Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2005. / Includes bibliographical references. / Minor and trace element records of planktic and benthic foraminifera from Atlantic sediment cores, as well as output from a coupled OAGCM, were used to investigate the magnitude and distribution of the oceanic response to abrupt climate events of the past 20 kyr. The study addressed three major questions: 1) What is the magnitude of high-latitude sea surface temperature and salinity variability during abrupt climate events? 2) Does intermediate depth ventilation change in conjunction with high-latitude climate variability? 3) Are the paleoclimate data consistent with the response of a coupled OAGCM to a freshwater perturbation? To address these questions, analytical methods were implemented for the simultaneous measurement of Mg/Ca, Zn/Ca, Cd/Ca, Mn/Ca and Al/Ca in foraminiferal samples using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Paired records of planktic foraminiferal [delta]¹⁸O and Mg/Ca from the subpolar North Atlantic reveal trends of increasing temperatures ([approx.] 3⁰C) and salinities over the course of the Holocene, which were punctuated by abrupt events. The variability does not appear to be periodic, but tends to recur within a broad millennial band. The records provide the first evidence of open-ocean cooling (nearly 2⁰C) and freshening during the 8.2 kyr event, and suggest similar conditions at 9.3 ka. / (cont.) However, the two largest temperature oscillations ([approx.] 2⁰C) occurred during the last 4,000 years, suggesting a recent increase in temperature variability relative to the mid-Holocene. Benthic foraminiferal Cd/Ca from an intermediate depth, western South Atlantic core provides insights into changes in the southward penetration of North Atlantic Intermediate Water (NAIW). Cd seawater estimates (Cdw) for the last glacial are consistent with the production of NAIW and its export into the South Atlantic. At [approx.] 14.5 ka, the NAIW contribution to the South Atlantic began to decrease, marking a transition from a glacial subsurface geometry to a Younger Dryas geometry, which occurred concurrently with the onset of the Bolling-Allerod to Younger Dryas cooling. High Cdw in both the deep North Atlantic and the intermediate South Atlantic imply reduced export of deep and intermediate water during the Younger Dryas, and a major decrease in northward heat transport. Modern subsurface geometry was established at [approx.] 9 ka, concurrently with the establishment of Holocene warmth in the North Atlantic region, further supporting a close linkage between subsurface circulation and North Atlantic climate. / (cont.) Paired benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca and [delta]¹⁸O data from two intermediate depth low latitude western Atlantic sites - one from the Florida Current and one from the Little Bahama Bank- provide insights into the spatial distribution of intermediate depth temperature and salinity variability during the Younger Dryas. The Florida site lies within the deeper portion of the Florida Current; the Little Bahama Bank site lies within the deeper, unventilated portion of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. During the Younger Dryas, temperatures increased at the Florida Current site and temperatures decreased at the Little Bahama Bank site. The temperature increase within the Florida Current is consistent with the reduced northward heat transport associated with a reduction in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC); the temperature decrease at Little Bahama Bank is consistent with a cooling of high latitude surface waters. To test the possibility that a freshening of the surface North Atlantic caused the terrestrial and oceanographic changes during the Younger Dryas, the GFDL R30 coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model was forced using a North Atlantic freshwater perturbation of 0.1 Sv for a period of 100 years. The freshwater flux causes an overall reduction in the Atlantic overturning from 25 Sv to 13 Sv. / (cont.) However, at [approx.] 1,100 meters water depth, ventilation increases, causing decreases in both temperature and salinity throughout much of the intermediate depth North Atlantic. In the open North Atlantic, intermediate depth temperatures decrease by approximately 1⁰C; at the eastern side, intermediate depth temperatures decrease by less than 0.4⁰C. Intermediate depth temperatures at the western boundary, however, increase due to a reduction in northward heat transport, and also due to a shift in the location of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, which causes a reduction in surface salinity and a decrease in the upwelling of colder, deeper waters. Benthic foraminiferal Cd/Ca from an intermediate depth Florida Current core documents the history of the northward penetration of southern source waters within the return flow of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC). Cd seawater estimates (Cdw) for the last glacial are consistent with the reduced influence of southern source waters at this location relative to the present. / (cont.) At [approx.] 18.5 ka, the southern source contribution to the Florida Current began to increase significantly, marking the onset of a transition from a glacial circulation pattern to a deglacial pattern, which lasted from [approx.] 