Uppsalas studentnationer grundades på 1600-talet och har sedan dess blivit en central del i Uppsalasstudentliv. I föreliggande studie undersöks Uppsala studentnationers roll i främjandet avstudenternas välbefinnande och skapande av gemenskap mellan medlemmarna. Särskilt fokus istudien ligger på de så kallade sittningarna – middagar med mat, dryck, sång och tal. Sittningarna ären del av nationslivet som är särskilt viktig för produktion och reproduktion av gemensammasymboler inom ramen för de ritualer som äger rum på sittningarna. En historisk bakgrund ochbeskrivning av studentnationerna idag tjänar som bakgrundsavsnitt för att visa hur nationernakommit att bli som de är idag och förklara framväxten av den sittningskultur som idag råder pånationerna. När studentnationerna studeras görs det vanligtvis med ett organisationsteoretisktperspektiv. Här görs en ansats att förklara nationerna ur andra teoretiska perspektiv då detorganisationsteoretiska begränsar möjligheterna till att förstå nationerna som socialt fenomen.Utifrån ett symboliskt interaktionistiskt perspektiv används teorier kring interaktion, institution ochritual för att förklara var som händer på sittningarna. Material från en observationsstudie på ennationssittning, åtta intervjuer med nationsaktiva studenter samt nationernas sångböcker haranalyserats utifrån det teoretiska perspektivet. Analysen av materialet visar att ritualer påsittningarna är viktiga för att skapa välbefinnande och gemenskap, och där står sången ut somsärskilt central. När sittningsdeltagarna sjunger tillsammans går de in i en gemensam roll och bliraktörer snarare än observatörer. Analysen visar också att det inte är tillräckligt att betraktastudentnationerna som moderna organisationer. Istället är institutionsbegreppet centralt för attbeskriva de ständigt pågående processerna där nya medlemmar integreras i institutionen, hurmedlemmarna tillsammans utgör nationen och hur sittningarna – när ritualerna är förståeliga och harmening – bidrar till studenternas välbefinnande och utgör nationslivets själva kärna.

During the twentieth century, Nursing Education in South Africa was traditionally provided by the public sector and religious orders. Sr Henriëtta Stockdale played a major role in the development of nursing education and the governing thereof. In 1914, the establishment of the South African Trained Nurses’ Association (SATNA) marked the drive for an improved system of education for professional nurses. Medical practitioners and members of the Colonial Medical Council supported this initiative. The Provincial Medical Councils recommended a uniform system of education, to abolish the apprenticeship system of training and that students should be supernumerary. However, it was difficult to persuade authorities to accept the recommendations. The apprenticeship system prevailed, except for Groote Schuur Hospital where a block system was introduced (Searle, 1965b:287). Nursing training at university level has been advocated by SATNA since 1914. Due to financial responsibilities and the limited number of recruits that met the entry requirements of tertiary institutions, it was unsuccessful. Furthermore, university training of nurses restricted the placement of student nurses at large hospitals linked to universities. In 1933, the University of Cape Town and the University of the Witwatersrand became the first two universities in South Africa to have nurses on campus (Potgieter, 1984:1). In 1916, the training of male nurses in the mining industry was allowed for the first time. All training interventions were funded by mining houses and could therefore be regarded as the first Private Nursing Education Institution (PNEI). In 1946, a small nursing school was established on the East Rand under the Simmer and Jack Native Hospital. The purpose was to train white male orderlies for medical stations at mines. This was the beginning of PNEI in South Africa. PNEI are still functioning presently. The role and contribution of these institutions to nursing education in South Africa are often ignored. The researcher strove to answer the following question: What is the history and development of PNEI and their contribution with regard to nursing education in South Africa from a historical perspective? The objectives of the study were to explore, describe and record the history of the development of PNEI and their contribution to nursing education in South Africa. The motivation for the private health care industry to embark on the establishment of Nursing Education Institution (NEI) was investigated and described. A qualitative research design and an explorative, descriptive, contextual, historical research approach were applied. Explorative research involves the exploration of the phenomenon to divulge its core components. A descriptive study design aimed to find more information on the topic within this particular field of study was also used. The topic and context of this study is PNEI in South Africa between 1946 and 2006. The purpose of the study is to preserve the history of the development and contribution of PNEI including Gold Fields Nursing College, Netcare Training Academy, Life Nursing College, Medi-Clinic Learning Centres and Gandhi Mandela Nursing Academy between 1946 and 2006. This research study is presented as a chronological narrative report (Objective 1). Data collection was done by individual oral history semi-structured interviews with information-rich individuals as well as document analysis. Oral history semi-structured interviews had been recorded after which each interview was transcribed verbatim. Data analysis was done by narrative and document analysis. Scientific rigour was ensured throughout the study. Objective 2 and Objective 3 were achieved through data collection and analysis. Recommendations based on the findings are made for nursing research, nursing education and nursing practice. / Thesis (PhD (Nursing))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

