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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Resolução de problemas pela recombinação de classes operantes em cães domésticos (Canis lupus familiaris) / Problem solving by the recombination of operant class in dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)

Martins Filho, Alceu 06 December 2017 (has links)
O cão é um animal que, após dezenas de milhares de anos, está ecologicamente adaptado à vida na sociedade humana. Dessa maneira, desempenha diversos papéis na sociedade e sua cognição e comportamentos têm sido do interesse de pesquisas experimentais. Pesquisas com o objetivo de descrever o desempenho de resolução de problemas com cães, geralmente, têm buscado por processos cognitivos comuns entre esse animal e o humano. Contudo, os experimentos de resolução de problemas não expuseram cães às condições dos experimentos clássicos da psicologia com a tarefa de deslocamento de caixa. O presente estudo teve como objetivo observar o desempenho de cães em dois experimentos de resolução de problemas. No primeiro experimento foi disponibilizada para o cão uma placa branca e uma caixa no ambiente experimental. A resolução do problema se daria acaso o cão emitisse as classes operantes de empurrar a caixa em direção à placa branca, parar de empurrar debaixo desta, subir na caixa e tocar com o focinho na placa branca. No segundo experimento foi disponibilizado um pedaço de alimento dependurado e uma caixa no ambiente experimental. A satisfatória resolução do problema compreenderia a emissão das classes operantes de empurrar a caixa em direção ao pedaço de alimento, parando-a por debaixo do alimento, subindo e pegando o alimento. Os cães dos dois experimentos foram expostos a um pré-teste com essas duas situações problema configuradas, uma situação para cada participante em cada experimento. Após foram treinados a emitir as duas classes operantes pré-requisito. A primeira foi a classe operante de empurrar a caixa em direção a um estímulo monocromático. A segunda foi subir na caixa, fixa no chão, e tocar com o focinho em uma placa branca, Experimento 1; subir na caixa, fixada no chão, e pegar o pedaço de alimento, Experimento 2. Ambos os participantes solucionaram as situações problema apresentando um desempenho súbito e direcionado, característico do insight. CPB, Experimento 1, solucionou a situação problema empurrando a caixa em direção à placa branca, o fez na primeira tentativa do teste de resolução que a caixa esteve presente na posição do treino, assim, após iniciada a tentativa e o cão tocar a primeira vez na caixa, a empurrou em direção à placa branca, parou de empurrar debaixo desta, ajeitou a caixa com a pata e 30 segundos depois de iniciar a classe operante de empurrar, subiu na caixa e tocou com o focinho na placa branca. O participante CAL, Experimento 2, também solucionou a situação problema no teste de resolução, assim, engajou-se na classe operante de empurrar em direção à vasilha contendo o pedaço de alimento, parou de empurrar debaixo desta, subiu e pegou o alimento, essa resolução transcorreu em 4 segundos após iniciar a classe operante de empurrar / After tens of thousands years, dogs are ecologically adapted to human societies. This species has a diversity of roles in human societies and their cognition and behavior are of interest in experimental research. Common cognitive processes between humans and dogs are the objective on most problem solving researchs with this participants. However, problem solving research did not observed the behavior of this species on the box displacement task. The objective of this work was to observe the performance of two dogs at two diferente experiments with problem situations. On the first one a white board and a box were available. The problem solving occurred if the dog pushed the box toward the white board, stop pusing below it, climbed at the box and snout poked the board. On the second one, food was suspended and a box was available at the experimental environment. The readily problem solving comprehend pushing the box toward the food, stop pushing below it, climbing at the box and grabbing the food. Each dog was subject to a problem situation pre-test. After, they were trained on two prerequisite operant classes. To push a box toward a monochromatic stimuli and to climb on the box. For one dog, Experiment 1, this second operant class was to climb the box and snout poke a white board, for the other one, Experiment 2, was to climb the box and grab the food. Both dogs solved the problem situations in a sudden and directedness behavior, insight like performance. CPB, Experiment 1, solved the problem situation by pushing the box toward the white board, did so on the first attempt in the recombination test with the box on the training position, on this attempt, the dog pushed the box toward the white board, stop pushing below it, straightened the box using his paw and climbed the box and poked the white board, the whole operant recombination lasted 30 seconds. CAL, Experiment 2, resolved the problem situation by pushing the box toward the food, climbed on it and grabbed the food, the whole operant recombination lasted 4 seconds
42

