銷售模式與經營模式對產品的推廣能力。 創新技術是一個高科技公司維持營運與成長的重要資產，但如何能將創新技術應用於產品成功的擴散市場，若能掌握重要的驅動因子，方可將此資產較快速地轉變為倍數的財源。 本研究分析改變使用方式的破壞性創新E-ink電子墨顯示技術的擴散模式，發現初期的擴散以內部技術力與供應能力驅動為主，建議企業在此時期應思考如何應用創新技術定位產品，同時定位於最核心的價值位置建立商業模式。 在此能力逐漸增強之後，其擴散則以外部市場吸引力驅動為主，必須在市場推出所謂「殺手級應用」產品，即應用此破壞性創新技術突顯差異的產品價值主張，而能跨越採用者鴻溝。 同時建議企業在此時應著力於產品開發策略，市場推出的產品必須滿足多層次採用者不同的需求，適當的規劃產品直到技術漸趨成熟而衰退。 / It has became one of the most popular consumer electronics since Amazon, the world leading bookstore, announced to enter eBook business and launched a reading device, called “Kindle” in November 2007. This eBook device applies a simple electronic ink display technology from E-ink and let readers to view the display just like to view a printed book. This electronic ink display have been developed more than 40 years and invented in Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. This technology applies dark and white electronic ink which could reflect ambient light to display black and white image on the screen. The display don't need a backlight as conventional LCD screens, and can also be viewed under sunlight as printed paper. In the same time, it has a less power consumption and could have a slim and light design for easy carry. But, it has spent more than 10 years to only gain a small population of customers to use this differentiating display and product which apply this E-ink innovative technology. After Amazon launched “Kindle” in late 2007, we observed this technology fast diffuse to the mass market. This thesis is to study a diffusion model of E-ink disruptive technology. Review prior articles of technology diffusion theory, model of innovation diffusion, factors of innovation diffusion and adoption of innovation to understand driving forces of E-ink technology diffusion. The major difference of E-ink technology from others is to require changing the user usage method when it appy to an electroic paper. It is not only a disruptive change, but requires changing user usage experience. Most of other new technologies are to add new or be easy usage, won’t feel a change of usage method and experience. Research the diffusion model of this disruptive technology help us to understand how we could expedite this type of new technology to the market. In this study, we also compare other similar applications of new technologies, such as MP3 player which apply high density of integrated circuit memory design and manufacturing; Large sized TFT LCD TV which using TFT LCD technology; and Tablet computer which adopt capacitive touch technology. To compare those technologies market diffusion with E-ink display technology. We have found the driving force to adopt E-ink technology and make change of user usage is the value proposition of products which adapt this innovative technology. Furthermore, we conclude two driving forces to enhance diffuse into mass market. First one is to meet the minimum expectations of the value proposition from this new technology. Second is to meet the needs of users who select this new technology. In addition to, it observed two important factors to change usage adoption, one is internal push force, and the other is external pull force. Internal push forces include technology development; and capability of supply chain. External pull forces include market attraction of product value propositions; synergy for using other technologies in the products; sales and business models to promote products. Innovative technology is an important asset to sustain company growth in a high- tech company. But how it could successfully apply the innovative technology to a product and diffuse into the market? It is important to know key driving forces, so this asset is able to turn into cash for continuous funding new innovation. This study analyzes the diffusion model of a disruptive E-ink display technology. We have found early diffusion forces are depended on technology and supply chain capability. It suggests company to focus how to initiate the product position with technology capability for meeting expectation of value proposition. In the mean time, it needs to build the supply chain infrastructure to position core value of new technology. Once company has built the technology capability, diffusion forces move to market pull. It starts to launch a “killer application” product to apply this technology and underline differentiating product value proposition, so it is able to cross the “chasm”. It also suggests company to adjust strategy on product development and requires having a broader product portfolio to meet a variety of customer needs. Finally, plan product development for mainstream applications utill technology is gradually slowdown.