17 ka to [approx.] 14 ka. At [approx.] 12.5 ka, following the onset of the Younger Dryas cooling in the North Atlantic and the reduction in North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) production, the influence of southern source waters within the Florida Current decreased abruptly. A renewed influence of southern source waters occurred at [approx.] 9 ka, concurrent with the establishment of Holocene warmth in the North Atlantic region. / by Rosemarie Evangeline Came. / Ph.D.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-187). / The marine geochemistry of the North Atlantic Ocean varies on decadal to centennial time scales, a consequence of natural and anthropogenic forcing. Surface corals provide a useful geochemical archive to quantify past mixed layer variability, and this study presents elemental and isotopic records from the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic. A consistent method for stable lead isotope analysis via multiple collector ICP-MS is first presented. This method is then applied to western North Atlantic surface corals and seawater, constraining historical elemental and isotopic lead variability. Six stable lead isotope profiles are developed from the western and eastern North Atlantic, demonstrating consistent mixed layer, thermocline, and deep water variability. Finally, coralline trace element records, including cadmium, barium, and lead, are presented from the Cariaco Basin. First, a reliable method is developed for stable lead isotope analysis by multiple collector ICP-MS. This study presents new observations of the large (0.7% amu-l), time-dependent mass fractionation determined by thallium normalization, including preferential light ion transmission induced by the acceleration potential and nebulizer conditions. These experiments show equivalent results for three empirical correction laws, and the previously proposed [beta]Pb/[beta]TI correction does not improve isotope ratio accuracy under these conditions. External secondary normalization to SRM-981 provides one simple alternative, and a rationale is provided for this correction. With current intensities less than 1.5x10-12 A, external isotope ratio precision less than 200 ppm is observed (2[sigma]). Matrix effects are significant with concomitant calcium in SRM-981 (-280 ppm at 257 [mu]M [Ca]). / (cont.) With the appropriate corrections and minimal concomitants, MC-ICP-MS can reliably determine 206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/207Pb ratios of marine carbonates and seawater. Anthropogenic lead represents a promising transient oceanographic tracer, and its historical isotopic and elemental North Atlantic variability have been documented by proxy reconstructions and seawater observations. Two high-resolution surface coral and seawater time series from the western North Atlantic are presented, demonstrating past variability consistent with upper ocean observations. The elemental reconstruction suggests the primary lead transient was advected to the western North Atlantic from 1955 to 1968, with an inferred maximum lead concentration of 205 pmol kg-1 in 1971. The mean 1999 North Atlantic seawater concentration (38 pmol kg-1) is equivalent to 1905, several decades prior to the initial consumption of leaded gasoline in the United States. A 206Pb/207Pb transient from 1968 to 1990 is also observed, lagging the elemental transient by ten years. The provenance of this isotopic record is distinct from Arctic and European ice core observations and supports a 40% ... / by Matthew K. Reuer. / Ph.D.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), September 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 226-246). / The upper ocean crust contains a comprehensive record of the shallow geological processes active along the world's mid-ocean ridge system. This thesis examines the magnetic and seismic structure of the upper crust at two contrasting ridges-the fast spreading East Pacific Rise (EPR) and the slow spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR)-to build a more complete understanding about the roles of volcanic emplacement, tectonic disruption and hydrothermal alteration in the near-ridge environment. A technique that inverts potential field measurements directly from an uneven observation track is developed and applied to near-bottom magnetic data from the spreading segments north of the Kane transform on the MAR. It is concluded that the central anomaly magnetization high marks the locus of focused volcanic emplacement. A cyclic faulting model is proposed to explain the oscillatory magnetization pattern associated with discrete blocks of crust being transported out of the rift valley between intensely altered fault zones. Seismic waveform and amplitude analyses of the magma sill along the EPR reveal it to be a thin (<100 m) body of partial melt. These characteristics have important implications for melt availability and transport within the cycle of eruption and replenishment. A genetic algorithm-based seismic waveform inversion technique is developed and applied to on- and near-axis multichannel data from 17'20'S on the EPR and the spreading segment south of the Oceanographer transform (MAR) to map and compare