Crítica e delírio: a noção de insight em psicanálise e psiquiatria / Critique and Delusion: the notion of Insight in Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry

Alves, Karen Cristina Martins 24 April 2014 (has links)
Debates de psiquiatria contemporânea apontam que tanto a definição de delírio como a de crítica levantam dificuldades terminológicas que levam a imprecisões clínicas. Uma destas situações diz respeito principalmente à progressão do delírio em direção a uma recusa do tratamento, o que tem sido descrito pela literatura psiquiátrica de maneira genérica como ausência de insight, ausência de consciência da doença mental, ausência de crítica e até como simples não adesão ao tratamento. Com intuito de contribuir para essa dissensão a partir da psicanálise sugerimos que, assim como outros fenômenos ligados ao inconsciente, o delírio pode ser redefinido a partir da capacidade do sujeito em criticá-lo, o que depende da reordenação perceptiva (insight) de aspectos do próprio delírio. Como a terminologia da crítica está presente na filosofia e história da psicopatologia, discutimos modificações no delírio que vão de Kant a Pinel, de Freud à tese de doutoramento de Lacan. A crítica é uma atividade do juízo que pode estar ligada à interpretação e à reordenação perceptiva (insight), mas pode ser também fruto da atividade das instâncias críticas do sujeito. A fim diferenciar esses dois tipos de crítica que encontramos, crítica do delírio e no delírio, sugerimos considerá-la como uma modalidade de implicação subjetiva, ligada a síntese das representações, intencionalidade do juízo e responsabilidade da conduta / Debates of contemporary psychiatry point that problems on definition has led to clinical inaccuracies. One of the main situations described in the literature concerns to the expansion of delusion toward a refusal of treatment. Such situations are denominated from a wide semantic spectrum that ranges from the lack of insight, lack of awareness of mental illness, lack of critique and even simple non-adherence to treatment. To contribute to this disagreement as from the psychoanalysis we suggest that, like other unconscious phenomena linked, the delusion can be reset from the subject\'s ability to criticize it, which depends on reorganization of perceptual aspects (insight) of the delusion itself. Because critical terminology is present in the philosophy and history of psychopathology, we discuss changes in delusion ranging from Kant to Pinel, from Freud to Lacan\'s doctoral thesis. Critique is an activity of judgment that can be linked to perceptual interpretation and reordering (insight), but can also be the result of the activity of critical instances of the subject. In order to differentiate these two types of criticism that we find, critique of delusion and critique in delusion, we suggest considering it as a form of subjective implication, linked to synthesis of representations, intentionality of judgment and responsibility of conduct
43

Resolução de problemas pela recombinação de classes operantes em cães domésticos (Canis lupus familiaris) / Problem solving by the recombination of operant class in dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)