Ink-jet printing offers an ideal answer to the emerging trends and demands of depositing at ambient temperatures picoliter droplets of oxide solutions into functional thin films and device components with a high degree of pixel precision. It is a direct single-step mask-free patterning technique that enables multi-layer and 3D patterning. This method is fast, simple, easily scalable, precise, inexpensive and cost effective compared to any of other methods available for the realization of the promise of flexible, and/or stretchable electronics of the future on virtually any type of substrate. Because low temperatures are used and no aggressive chemicals are required for ink preparation, ink-jet technique is compatible with a very broad range of functional materials like polymers, proteins and even live cells, which can be used to fabricate inorganic/organic/bio hybrids, bio-sensors and lab-on-chip architectures. After a discussion of the essentials of ink-jet technology, this thesis focuses particularly on the art of designing long term stable inks for fabricating thin films and devices especially oxide functional components for electronics, solar energy conversion, opto-electronics and spintronics. We have investigated three classes of inks: nanoparticle suspension based, surface modified nanoparticles based, and direct precursor solution based. Examples of the films produced using these inks and their functional properties are: 1) In order to obtain magnetite nanoparticles with high magnetic moment and narrow size distribution in suspensions for medical diagnostics, we have developed a rapid mixing technique and produced nanoparticles with moments close to theoretical values (APL 2011 and Nanotechnology 2012). The suspensions produced have been tailored to be stable over a long period of time. 2)In order to design photonic band gaps, suspensions of spherical SiO2 particles were produced by chemical hydrolysis (JAP 2010 and JNP 2011 - not discussed in the thesis). 3) Using suspension inks, (ZnO)1-x(TiO2)x composite films have been printed and used to fabricate dye sensitized solar cells (JMR 2012). The thickness and the composition of the films can be easily tailored in the inkjet printing process. Consequently, the solar cell performance is optimized. We find that adding Ag nanoparticles improves the ‘metal-bridge’ between the TiO2 grains while maintaining the desired porous structure in the films. The photoluminescence spectra show that adding Ag reduces the emission intensity by a factor of two. This indicates that Ag atoms act as traps to capture electrons and inhibit recombination of electron-hole pairs, which is desirable for photo-voltaic applications. 4) To obtain and study room temperature contamination free ferromagnetic spintronic materials, defect induced and Fe doped MgO and ZnO were synthesized ‘in-situ’ by precursor solution technique (preprints). It is found that the origin of magnetism in these materials (APL 2012 and MRS 2012) is intrinsic and probably due to charge transfer hole doping. 5) ITO thin films were fabricated via inkjet printing directly from liquid precursors. The films are highly transparent (transparency &gt;90% both in the visible and IR range, which is rather unique as compared to any other film growth technique) and conductive (resistivity can be ~0.03 Ω•cm). The films have nano-porous structure, which is an added bonus from ink jetting that makes such films applicable for a broad range of applications. One example is in implantable biomedical components and lab-on-chip architectures where high transparency of the well conductive ITO electrodes makes them easily compatible with the use of quantum dots and fluorescent dyes. In summary, the inkjet patterning technique is incredibly versatile and applicable for a multitude of metal and oxide deposition and patterning. Especially in the case of using acetate solutions as inks (a method demonstrated for the first time by our group), the oxide films can be prepared ‘in-situ’ by direct patterning on the substrate without any prior synthesis stages, and the fabricated films are stoichiometric, uniform and smooth. This technique will most certainly continue to be a versatile tool in industrial manufacturing processes for material deposition in the future, as well as a unique fabrication tool for tailorable functional components and devices. / <p>QC 20120907</p>

There are two objectives of this study.The first one was to study the new instrument Deltack fromPrufbau, and with the new knowledge, study the interaction between blanket and paper.Deltack is a new instrument to measure the ink splitting force. Blankets from an earlier study doneby GATF have been montered on 12 different Deltack print forms and those have together with Deltackbeen the base for this project.This study together with information from GATF’s study shows that some of the blankets have ahigher capability to adsorb ink. Those blankets generate a sharper shape on the force curve, they havea lower dot gain, but they print not as good solid.

The objective of the research was to develop fundamental understanding of the process of deposition of complex mixtures by the inkjet method. The rheological properties and DOD drop formation dynamics of carbon black pigmented inkjet inks were investigated. It was found that the suspension microstructure responses to bulk motions, leading to shear rate and time dependent shear viscosity. However, DOD drop formation dynamics of highly pigmented inkjet ink and pure Newtonian fluid is similar even though shear rate up to 105 s-1 exists during inkjet jetting process. A proposed explanation for these observations is that the shearing time during DOD drop ejection is insufficient for changing and stabilizing the microstructure of the suspension. The effects of signal amplitude and jetting frequency on DOD drop formation dynamics of pure Newtonian fluids were investigated. A transition of DOD drop formation dynamics when the inkjet nozzle is switched from idle to jetting was identified. A qualitative investigation of DOD drop impaction and post-impaction behavior on inkjet paper and textiles was carried out. Dynamics of DOD drop accumulation and spreading on the substrates and final ink distribution show drastic differences between these two substrates.