for the first time the detailed velocity structure of the upper crust at two different spreading rates. Combined with conventionally processed seismic profiles, our results show that, while final extrusive thickness is comparable at all spreading ridges (300-500 m), the style of thickening may vary. While a thin (<100 m) extrusive carapace quadruples in thickness within 1-4 km of the EPR crest, the extrusive section at the MAR achieves its final thickness within the inner valley. Both show evidence for a narrow zone of volcanic emplacement. Vigorous hydrothermalism at the EPR may produce a more rapid increase in basement velocities relative to the MAR. Rapid modification of the extrusive/dike transition at both ridges indicates that hydrothermalism is enhanced in this interval. Along-axis transport of lavas may thicken the extrusive pile at slow spreading segment ends, strengthening the magnetic highs generated by lava chemistry. / by Stefan Anthony Hussenoeder. / Ph.D.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biology; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 188-204). / Geochemical signatures in the otoliths of diadromous fishes may allow for retrospective analyses of natal origins. In an assessment of river-specific signatures in American shad (Alosa sapidissima), an anadromous clupeid native to the Atlantic coast of North America, stable isotope and elemental ratios in otoliths of juvenile American shad produced accurate natal tags from 12 rivers. Significant inter-annual variability in geochemical signatures from several rivers was detected, due largely to differences in 8180 values among years. The database was further expanded to include 20 rivers from Florida to Quebec, encompassing all major spawning populations. This task was accomplished by collecting juvenile otoliths along with water samples from rivers where juveniles were not sampled. Regressions between otolith and water chemistry for those rivers where both were collected showed significant relationships for Sr:Ca, Ba:Ca, 86180, and 87Sr:86Sr ratios but not for Mg:Ca or Mn:Ca. Despite reducing the combined signature to only four chemical ratios, cross-validated classification accuracies of known-origin juveniles averaged 93%. Ground-truthed signatures were used to classify migrants of unknown origins. Adults returning to spawn in the York River were classified according to their otolith composition. / (cont.) Only 6% of spawners originated from rivers other than the York, supporting the hypothesis that most American shad spawn in their natal river. Of remaining spawners, 79% originated from the Mattaponi River and 21% from the Pamunkey River. The results suggested that while most American shad home to their natal river there is less fidelity to individual tributaries, allowing subsidies to subpopulations with persistent recruitment failure. Otolith signatures were also used in mixed-stock analyses of immature migrants along the coast of Maine in the spring and Minas Basin in the summer. Mixed-stock compositions showed remarkably low diversity and were dominated by fish from the Shubenacadie and Hudson rivers, with an increasing proportion of Potomac River fish over time. In contrast to results from adult tagging studies, southern stocks were virtually absent. These data suggest ontogenetic shifts in migratory behavior. The thesis concludes with a report that water contributed 83% of Sr and 98% of Ba in the otoliths of a marine fish. / by Benjamin Walther. / Ph.D.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 211-216). / Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2008. / Inspired by the swimming abilities of marine animals, this thesis presents "Finnegan the RoboTurtle", an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) powered entirely by four flapping foils. Biomimetic actuation is shown to produce dramatic improvements in AUV maneuvering at cruising speeds, while simultaneously allowing for agility at low speeds. Using control algorithms linear in the modified Rodrigues parameters to support large angle maneuvers, the vehicle is successfully controlled in banked and twisting turns, exceeding the best reported AUV turning performance by more than a factor of two; a minimum turning radius of 0.7BL, and the ability to avoid walls detected > 1.8BL ahead, are found for cruising speeds of 0.75BL/s, with a maximum heading rate of 400/s recorded. Observations of "Myrtle", a 250kg Green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) at the New England Aquarium, are detailed; along with steady swimming, Myrtle is observed performing 1800 level turns and rapidly actuating pitch to control depth and speed. Limb kinematics for the level turning maneuver are replicated by Finnegan, and turning rates comparable to those of the turtle are achieved. Foil kinematics which produce approximately sinusoidal nominal angle of attack trace are shown to improve turning performance by as much as 25%; the effect is achieved despite limited knowledge of the flow field. Finally, tests with a single foil are used to demonstrate that biomimetically inspired inline motion can allow oscillating foils utilizing a power/recovery style stroke to generate as much as 90% of the thrust from a power/power stroke style motion. / by Stephen Carl Licht. / Ph.D.