Alceu Martins Filho 06 December 2017 (has links)
O cão é um animal que, após dezenas de milhares de anos, está ecologicamente adaptado à vida na sociedade humana. Dessa maneira, desempenha diversos papéis na sociedade e sua cognição e comportamentos têm sido do interesse de pesquisas experimentais. Pesquisas com o objetivo de descrever o desempenho de resolução de problemas com cães, geralmente, têm buscado por processos cognitivos comuns entre esse animal e o humano. Contudo, os experimentos de resolução de problemas não expuseram cães às condições dos experimentos clássicos da psicologia com a tarefa de deslocamento de caixa. O presente estudo teve como objetivo observar o desempenho de cães em dois experimentos de resolução de problemas. No primeiro experimento foi disponibilizada para o cão uma placa branca e uma caixa no ambiente experimental. A resolução do problema se daria acaso o cão emitisse as classes operantes de empurrar a caixa em direção à placa branca, parar de empurrar debaixo desta, subir na caixa e tocar com o focinho na placa branca. No segundo experimento foi disponibilizado um pedaço de alimento dependurado e uma caixa no ambiente experimental. A satisfatória resolução do problema compreenderia a emissão das classes operantes de empurrar a caixa em direção ao pedaço de alimento, parando-a por debaixo do alimento, subindo e pegando o alimento. Os cães dos dois experimentos foram expostos a um pré-teste com essas duas situações problema configuradas, uma situação para cada participante em cada experimento. Após foram treinados a emitir as duas classes operantes pré-requisito. A primeira foi a classe operante de empurrar a caixa em direção a um estímulo monocromático. A segunda foi subir na caixa, fixa no chão, e tocar com o focinho em uma placa branca, Experimento 1; subir na caixa, fixada no chão, e pegar o pedaço de alimento, Experimento 2. Ambos os participantes solucionaram as situações problema apresentando um desempenho súbito e direcionado, característico do insight. CPB, Experimento 1, solucionou a situação problema empurrando a caixa em direção à placa branca, o fez na primeira tentativa do teste de resolução que a caixa esteve presente na posição do treino, assim, após iniciada a tentativa e o cão tocar a primeira vez na caixa, a empurrou em direção à placa branca, parou de empurrar debaixo desta, ajeitou a caixa com a pata e 30 segundos depois de iniciar a classe operante de empurrar, subiu na caixa e tocou com o focinho na placa branca. O participante CAL, Experimento 2, também solucionou a situação problema no teste de resolução, assim, engajou-se na classe operante de empurrar em direção à vasilha contendo o pedaço de alimento, parou de empurrar debaixo desta, subiu e pegou o alimento, essa resolução transcorreu em 4 segundos após iniciar a classe operante de empurrar / After tens of thousands years, dogs are ecologically adapted to human societies. This species has a diversity of roles in human societies and their cognition and behavior are of interest in experimental research. Common cognitive processes between humans and dogs are the objective on most problem solving researchs with this participants. However, problem solving research did not observed the behavior of this species on the box displacement task. The objective of this work was to observe the performance of two dogs at two diferente experiments with problem situations. On the first one a white board and a box were available. The problem solving occurred if the dog pushed the box toward the white board, stop pusing below it, climbed at the box and snout poked the board. On the second one, food was suspended and a box was available at the experimental environment. The readily problem solving comprehend pushing the box toward the food, stop pushing below it, climbing at the box and grabbing the food. Each dog was subject to a problem situation pre-test. After, they were trained on two prerequisite operant classes. To push a box toward a monochromatic stimuli and to climb on the box. For one dog, Experiment 1, this second operant class was to climb the box and snout poke a white board, for the other one, Experiment 2, was to climb the box and grab the food. Both dogs solved the problem situations in a sudden and directedness behavior, insight like performance. CPB, Experiment 1, solved the problem situation by pushing the box toward the white board, did so on the first attempt in the recombination test with the box on the training position, on this attempt, the dog pushed the box toward the white board, stop pushing below it, straightened the box using his paw and climbed the box and poked the white board, the whole operant recombination lasted 30 seconds. CAL, Experiment 2, resolved the problem situation by pushing the box toward the food, climbed on it and grabbed the food, the whole operant recombination lasted 4 seconds
44

Recombinação de comportamento em ratos Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) em um novo procedimento de deslocamento de caixa / Recombination of behaviors in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) in a new box displacement procedure