PRESENTE EN EL MUSEO | absent in the museum was a performance installation exhibited at the 2016 MFA Thesis Exhibition. The project archived studio practice methodologies that question the current stasis of art academia's indifference to alternative art theory originating from other sources of knowledge besides that of the male Eurocentric art canon. I, as the artist, executed an experiment to combat and envision a bridge between multiple realities proving they can coexist creating a joint effort in providing modernization of contemporary art. This thesis paper is an accompaniment to the visual performance art component.

This study is an attempt to re-investigate the Republican party during the Reconstruction era in order to understand the degree and nature of the changes. The paper reviews the basis of the party at different points in its metamorphosis to demonstrate what happened to the organization.

Depuis la création de la ville de Shanghai, un système de la gestion de la construction urbaine relativement complet a été formé au fur et à mesure, qui est basé sur le système politique et économique des concessions étrangères , inclut le système de la gestion de l’urbanisme et le système de l’utilisation de terrain. En tant que le soutien technique, l’urbanisme agit sur le système de la gestion de la construction urbaine et il est également réalisé par ce système. Le système de l’expropriation de terrain est le pivot de ce régime et aussi la base de l’évolution de l’espace public, par conséquent, les caractéristiques de l’évolution progressive organique du développement de l’espace public des concessions étrangères ont été formées. La présente thèse fait une recherche sur les facteurs du système au cours de la construction urbaine depuis la création de la ville de Shanghai jusqu’aux années 30 du XXe siècle et également sur son influence sur l’espace public. Les objets de cette recherche sont principalement le comité municipal de la concession internationale, les établissements municipaux de la concession française, de la zone chinoise et de la mairie de Shanghai du parti nationaliste. La conclusion est un résumé sur la relation entre le système de la gestion de la construction urbaine, l’urbanisme et l’espace public et donne de l’aspiration à l’égard de la société d’aujourd’hui. / Since Shanghai’s Opening to foreign trade, a rather complete Urban Construction Administration System has been developed in the foreign settlement. It was based on the political system and economic system, including the Urban Planning Administration System and the Land Use System. Urban Planning was a technical support to the Urban Construction Administration System. However, its realization was based on the system whose key is the institution about Eminent Domain. In such a mechanism lied the reason for the evolution of public space. Thus, an “organic” and gradual changing way became the identity of the public space of the International Settlement. This dissertation is a research on the institutional factors in the urban constructions and the influence they had on the evolution of public space. The research focused on the period from the Opening to the 1930’, and on the area of International Settlement. Some comparisons are made among the municipal councils of International Settlement, the French Concession, and the city government of KMT’s. The epilogue is a summarization of the relationships among the institution, the planning and the public space, and some inspires will be found.