Cette thèse propose une analyse de la socialisation professionnelle des enseignants en adoptant un cadre théorique et conceptuel interactionniste, et en s’appuyant sur des méthodes empiriques variées (observations, entretiens individuels et collectifs, suivi de cohorte qualitatif). Il en ressort quatre principaux résultats : 1) la formation initiale « marque » profondément les manières d’agir, de faire et de penser le travail des futurs enseignants ; ils y acquièrent des dispositions (langagières, temporelles, rhétoriques ou encore relationnelles) qui symbolisent l’acte de « fabrication sociale » par lequel ils sont passés. 2) Au cours de la formation initiale, les futurs enseignants sont à l’origine d’une « culture étudiante » qui vise à négocier, traduire ou transgresser les normes formelles et officielles véhiculées par l’instance de socialisation. De sorte que les normes informelles ou officieuses produites au sein de cette sous-culture possèdent une influence majeure sur la compréhension du processus de socialisation professionnelle. 3) Il existe une pluralité d’identités professionnelles adoptées par les enseignants au moment de leur entrée dans la carrière, qui se forment sur la base de la trajectoire d’accès au métier, du rapport à la formation et du rapport au travail. Loin de la figure désenchantée du jeune enseignant en souffrance, on découvre alors que le début de carrière peut se révéler épanouissant et source d’accomplissement. 4) Trois formes de carrières et d’identités professionnelles se dégagent de notre enquête diachronique : pragmatique, par « frustration relative » et autonome. En outre, l’identité professionnelle adoptée lors des premières années d’enseignement a tendance à persister dans le temps, révélant la force structurante de la dimension objective des carrières enseignantes (gradations pré-déterminées de l’avancement statutaire et de la mobilité professionnelle, contraintes liées à la séparation des sphères professionnelles et privée…). La thèse conclue sur la nécessité de questionner une vision fonctionnaliste de la formation initiale et une conception administrative de la carrière enseignante actuellement dominantes. / This thesis proposes an analysis of the teachers’ professional socialization through a theoretical and conceptual-interactionist framework. It is based on various empirical methods (observation, individual and collective talks, followed by troop qualitative). Four major elements come out of this thesis: 1) initial training has a deep influence on the soon-to-be teachers concerning the way they act and both the way they work and the way they7consider their work. The act of “social manufacturing” they undergo during their formation enables them to acquire elements for their career (linguistic, temporal, rhetorical or relational elements). 2) During their initial training, the future teachers create a “student culture” which aims at negotiating, translating or transgressing the formal and official standards conveyed by the authority of socialization. Accordingly, the abstract or semi-official standards produced within this subculture have a major influence on the comprehension of the process of professional socialization. 3) There exists a plurality of professional identities adopted by the teachers at the time they begin their career. These are founded on the trajectory which led the individuals to teaching, and also on how they deal with the training and their work. Far from the disillusioned figure of the young teacher in suffering one might expect, the beginning of a career appears to be fulfilling and to be a source of achievement. 4) Three forms of careers and professional identities emerge from our diachronic investigation: a pragmatic identity, an identity created by “relative frustration” and an autonomous identity. Moreover, the professional identity adopted at the time of the first years of teaching tends to persist in time, revealing the structuring force of the objective dimension of the teaching careers (predetermined gradations of advance statutory and professional mobility, constraints related to the separation of the private and the professional spheres…). The thesis concluded on the need for questioning a functionalist vision of initial training and an administrative design of the teaching career currently dominant.

La Révolution de 1789 modifie profondément l’art de gouverner l’Etat. Le Droit public ne doit plus servir à conforter le pouvoir du souverain à l’égard de ses sujets. S’il ambitionne désormais de favoriser et faciliter le développement des échanges commerciaux, il se propose également de justifier aux yeux des citoyens, aussi bien le bien-fondé de la propriété de la ourgeoisie sur le capital que la légitimité de ce nouvel Etat. Pour atteindre ces deux objectifs, la violence seule, dont l’Etat détient en théorie le monopole, ne saurait suffire. Les révolutionnaires d’inspiration jacobine envisagent donc une réforme administrative de la Nation, laquelle doit se révéler simple, peu coûteuse et surtout lisible pour le citoyen. Emergent alors deux tendances de l’organisation territoriale : l’une centralisée et autoritaire qui aboutit régulièrement à des échecs, l’autre qui préfère stimuler les initiatives locales et permet l’obtention de meilleurs résultats. Terre d’empire protestante rattachée à la France en 1793 suite à la Révolution de 1789, le Pays de Montbéliard, qui fut déjà l’un des fiefs de la Révolution industrielle, s’impose comme l’un des précurseurs de cette seconde tendance à travers la création, dès 1959, d’un district urbain, en l’occurrence le DUPM. Sous la présidence d’André Boulloche, cette nouvelle institution anticipe avec presque deux décennies d’avance les lois de décentralisation en se positionnant comme un contre – pouvoir, d’une part face à un Etat encore jugé très centralisateur et autoritaire, d’autre part face au constructeur automobile Peugeot dont le développement, après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, génère une situation, prospère mais fragile, de mono – industrie. Cette vision très politique ne parvient toutefois pas à perdurer lorsque la lutte contre le chômage devient un enjeu vital durant les années 1980. En parallèle, les lois de décentralisation, puis la construction européenne, imposent un environnement légal de plus en plus cadré qui semble amoindrir cette vision anticipatrice et tend, auprès des collectivités territoriales, à favoriser des postures de plus en plus attentistes et techniciennes. / The Revolution of 1789 profoundly altered the art of governing the State. The Jacobin-inspired revolutionaries introduced an administrative reform of the Nation that was intended to be simple, low-cost and above all legible for citizens. Two trends in territorial organisation emerged: one centralised and authoritarian, often resulting in failure, and another that preferred to stimulate local initiatives and generated better results. A part of the Protestant empire that became attached to France in 1793 following the 1789 Revolution, the Pays de Montbéliard, already a stronghold of the Industrial Revolution, proved itself a pioneer of this second trend through the creation in 1959 of an urban district, the DUPM. Under the presidency of André Boulloche, this new institution anticipated the decentralisation laws by almost two decades, positioning itself as a counterweight both to a State still considered as too centralised and authoritarian and to the car manufacturer Peugeot, whose development after the Second World War led to a prosperous but fragile single-industry situation. However, this very political vision was unable to resist when the fight against unemployment became a vital necessity during the 1980s. In parallel, the decentralisation laws and then European construction imposed an increasingly rigid legal environment that seemed to diminish this pioneering vision, tending to favour an increasingly wait-and-see, technical attitude among local authorities.Normalisation of practice thus contributed to a slowing of this "territorial emancipation" that served as a model.