Rodrigo Harder Ferro Dicezare 07 April 2017 (has links)
No começo do século XX, Wolfgang Köhler descreveu uma forma súbita de resolução de problemas, diferente da tentativa-e-erro, e chamou-a de insight. Para estudar essa forma de resolução, Epstein et al. (1984) elaboraram um teste de deslocamento de caixa, utilizando pombos como sujeitos. Nesse estudo, somente os pombos que aprenderam separadamente todos os comportamentos requisito conseguiram recombinar esses comportamentos e resolver a tarefa. Em estudos posteriores, foram utilizados ratos como sujeitos na mesma tarefa. Estes, porém, não puderam resolvê-la de forma súbita, direta e contínua. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver e avaliar um novo procedimento de deslocamento de caixa, que permita observar a resolução de problemas por recombinação de comportamentos aprendidos separadamente em roedores de pequeno porte, com topografia de resolução direta e contínua. Para isso, realizou-se uma adaptação do procedimento de deslocamento de caixas de Epstein et al. (1984), na qual utilizaram-se cereais açucarados como reforçadores para ensinar separadamente dois comportamentos aos ratos (n=2): empurrar um cubo de acrílico em direção a uma divisória iluminada, e subir no cubo e em uma plataforma. Em seguida, foi realizado um teste, no qual o cubo estava distante da plataforma e, para conseguir um pedaço de cereal açucarado, os ratos precisariam empurrá-lo até junto à plataforma, subir nele e em seguida na plataforma. Ambos puderam resolver o problema em uma topografia satisfatória para os critérios de insight. Um segundo teste foi realizado somente com um dos ratos, a fim de identificar qual estímulo controlava o comportamento do animal: a plataforma (objeto), ou sua localização (posição). O resultado desse teste revelou que a posição da plataforma controlava o desempenho do animal na tarefa. Por conta disso, foi então realizada mais uma fase de treino, que considerou a posição da plataforma como variável a ser controlada, e ambos os ratos foram expostos novamente ao problema. O resultado demonstrou que o re-treino foi efetivo em estabelecer controle da plataforma (objeto) sobre o desempenho do rato na tarefa, e verificou-se uma nova resolução do problema satisfatória para os critérios de insight. Concluiu-se que o procedimento adotado possibilitou e favoreceu a recombinação de comportamentos com topografia direta e contínua / In the beginning of the 20th century, Wolfgang Köhler described a new sudden way to solve problems, different from try-and-error. He called it insight. To study this new way of problem solving, Epstein et al. (1984) proposed a box displacement test with pigeons as subjects. In this study, only pigeons that separately learned all required behaviors could recombine these behaviors and solve the task. However, in later studies, rats were used as subjects in the same task, and they could not solve the task in a sudden, direct and continuous way. Therefore, the aim of this work is to develop and evaluate a new procedure of box displacement that allows the observation of problem resolution by recombination of behaviors learned separately in small rodents, with a direct and continuous resolution topography. To that end, an adaptation of Epstein et al. (1984) study\'s procedure was carried out, in which two repertoires were taught separately to the rats (n = 2) with sugary cereals as reinforcement: pushing an acrylic cube to an illuminated section; and climbing on the cube and on a platform. After teaching these behaviors, a test was carried out, in which the cube was far from the platform and, to get a piece of sugary cereal, the rats had to push the cube onto platform, climb on it and then on the platform. The test results showed that both rats could solve the problem in a satisfactory topography for insight criteria. A second test was performed with only one of the rats to identify which stimulus controlled the behavior of the animal: the platform (object) or its location (position). The results of this test revealed that the position of the platform controlled the performance of the animal in the task. Hence, a further training phase was carried out, which considered the position of the platform as a variable to be controlled, and both rats were exposed again to the problem. The results showed that the re-training was effective in establishing control of the platform (object) on the performance of the rats, and a new resolution of the problem was satisfactory for the insight criteria. Based on the results, it is possible to conclude that the procedure adopted allowed and favored the recombination of behaviors with direct and continuous topography
45

Contraintes sur la structure interne de Mars et mesures de la marée de Phobos pour la mission INSIGHT / Constraints on the internal structure of Mars and measurements of the tides from Phobos for the INSIGHT mission

