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Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-10-24T12:05:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 phelippenathanielribeirooliveira.pdf: 38807259 bytes, checksum: 0fb7a9c3618eead9cfaf2b0cd4b00d9c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-11-23T11:11:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 phelippenathanielribeirooliveira.pdf: 38807259 bytes, checksum: 0fb7a9c3618eead9cfaf2b0cd4b00d9c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-23T11:11:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 phelippenathanielribeirooliveira.pdf: 38807259 bytes, checksum: 0fb7a9c3618eead9cfaf2b0cd4b00d9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-22 / Esta pesquisa de base qualitativa (DENZIN & LINCOLN, 1994) tem por finalidade coletar ocorrências de lookalike English (BLOMMAERT, 2012) a partir da paisagem linguística (GORTER, 2006) da cidade de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, e propor sua análise sob uma orientação translíngue (CANAGARAJAH, 2013) para a linguagem, a qual acreditamos permitir uma compreensão mais esclarecedora dos complexos processos subjacentes a estas práticas linguísticas. Revisitamos os principais modelos teóricos desenvolvidos a partir da segunda metade do século XX, tais como World Englishes (KACHRU, 1991), English as Global Language (CRYSTAL, 2003), English as a Lingua Franca (JENKINS, 2006; MAURANEN, 2017) e English as A Local Language (HIGGINS, 2009), os quais têm sido usados para se descrever a expansão global da língua inglesa e sua diversificação a partir do contato com outras línguas, a fim de evidenciarmos um dinamismo característico deste processo e traçar as bases conceituais necessárias à compreensão da virada multilíngue (MAY, 2014), à qual pretendemos alinhar nossas considerações. Discutimos como a mobilidade (BLOMMAERT, 2010) possibilitada pelos episódios mais recentes da globalização tem dado origem a novas formas de multilinguismo urbano em uma sociedade frequentemente descrita como superdiversa (VERTOVEC, 2005; BUDACH & SAINTGEORGES, 2017). Apoiados em pressupostos teóricos recentes da Sociolinguística e da Linguística Aplicada, tais como o entendimento de língua como uma prática local (PENNYCOOK, 2010), nas contribuições metodológicas da tradição etnográfica (BLOMMAERT, 2013; BLOMMAERT & JIE, 2010) e da análise de narrativas (DE FINA, 2009, 2015; DE FINA & JOHNSTONE, 2015), buscamos evidenciar nos accounts (SCOTT & LYMAN, 1968) produzidos em nosso trabalho de campo a natureza translíngue de tais práticas (CANAGARAJAH, 2013) e examiná-las através das lentes da multivocalidade (HIGGINS, 2009) e da inescrutabilidade (LEE, 2017), noções que nos permitem discutir questões de identidade e legitimidade envolvidas em práticas translíngues. / This qualitative study (DENZIN & LINCOLN, 1994) aims to collect examples of lookalike English (BLOMMAERT, 2012) from the linguistic landscape of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, and treat them from a translingual orientation (CANAGARAJAH, 2013) to language, which we believe to foster a deeper discussion of the complex processes underlying such language practices. We reexamine the most important theoretical models developed during the second half of the 20th century, such as World Englishes (KACHRU, 1991), English as Global Language (CRYSTAL, 2003), English as Lingua Franca (JENKINS, 2006; MAURANEN, 2017) and English a Local Language (HIGGINS, 2009), which have been used to describe the global expansion and diversification of English through its contact with other languages, in order to reveal the inherent dynamics of this process and build the conceptual foundations to the understanding of the multilingual turn (MAY, 2014), with which we expect to align our considerations. We discuss how the mobility (BLOMMAERT, 2010) brought about by the latest events of globalization has originated new forms of urban multilingualism in a society frequently described as super-diverse (VERTOVEC, 2005; BUDACH & SAINT-GEORGES, 2017). By drawing on more recent theoretical constructs in Sociolinguistics and Applied Linguistics, such as an understanding of language as a local practice (PENNYCOOK, 2010), as well as methodological contributions both from the ethnographic tradition (BLOMMAERT, 2013; BLOMMAERT & JIE, 2010) and narrative analysis (DE FINA, 2009, 2015; DE FINA & JOHNSTONE, 2015), we examine the accounts (SCOTT & LYMAN, 1968) produced during our fieldwork in order to unveil the translingual nature of such language practices, which are further discussed through the lenses of multivocality (HIGGINS, 2009) and inscrutability (LEE, 2017) in order to address identity and legitimacy issues embedded in these practices.