Abstract The tube flow fractionation method used in this thesis is one of the field flow separation processes, which can be used to fractionate particles over the entire size range of pulp particles (1&#8211;5000 µm) with high selectivity. The classification of particles in different size categories enables the fractional analysis of samples. According to this thesis, particle length is the most significant individual shape factor in particle classification for different size categories using tube flow fractionation. The fractional approach investigated in this thesis offers an interesting tool for investigating different pulp types more thoroughly than many other conventional laboratory methods such as the Bauer-McNett classification of pulp or the hyperwashing of DIP samples. The tube flow fractionator can be used to replace the Bauer-McNett device to determine the mass percentages of pulp sample fractions. Furthermore, pulp fractionation can be done quickly with the tube flow fractionation method and the results achieved are also comparable to the Bauer-McNett classification. The utilisation of recycled raw material in paper production is likely to continue to increase in the near future. This fact leads to even more heterogeneous raw material becoming one of the major challenges in deinked pulp production. Changes in the quality of raw material such as age or paper type have a notable effect on the deinkability of pulp. This creates a need to develop new methods for measuring DIP properties; in particular, information about the ink-releasing rate and ink particle size would be useful in controlling the deinking process. If DIP is fractionated with tube flow fractionation, it is possible to study the ink size distribution and ink content inside each fraction, thus obtaining fractional information on the ink release rate and ink particle size. A comparison of different DIP raw materials and process solutions can be performed with the fractional analysis presented in this thesis. It was noticed that aging had a negative effect on the slushing rate of LWC and SC raw material, but not on ONP. The ink detachment of LWC and SC was poorer when furnishes aged. However, the aging of LWC and SC did not result in a significant fragmentation of ink particles. In contrast, strong ink fragmentation is typical of aged ONP furnishes. The fractional approach gives new insight into deinking mechanisms, and could be essential for finding optimal deinking process conditions, for example in a pulping process or flotation environment. The method would also enable enhanced control of different DIP process stages and would contribute to creating a more efficient process with better waste management and improved final product quality. / Tiivistelmä Tässä työssä käytetyllä putkivirtausfraktioinnilla, joka on eräs kenttävirtausfraktioinnin sovellus, voidaan luokitella hyvin selektiivisesti erikokoisia (1&#8211;5000 µm) partikkeleita. Partikkeleiden luokittelu partikkelikooltaan erikokoisiin jakeisiin mahdollistaa näytteiden fraktionaalisen analyysin. Tässä työssä todettiin, että partikkelin pituus on tärkein yksittäinen muototekijä, joka vaikuttaa partikkelien fraktioitumiseen eri kokoluokkiin putkivirtausfraktioinnissa. Työssä tutkittu fraktionaalinen menetelmä mahdollistaa paljon syvällisemmän paperisulppujen analyysin kuin monet perinteiset laboratorioanalyysit, kuten Bauer McNett -luokittelu tai siistausmassojen hyperpesu. Putkivirtausfraktionaattorilla voidaan korvata Bauer McNett -luokittelu massasulppujen eri fraktioiden massaosuuksien määrityksessä. Lisäksi massojen fraktiointi putkivirtausfraktionaattorilla on nopea ja luotettava menetelmä, ja saadut tulokset ovat vertailukelpoisia Bauer McNett -luokittelulla saatujen tulosten kanssa. Kierrätyspaperiraaka-aineen kasvava hyödyntäminen paperin tuotannossa jatkunee lähivuosina. Tämä tarkoittaa, että siistausprosessissa hyödynnettävän raaka-aineen laatuvaihtelut aiheuttavat entistä suurempia haasteita. Muutokset raaka-aineen laadussa, kuten paperin ikä tai käytetty paperityyppi vaikuttavat huomattavasti massan siistattavuuteen. Näistä tekijöistä johtuen on tarvetta kehittää uusia mittausmenetelmiä määrittää siistausmassojen ominaisuuksia. Erityisesti musteen irtoaminen ja mustepartikkeleiden kokojen määritys voisi auttaa musteenpoistoprosessin ohjauksessa. Jos siistausmassa fraktioidaan putkivirtausfraktionaattorilla, on mahdollista tutkia mustekokojakaumia ja mustepitoisuuksia eri fraktioissa ja näin saadaan tietoa mustepartikkeleiden irtoamisesta ja mustepartikkelien koosta. Fraktionaalisella analyysilla on tässä työssä tutkittu eri siistausmassojen raaka-aineita ja prosessiratkaisuja. Työssä huomattiin, että LWC- ja SC-paperin ikääntymisellä on negatiivinen vaikutus paperin sulputtumisnopeuteen pulpperissa, mutta sanomalehtipaperilla vastaavaa ilmiötä ei huomattu. Musteen irtoaminen oli huonompaa LWC- ja SC-paperin ikääntyessä. Kuitenkaan ikääntyminen ei vaikuttanut LWC- ja SC-paperin mustepartikkeleiden pilkkoutumiseen merkittävästi. Sen sijaan sanomalehtipaperilla havaittiin voimakasta mustepartikkeleiden pilkkoutumista raaka-aineen ikääntyessä. Fraktionaalinen tutkiminen antaa uuden näkökulman musteenpoistomekanismeihin ja voisi olla hyödyllinen, kun etsitään optimaalisia musteenpoisto-olosuhteita esimerkiksi pulpperointiin tai flotaatioon. Menetelmä voisi mahdollistaa myös eri siistausprosessin osaprosessien säätämisen. Lisäsi menetelmän avulla voitaisiin saada tehostettua prosesseja ja parannettua laatua sekä saada prosesseista ympäristöystävällisempiä.