Pou, Sôphal Laurent 18 January 2019 (has links)
La thèse concerne la mission INSIGHT qui doit partir vers Mars en 2018. L'un des objectifs principaux est de déterminer l'état du noyau de la planète (liquide ou solide), notamment avec les mesures du sismomètre SEIS qui doit mesurer l'amplitude d'une des harmonique principales de la marée de Phobos. L'objectif de la thèse sera de modéliser les différents signaux d'intérêt (marée de Phobos et bruit de l'instrument) afin de retrouver le signal utile de la meilleure qualité possible. D'autres perturbations seront également étudiées comme le vent sur Mars ou d'autres sources de bruit environnemental. Un second objectif est de développer un code permettant de calculer les forces de marées sur des systèmes binaires, notamment d'astéroïdes de forme quelconques et en déduire les déplacements et contraintes en son sein. / This PHD is part of the work for the NASA InSight mission, which will see a seismometer launched for Mars in 2018. One of the main objectives of the mission is to determine the state of the planet (whether it is liquid or solid) by measuring the amplitude of the main amplitude of the Phobos tide with the SEIS seismometer. As such, this PHD aims at modelising all sources of signal, like the Phobos tide itself but also intrumental noises, in order to estimate the true signal that would be seen on site. Other sources of noises will be studied, such as wind noise and others. A second goal of ours is to develop a code to calculate the tidal forces seen by binary systems, notably asteroids without particular shapes, in order to deduce the tidal displacements and stresses inside them.
46

Crítica e delírio: a noção de insight em psicanálise e psiquiatria / Critique and Delusion: the notion of Insight in Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry

Karen Cristina Martins Alves 24 April 2014 (has links)
Debates de psiquiatria contemporânea apontam que tanto a definição de delírio como a de crítica levantam dificuldades terminológicas que levam a imprecisões clínicas. Uma destas situações diz respeito principalmente à progressão do delírio em direção a uma recusa do tratamento, o que tem sido descrito pela literatura psiquiátrica de maneira genérica como ausência de insight, ausência de consciência da doença mental, ausência de crítica e até como simples não adesão ao tratamento. Com intuito de contribuir para essa dissensão a partir da psicanálise sugerimos que, assim como outros fenômenos ligados ao inconsciente, o delírio pode ser redefinido a partir da capacidade do sujeito em criticá-lo, o que depende da reordenação perceptiva (insight) de aspectos do próprio delírio. Como a terminologia da crítica está presente na filosofia e história da psicopatologia, discutimos modificações no delírio que vão de Kant a Pinel, de Freud à tese de doutoramento de Lacan. A crítica é uma atividade do juízo que pode estar ligada à interpretação e à reordenação perceptiva (insight), mas pode ser também fruto da atividade das instâncias críticas do sujeito. A fim diferenciar esses dois tipos de crítica que encontramos, crítica do delírio e no delírio, sugerimos considerá-la como uma modalidade de implicação subjetiva, ligada a síntese das representações, intencionalidade do juízo e responsabilidade da conduta / Debates of contemporary psychiatry point that problems on definition has led to clinical inaccuracies. One of the main situations described in the literature concerns to the expansion of delusion toward a refusal of treatment. Such situations are denominated from a wide semantic spectrum that ranges from the lack of insight, lack of awareness of mental illness, lack of critique and even simple non-adherence to treatment. To contribute to this disagreement as from the psychoanalysis we suggest that, like other unconscious phenomena linked, the delusion can be reset from the subject\'s ability to criticize it, which depends on reorganization of perceptual aspects (insight) of the delusion itself. Because critical terminology is present in the philosophy and history of psychopathology, we discuss changes in delusion ranging from Kant to Pinel, from Freud to Lacan\'s doctoral thesis. Critique is an activity of judgment that can be linked to perceptual interpretation and reordering (insight), but can also be the result of the activity of critical instances of the subject. In order to differentiate these two types of criticism that we find, critique of delusion and critique in delusion, we suggest considering it as a form of subjective implication, linked to synthesis of representations, intentionality of judgment and responsibility of conduct
47

La compréhension technique et l'habilité manipulatrice chez les enfants: recherches expérimentales

Tordeur, Willem January 1940 (has links)
Doctorat en sciences psychologiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
48

Developing an understanding of users through an insights generation model : How insights about users can be generated from a variety of sources available in an organization