“Homeomorphic'' is the standard equivalence relation in topology. To a topologist, spaces which are homeomorphic to each other aren't merely similar to each other, they are the same space. We study a class of functions which are homeomorphic at “most'' of the points of their domains and codomains, but which may fail to satisfy some of the properties required to be a homeomorphism at a “small'' portion of the points of these spaces. Such functions we call “almost homeomorphisms.'' One of the nice properties of almost homeomorphisms is the preservation of almost open sets, i.e. sets which are “close'' to being open, except for a “small'' set of points where the set is “defective.'' We also find a surprising result that all non-empty, perfect, Polish spaces are almost homeomorphic to each other.A standard technique in algebraic topology is to pass between a continuous map between topological spaces and the corresponding homomorphism of fundamental groups using the π1 functor. It is a non-trivial question to ask when a specific homomorphism is induced by a continuous map; that is, what is the image of the π1 functor on homomorphisms?We will call homomorphisms in the image of the π1 functor “tangible homomorphisms'' and call homomorphisms that are not induced by continuous functions “intangible homomorphisms.'' For example, Conner and Spencer used ultrafilters to prove there is a map from HEG to Z2 not induced by any continuous function f : HE→ Y , where Y is some topological space with π1(Y ) = Z2. However, in standard situations, such as when the domain is a simplicial complex, only tangible homomorphisms appear..Our job is to describe conditions when intangible homomorphisms exist and how easily these maps can be constructed. We use methods from Shelah and Pawlikowski to prove that Conner and Spencer could not have constructed these homomorphisms with a weak version of the Axiom of Choice. This leads us to define and examine a class of pathological objects that cannot be constructed without a strong version of the Axiom of Choice, which we call the class of inscrutable objects. Objects that do not need a strong version of the Axiom of Choice are scrutable. We show that the scrutable homomorphisms from the fundamental group of a Peano continuum are exactly the homomorphisms induced by a continuous function.

Este trabajo analiza la crítica que muchos filósofos han dirigido contra la tesis de la indeterminación del significado inspirados por la idea que J. Searle desarrollara en su célebre artículo de 1987, "Indeterminacy, Empiricism and the First Person". Searle defiende que la tesis constituye una reducción al absurdo de sí misma, ya que precisa hacer uso de distinciones semánticas que ella misma declara inexistentes. Esta reducción al absurdo se debe, siempre según Searle, a la perspectiva de tercera persona que adoptan los defensores de la tesis - Searle analiza aquí la exposición de la tesis de sus dos más ilustres defensores: W. V. O. Quine y D. Davidson - . Nuestro trabajo intenta mostrar cómo esta línea de ataque no dispone de argumentos satisfactorios. La tesis se estructura en tres grandes capítulos. En el primero se expone la tesis de la indeterminación del significado en sus dos grandes vertientes: la conocida como indeterminación de la traducción y la inescrutabilidad de la referencia. Se expone la tesis tal y como aparece en Quine primero y en Davidson después, analizando elementos de enorme relevancia para la tesis, como el holismo del significado y la relación entre la indeterminación y la infradeterminación.En la segunda parte se expone la mencionada crítica de Searle, con especial atención a cómo desarrollaron esta idea de rechazar la indeterminación apelando a una noción de significado desde la perspectiva de la primera persona autores como P. Alston y S. Soames. En la tercera parte se estudia la forma más novedosa que ha adoptado esta visión de "significado de primera persona", a saber, la apelación a las intuiciones lingüísticas de los hablantes. Ha sido D. Bar-On quien más ha ahondado en esta idea. Se defiende aquí la teoría davidsoniana acerca de la autoridad de la primera persona respecto al significado de sus palabras. Se defiende, en particular, la forma davidsoniana de conjugar la indeterminación con la autoridad de la primera persona.Cierra el trabajo una sección de "conclusiones y perspectivas", donde se resumen las conclusiones alcanzadas y se apuntan cuestiones que, tras las conclusiones obtenidas, merecen una profunda revisión. / This work analyzes the criticism that many philosophers have made to the thesis of meaning indeterminacy inspired by the idea exposed by J. Searle in his celebrated article, from 1987, "Indeterminacy, Empiricism and the First Person". Searle defends that the thesis supposes a reductio ad absurdum of itself due to the fact that it requires semantic distinctions that it itself declares non-existent. This reductio is due, according to Searle, to the third person perspective adopted by the defenders of the thesis - Searle analyzes here the exposition of the it made by its two more distinguished defenders, namely, W. V. Quine and D. Davidson - . Our work tries to show that this line of attack does not have satisfactory reasons. This work is organized into three large chapters. The first one is devoted to exposing the thesis in its two aspects: the one known as indeterminacy of translation and the inscrutability of reference. The thesis is exposed as it appears firstly in W. V. Quine and later in D. Davidson, studying different relevant factors for the it, as meaning holism or the relation between indeterminacy and underdetermination. The mentioned Searle's criticism is developed in the second chapter. The work analyzes here the arguments presented by the authors who have rejected the thesis by appealing to a first person perspective - viz. P. Alston or S. Soames - . The third chapter is devoted to studying the most current form this "first person meaning" has adopted, namely, the appellation to the linguistic intuitions of speakers. D. Bar-On has been the most prolific author following this line. We defend here the Davidsonian theory about first person authority with respect to the meaning of her words. We defend, in particular, Davidson's way of combining indeterminacy and first person authority. The work finishes with a section of "Conclusions and Perspectives", where the reached conclusions are summarized and some issues are brought up which, following on from our conclusions, need in-deepth revision.

Conner and Spencer used ultrafilters to construct homomorphisms between fundamental groups that could not be induced by continuous functions between the underlying spaces. We use methods from Shelah and Pawlikowski to prove that Conner and Spencer could not have constructed these homomorphisms with a weak version of the Axiom of Choice. This led us to define and examine a class of pathological objects that cannot be constructed without a strong version of the Axiom of Choice, which we call the class of inscrutable objects. Objects that do not need a strong version of the Axiom of Choice are scrutable. We show that the scrutable homomorphisms from the fundamental group of a Peano continuum are exactly the homomorphisms induced by a continuous function.We suspect that any proposed theorem whose proof does not use a strong Axiom of Choice cannot have an inscrutable counterexample.