Esta pesquisa está voltada para o abrigo, modalidade de acolhimento institucional para crianças e adolescentes privados temporariamente do convívio familiar. Desenhada como estudo institucional de um caso, visa ao traçado da subjetividade de um garoto, Fernando, 14 anos, em sua fala sobre si e nas falas a seu respeito. Analisa os discursos, em entrevistas, de: Fernando, seu pai e agentes institucionais do abrigo (duas educadoras, um psicólogo e duas voluntárias), da escola (três professoras) e da Vara da Infância e da Juventude (a psicóloga responsável pelo caso). O método é o de Análise Institucional do Discurso, proposto por Guirado (2010), como analítica da subjetividade; organiza-se em torno dos conceitos de instituição, discurso, sujeito e análise, e operacionaliza a articulação entre o singular e as relações institucionais. As análises das entrevistas foram conduzidas considerando o modo de organização das falas, para configurar os lugares assumidos e atribuídos nas relações que se fazem em seus discursos. Na análise da entrevista de Fernando se configuraram suas necessidades de atendimento, tratadas no interjogo com os discursos de seu pai e dos agentes institucionais. Fernando põe-se como herói solitário e o pai é alçado a principal artífice do impasse que se cria com relação ao tornar-se homem. Ao mesmo tempo, identifica o psicólogo e o gestor do abrigo como sua referência. Em seu discurso, o pai, como um viajante solitário, reconhece no abrigo o melhor para o filho. O psicólogo não identifica em seu fazer uma referência para Fernando. Ressalta-se uma remessa constante de uns a outros no posto de referência em que Fernando, em princípio, os coloca: uma busca em que Fernando mira um, que mira outro, que mira novamente para fora da relação com ele, no atendimento às demandas de ser (homem) na vida. Destaca-se, ainda, que no discurso institucional o pai é falado em sua negatividade: suas carências e seus desvios. Isso se imprime com tal força que acaba por decalcar o pai em Fernando. Na entrevista de Fernando configura-se uma espécie de negligência em que os contornos do saber-fazer não se desenham. No contexto da instituição-abrigo, ora Fernando é cerceado em ações que estariam dentro de seu alcance, ora é legitimado em um exercício de poder que exerce só, por critérios pessoais. No contexto escolar, as características de Fernando, identificadas pelas professoras, entram em estratégias diferentes, e se produz ora um aluno de destaque, por apresentar mais conhecimento, participação e contribuição em aula do que os demais alunos, ora um aluno-disfarce, burro e esperto. A relação de Fernando com a transgressão/agressão surge em referência à imagem ridicularizada do pai, às normas institucionais e à morte, e o contexto escolar é posicionado como ocasião privilegiada para tal aprendizagem. Nesse contexto, essas ações são tratadas com sua expulsão de sala e/ou com mediações de outras instâncias, fora da relação em que a transgressão/agressão acontece. Fernando coloca sua proteção em sua dependência. Nas práticas institucionais não se estabelecem relações que sustentem, com ele, sua proteção / This research focuses on the shelter, modality of institutional reception for children and teenagers temporarily deprived of familiar conviviality. Drawn as institutional study of a case, it aims to the tracing of a boys subjectivity, Fernando, 14 years old, on his speech about himself and on others speech about him. It analyses the discourses, on interviews, of: Fernando, his father and institutional agents of the shelter (two educators, a psychologist e two volunteers), of the school (three teachers) and of the Children and Juvenile Court (the psychologist in charge of the case). The method is that of Institutional Discourse Analysis, proposed by Guirado (2010) as analytic of subjectivity; it organizes around the concepts of institution, discourse, subject and analysis, and operationalizes the articulation between the singular and the institutional relationships. The analyses of the interviews were conducted considering the mode of organization of speeches, to set the places assumed and attributed on relations that are made on their discourses. On the analyses of the interview with Fernando his needs of treatment are configured, treated in the interplay with the discourses of his father and of the institutional agents. Fernando puts himself as a solitary hero and the father is elevated as the main architect of the impasse created in respect to becoming a man. At the same time, he identifies the psychologist and the shelters manager as his reference. In his discourse, the father, as a solitary traveler, recognizes in the shelter the best for his son. The psychologist doesnt identify in his doing a reference for Fernando. It is noteworthy a constant referral from one to another on the reference post where Fernando, at first, places them: a search in which Fernando targets one, who targets another, who targets again outside the relationship with him, at the meeting of the demands of being (man) in life. It is also noteworthy that in the institutional discourse the father is referred of for his negativity: his shortages and deviations. That imprints itself with such strength that it ends up bringing up the father in Fernando. On Fernandos interview a sort of negligence configures itself in which the contours of knowing-doing are not drawn. In the context of the institution-shelter, sometimes Fernando is curtailed in actions that would be on his reach, sometimes he his legitimated in a power exercise that he exercises by himself using personal criteria. In the school context, Fernandos characteristics, identified by the teachers, enter different strategies, and produce sometimes an outstanding student, for presenting more knowledge, participation and contribution in class than the other students, and other times a student-disguise, dumb and smart. Fernandos relationship with transgression/aggression arises in reference to the ridiculed image of the father, to the institutional norms and to death, and the school context is positioned as a privileged occasion for such learning. In this context, those actions are treated with his expulsion from class and/or with mediations of other instances, outside the relation in which the transgression/aggression occurs. Fernando places his protection on his dependency. On institutional practices relationships are not established which sustain with him his protection