Tryckeribranschen är en ekonomiskt pressad bransch som söker nya besparingsmetoder. En av metoderna är att minska insatsvaran tryckfärg med färgreduceringsprogramvara. Rapporten undersöker möjligheterna med färgreduceringssystem. Detta genom att studera hur man använder sig av färgreducering och hur det påverkar trycket. Studien avser besvara: • Hur stor färgminskning kan man använda sig av utan negativa konsekvenser på bildkvalitén? • Hur går man tillväga för att skapa den färgminskningen? • Överensstämmer total färgförändring och visuell bedömning av tryck? För att få svar på dessa frågor togs en testform fram med nödvändiga bilder och färgfält som sedan genomgick en rad färgreduktioner. Testformen utvärderades digitalt med avseende på TAC och total färgförändring. Därefter trycktes testformen och utvärderades visuellt av en testgrupp och uppmättes för att visa färgförändring efter tryck. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att det går att färgreducera tryck utan avsevärda negativa konsekvenser på bildkvalitén. En reducering från 300 % TAC till en TAC mellan 240 % och 210 % är fullt möjlig för att få en besparing och vara inom standard för total färgförändring. Detta går att göra väldigt lätt med en programvara som Alwan CMYK Optimizer ECO, med enbart förvalda inställningar och en inställd Total Ink Limit mellan 240 % och 210 %. Resultatet visade även en stark korrelation mellan den visuella bedömningen och den totala färgförändring, som tyder att både metoder är lämpliga för bedömning av tryck.