Enqvist, Juulia January 2017 (has links)
User centered design is a process which aims to understand user needs and desires by using different tools and methods. This is challenging in the industry as companies have different goals compared to the academic discipline of user centered design. As companies have different goals, common UCD methods which are used in the academic field are often not used. Therefore, there is a gap in how UCD is done in practice compared to theory. Designers and user experience specialists must use the tools which are available, capitalize on the opportunity to use existing resources in the organization in order to understand users and their needs. Insights explain the why and the motivation of the consumer or user, and they are less apparent and intangible, hidden truths that result from continuous digging. Insights can be draw from several different sources, from data and qualitative sources. This thesis investigates from what available sources in an organization can insights be generated from in order to understand users and design better experiences, specifically from the organizations perspective. The purpose is not only to understand users but to drive the organization’s objectives and goals. This thesis uses an innovative collaborative workshop methodology, working with digital designers, to answer the research questions and as a result presents an insights generation model. The research has been specifically conducted for an organization, and from their available sources, but the methodology and model creation has the potential to be used in similar settings, domains or projects.
49

Investigating Brain Networks Associated with Insight in Adolescents at Ultra High-Risk for Schizophrenia

Clark, Sarah 03 May 2017 (has links)
Background. Impaired insight, or unawareness of illness, is a common symptom of schizophrenia. Clinical insight is awareness of having a mental disorder; cognitive insight is ability to self-reflect (self­reflectiveness) and certainty in cognitions (self­certainty). In schizophrenia insight is associated with brain function and improving insight is a potential early intervention point. This study investigated whether insight is impaired in youth at ultra high-risk (UHR) for psychosis, and if it is related to major brain networks. Methods. Data from a larger UHR study was used, including 55 UHR adolescents and 55 controls assessed with the Structured Interview of Prodromal Symptoms, MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder, and Beck Cognitive Insight Scale, as well as resting state functional MRI scans. UHR and control groups were tested for differences in self-reflectiveness and self-certainty, and correlations between insight dimensions and clinical and cognitive measures. Functional connectivity was calculated for the default mode, the cingulo-opercular, and central executive networks and regressed on participants’ reported clinical and cognitive insight, while covarying for head motion. Results. Self-reflectiveness was higher in the UHR group (d = 1.28), but the groups did not differ in self-certainty (d = 0.28). Among UHR, poorer clinical insight was related to greater symptom severity. Default mode connectivity was negatively correlated with self-reflectiveness (R2 = .091) and clinical insight (R2 = .399) in UHR, but no such correlations were found in controls. Cerebello-prefrontal cortex connectivity was negatively associated with self-certainty in the UHR group (R2 = .089 - .138). Conclusions. Default mode connectivity appears to be associated with the facets of insight concerning self-awareness, whereas cerebello-prefrontal connectivity appears to be associated specifically with self-certainty. This is the first study to relate major brain networks to insight before the onset of psychosis, and is consistent with models proposing that different facets of insight are related to self-awareness and executive functioning through networks associated with these processes.
50

Dreamscape : a human inquiry into the land of dreaming

Mangiorou, Lamprini January 2014 (has links)
Until recently, research into dreaming followed the reductionist paradigm within a Freudian framework. This line of enquiry has failed to date to provide a meaningful relationship between neuropsychology and dreaming. As a result, theory development has halted, original therapeutic approaches outside the analytic tradition are scarce, and practitioners are disempowered when confronted with dream material. However, in recent years the concept of consciousness is back on the scientific agenda and the study of the subjective experience of dreaming is once again possible. Eight coinquirers employed Heron’s (1996) co-operative inquiry. We collaboratively explored our experience of dreaming holding seven meetings over six months. Paradoxically, we found that our experiences and understandings were similar and conflicting, mirroring the current debates in dream research. Our findings indicate strong links with waking consciousness, and that dreams are a source of entertainment, insight, problem solving and angst. Our study also highlighted that directing our awareness altered the nature of our dreams and our perceptions. Implications for Counselling Psychology theory, practice and research are discussed. It is argued that intentionality is a key concept and should be incorporated in Counselling Psychology research, theory and practice.

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