Le sujet de ce travail porte sur le conditions pour qu'il soit pensable une "éthique de l'autonomie". Pour cette enquête j'ai mobilisé la philosophie de l'imaginaire de Cornelius Castoriadis. Ainsi, il s'agit de réfléchir non pas à une éthique "chez" Castoriadis, mais une éthique qui soit en mesure de répondre aux impératifs du projet visant l'autonomie humaine en puisant dans l'oeuvre de Castoriadis le sens d'un tel projet. Le travail tente ainsi d'élucider les conditions de possibilités de l'altération de l'ethos de la société : mode d'être collectif, horizon et source normative d'un groupe social donné (peuple, civilisation, etc.). Or, penser l'altération du monde social signifie penser la possibilité de l'autonomie ce qui implique, par voie de conséquence, penser une éthique et une politique qui favorisent son exercice. Or, nous ne pouvons pas parler d'"autonomie" dans le sens de la philosophie de Castoriadis sans évoquer aussitôt l'ontologie propre au domaine du social-historique, c'est-à-dire la question de l'institution de la société, du rapport psyché/société, de l'effectivité des significations imaginaires sociales, etc. Une "éthique de l'autonomie" : éducation/formation des individus comme membres et coparticipants à l'institution de la société comme telle ; faire être des individus "intéressés" pour le bien commun, capables d'intervenir dans le domaine publique et d'y revendiquer, capables aussi de poser des lois/normes pour la vie en commun / The subject of this work is the conditions that make thinkable an ethics of the autonomy. For such investigation I have mobilized the philosophy of imaginary of Cornelius Castoriadis. Thus, it's a question of thinking not of an ethics "at" Castoriadis, but of an ethics which is able to answer the demands of the project aiming at human autonomy while taking from Castoriadis' work the direction of such a project. The work thus tries to elucidate the conditions that make possible changing the ethos of the society : societal ways of being and normative source of a given social group (people, civilization, etc.). However, to think the change of the social world means to think the possibility of exercising the autonomy, what implies, consequently, of thinking an ethics and a politics that support this exercise. However, we cannot speak about "autonomy" in the sense of Castoriadis' philosophy without evoking at once the ontology specific to the social-historical world, i.e. the issues regarding the institution of the society ; the relations between psyche and society, the effectiveness of the social imaginary significations, etc. an "ethics of the autonomy" will be thus interdependent of the political activity insofar as this one institutes the field where the conditions of the exercise of autonomy can be created indeed : education/formation of the individuals as members and as copartners of the institution of the society as it is ; to create individuals to whom the public good is a major question ; individuals who will be able to intervene and to assert in the public field, as well as to establish laws and rules for the collective life

Alla verksamheter är i behov av någon form av kontroll och styrning. Ett verktyg som används i såväl privat som offentlig sektor är budgeten, då vanligtvis för ett år. En svaghet som påtalas är den ettåriga budgeteringen anses för kortsiktig. Ytterligare en svaghet med budgeteringen är att vid tillämpning så uppnås inte alltid önskad effekt. Underliggande institutionella antaganden kommer att påverka budgeteringen. I kommunal verksamhet är den ettåriga budgeteringen lagstadgad. För kommunal verksamhet gäller även ett krav på en budget i balans vilket innebär att kostnader inte får överstiga intäkter. Ytterligare en aspekt att ta hänsyn vid resursförbrukning i kommunal verksamhet är att verksamheter skall stäva efter en god ekonomisk hushållning.Tillämpning av budgetering i verksamheter påverkas inte enbart av de regler och rutiner som är föreskrivna utan även av dess aktörer och institutionens vedertagna ageranden. Syftet med vår studie är att bidra med en djupare och bredare förståelse för institutioner och dess beståndsdelar såsom handlingar och tänkande som förekommer i den kommunala budgeteringen.I studien har följande metoder använts; kvalitativ metod, hermeneutiskt förhållningssätt, abduktiv ansats samt fallstudier som undersökningsmetod. Empiriska material har samlats in via djupintervjuer.Teoretisk referensram i denna studie är Burns och Scapens institutionella teori. Denna teori har kompletterats med förvaltningsekonomi, lagar och regler som styr kommunal budgering samt litteratur angående budgetering.Empirin utgår ifrån fallstudier av budgeteringens tillämpning inom två kommuner. Empiridata har samlats in vid intervjuer med ekonomer och rektorer från respektive kommun.I vår studie fann vi institutioner i den kommunala budgeteringen. Dessa institutioner påverkar hur regler och rutiner utformas samt hur aktörer handlar när de ska utföra regelstyrda verksamheter. Vi fann även att aktörers institutionella inställningar kan ha en påverkan på tillämpningen av budgetering. Ett institutionellt tänkande som framkom och som påverkar en verksamhet internt var antagandet att pengar som finns kvar i budgeten försvinner vid årsskiftet. En konsekvens av denna institution kan vara att inköp som görs i slutet av året kanske inte alltid är så välplanerade.