Abstract The amount of printing ink in a pulp suspension produced from recovered paper and its impact on overall brightness is commonly estimated from the reflectance-based ink content measured at a wavelength of 700 nm or 950 nm. The method uses a light scattering coefficient that can be measured from a slightly translucent test medium, i.e. of an opacity less than 97%. This is the case with machine-made papers in most instances. Alternatively, suitable opacity can be achieved by preparing a standard low-grammage sheet on a wire screen, but this results in poor retention of fibre fines, mineral fillers and printing inks, which is especially detrimental to ink measurement when the pulp suspension contains substantial amounts of printing inks. Hence opaque pads are often prepared on filter paper to achieve high retention. Unfortunately their high opacity prevents measurement of the light scattering coefficient, and thus a constant coefficient must be used for the determination of ink content. The aim of this thesis was to clarify the effects of retention and fine material changes on the light scattering coefficient in ink content measurement. The results showed that the light scattering properties of pulp in the wavelength region used for ink content analysis do not remain constant when the fine material content varies. The grade of the recovered paper, hyperwashing and flotation alter the fine material content and thus affect the light scattering. Printing ink also affects light scattering, but its practical impact is smaller than that of fibre fines and mineral fillers. The light scattering coefficient used for each ink content measurement needs to be representative, otherwise a systematic bias in ink content measurements may result from changes in the nature of the fine material and in its content. It is recommended that the light scattering coefficient should be measured in order to avoid this. The measurement should preferably be performed from a low-grammage sheet prepared on filter paper, as this ensures high retention and a measured value that represents better the initial state of the pulp suspension. / Tiivistelmä Mustepitoisuusmittaus perustuu hajaheijastukseen joko 700 nm tai 950 nm aallonpituudella ja sitä käytetään usein arvioitaessa keräyspaperista valmistetun massasuspension soveltuvuutta painopaperien valmistukseen ja painomusteen vaikutusta massan vaaleuteen. Mustepitoisuuden mittauksessa käytetään valonsirontakerrointa, joka voidaan mitata hieman läpikuultavasta näytteestä eli näytteen opasiteetin on oltava pienempi kuin 97 %. Tämä opasiteettiraja toteutuu useimmiten paperikoneella tehdyille painotuotteille. Riittävän alhainen opasiteetti saavutetaan myös valmistamalla standardin mukainen matalaneliömassainen arkki viiralle, mutta tämä johtaa kuitumaisten hienoaineiden, mineraalisten täyteaineiden ja painomusteiden alhaiseen retentioon. Matala retentio on erityisen haitallinen piirre mustemittauksen kannalta massoilla, jotka sisältävät huomattavia määriä painomusteita. Siten usein valmistetaan läpikuultamattomia arkkeja suodatinpaperin päälle, joiden retentio on korkea. Korkeasta opasiteetista johtuen näistä arkeista ei voida määrittää valonsirontakerrointa, jolloin mustepitoisuuden määritys perustuu vakiokertoimeen. Tämän väitöskirjan tavoitteena oli selvittää retention ja hienoaineiden muutoksien vaikutuksia valonsirontakertoimeen ja mustemittaustulokseen. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittivat että valonsirontakerroin, joka mitataan mustepitoisuuden yhteydessä, ei pysy vakiona hienoainepitoisuuden muuttuessa. Hienoainepitoisuuteen ja siten valonsirontakertoimeen vaikuttavat keräyspaperin laji, hyperpesu ja vaahdotus. Myös painomuste vaikuttaa valonsirontakertoimeen, mutta käytännössä vaikutuksen suurusluokka on pienempi kuin hieno- ja täyteaineilla. Mustepitoisuuden määrityksessä käytetyn valonsirontakertoimen on oltava edustava, muutoin arvot voivat olla systemaattisesti virheellisiä hienoainemäärän tai laadun muuttuessa. Virheen välttämiseksi olisi suositeltavaa määrittää valonsirontakerroin mustepitoisuusanalyysin yhteydessä. Tämä olisi mahdollista tehdä suodatinpaperin päälle valmistetusta matalaneliömassaisesta arkista, jolloin saavutetaan korkea retentio ja näin mitattu arvo edustaa paremmin massasuspension alkuperäistä tilaa.

No description available.

Published Article / This paper surveys the current state and capabilities of Three Dimensional Printing (3DP). Based on its technical background - the ink jet printing as known from the printer and plotter industry - a classification structure has been developed and proposed. Different printing techniques and process concepts, together with their advantages and limitations are described and analysed. A large variety of manufacturing applications such as rapid pattern making and rapid tooling using the 3DP process directly or as core technology, as well as further implications in design and engineering analysis, medicine, and architecture are presented and evaluated. Some research issues are also discussed. An attempt, based on the state of the art, to show weaknesses and opportunities, and to draw conclusions about the future of this important process wraps up this paper.

Previous reports have shown that several tattoo inks available on the Swedish market contain prohibited substances. Although the regulatory framework has been in place since 2012, there is a lack of clarity about whether the contents of tattoo inks meet regulatory requirements or not. The purpose of this study was to find out if an active supervision is conducted to determine if the regulations on tattoo inks are met, focusing on the content of prohibited substances. 43 Swedish municipalities were given a survey about their experiences in conducting supervision of tattoo artists. Most municipalities have used the regulation (2012:503) on tattoo inks. Parts that involves giving information to the customer, labeling of tattoo ink containers and sterility have been more common in the supervision than the parts related to control of the tattoo inks content. It is today difficult and time consuming to verify the state of tattoo ink contents and to compare with the available lists included in the legislation. The study suggests the introduction of a simpler, standardized method for investigating whether a tattoo color contains prohibited substances or not.