This thesis draws on previous engagements between art and Geography in experimental geographies to explore relationships between artists and different forms of institutions. It focuses on experimental artists and associated experimental artist-led collectives, which I term ‘artist-led groups’, to explore how these artists and groups have experimented with different forms of institutions’ as part of their work around science and technology. These experimental artists and groups draw on successive waves of institutional critique in the art world, alongside forms of social practice, to ask key spatial and social questions of institutions. This thesis explores the approaches these experimental artist-led groups and two other key artists have used to experiment with key facets of institutions, allowing them to ask critical questions of science and technology. In doing so, this thesis demonstrates creative approaches to engaging publics around science and technology which offer potential for expanding inter- and cross-disciplinary conversations in geographical discourse. This thesis uses an experimental methodology combining a form of artistic practice as research method on the one hand and ethnographic methods on the other. It combines these methods as part of an ethnography to explore how these artist-led groups associate with one another in a social network. The thesis then focuses on two experimental artists in this social network whose works are becoming increasingly heard within geographical discourse. These experimental artist-led groups and artists are shown to operate different creative approaches when engaging with institutions. I show these in three ways, showing how 1) artist-led groups experiment with different modes of institutions to bring contemporary science and technology issues into the public realm; 2) experimental artist Neal White uses artistic experiments to critique science and technology; and 3) experimental artist Richard Pell uses his Center for PostNatural History to experiment with ways of prompting public discussions around science and technology. Accordingly, this thesis argues that these experimental engagements highlight the benefit of inter- and cross-disciplinary conversations in better understanding and shaping institutions. For geographers, this experimental approach can create novel forms of knowledge to help better understand the social nature and implications of institutions.

Le dispositif institutionnel s’avère particulièrement pertinent pour le traitement d’enfants psychotiques et autistes, comme le démontrent les expériences des premiers pédagogues et psychanalystes d’enfants en Europe à partir des années 1920. Nous allons situer les modalités d’intervention institutionnelle nous permettant de vérifier cette hypothèse,à partir de l’analyse de quatre expériences institutionnelles orientées par la psychanalyse. En effet, la doctrine freudienne et lacanienne permettent au clinicien d’inventer et de renouveler sans cesse les moyens d’accueillir les productions du sujet psychotique, en leur accordant toute sa dignité. Une clinique des psychoses s’élabore de cette manière et donne lieu à la transmission de ses résultats. Cela permet d’envisager une application de la psychanalyse en Équateur, à travers l’étude des paramètres permettant la mise en place d’un dispositif inédit d’élaboration clinique en institution pour enfants atteints de troubles psychiques. / The institutional device turns out to be particularly relevant for the treatment of psychotic and autistic children, as demonstrated by the experiences of early childhood educators and psychoanalysts in Europe from the 1920s onwards. We are going to place the modalities of institutional intervention, which allows us to verify this hypothesis, based on the analysis of four different institutional experiences oriented by psychoanalysis. The Freudian and Lacanian doctrine gives the clinician the opportunity to invent and to constantly renew the means to admit and encourage the productions of the psychotic subject, giving them all their place and dignity. A clinical approche of psychosis develops in this way, and results in the transmission of its effects. This allows to consider an application of psychoanalysis in Ecuador, through the study of the parameters for the implementation of an unprecedented clinical device, in order to treat on an institutionnal level children suffering from psychic disorders.