<p>ÖREBRO UNIVERSITY</p><p>Department of Behavioural, Social and Legal Sciences</p><p>C-essay in Social work, Advanced course</p><p>2006</p><p>To give up a criminal life style</p><p>A study of motivation and protectional factors of juveniles after a sentence of institutional care or community work</p><p>Emma Henriksson & Karin Tengnäs</p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>The purpose of the study was to investigate the factors that juveniles sentenced to institutional care or community work perceive as important for their decision to give up a criminal life style. The study approach was based on a few specific questions: (1) What aspects of the treatment have contributed to a motivation to abandon the criminal life style? (2) What have motivated the juveniles to make a decision to leave the criminal life style? (3) Are there any specific internal or external protectional factors that have been decisive for the rehabilitation process and, if so, are they linked to intrinsic or extrinsic motivation? The study rests on the theoretical foundation created by earlier research on institutional care, motivation and protectional factors. Interviews were chosen as a method to secure qualitative data and the interview manual was designed on the basis of themes that reflect the questions of the study. Six young people’s perception of their treatment is documented in the study, as well as their opinion on the effectiveness of the treatment. The report also sheds light on the factors that have generated their motivation for change and on the protectional factors that were important, and on how these factors were linked to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.</p><p>The result indicates that in general the juveniles were unsatisfied with the treatment they had received at the institution. The supervisors at the organisation K.A.M.P., which they had all been in touch with, was perceived as being more important. All the six youth reported that they feel that they have changed and that their way of thinking is different. An important component in their process of change is the assessment they have made of the pros and cons of either continuing with the same behaviour or, alternatively, embark on another path. For several of the respondents the most important positive aspect attributed to a change was the expectation of freedom. The risk for further punishment was reported as the main negative consequence of continuing as in the past. In their final analysis the advantages with giving up the criminal life style outweighs the disadvantages, and so, they arrived at the conclusion that the criminal life style is not worthwhile. Their families and the supervisors at K.A.M.P have served as external protectional factors and extrinsic motivation. These factors have been synergetic with internal protectional factors such as reliance on their own general ability and on their ability to say no. A combination of all these factors has contributed to a process of developing intrinsic motivation. The respondents all describe a specific event, a turning point, as the starting point of this process. The result of the study and the theoretical analysis made indicate that there is a certain thematic pattern which is critical for a positive shift of behaviour. Support, trust, participation, reflection, attitudinal change and motivation are the positive themes that feature. Giving up a criminal life style is a process that is positively influenced by these themes and the outcome does in fact depend on all these parameters, which do also interact with each other. A conclusion is that, for an institution, it is important to create conducive conditions for the juveniles to generate intrinsic motivation. For such conditions to exist, individual approaches, emphasis on a family approach and a good relation between the youth and the care holder, are emphasized.</p> / <p>ÖREBRO UNIVERSITET</p><p>Institutionen för beteende-, social- och rättsvetenskap</p><p>C-uppsats i Socialt arbete C, 20 poäng</p><p>2006</p><p>Att lämna en kriminell livsstil</p><p>En studie av ungdomars motivation och friskfaktorer efter en dom om institutionsplacering eller samhällstjänst</p><p>Emma Henriksson & Karin Tengnäs</p><p>SAMMANFATTNING</p><p>Studiens syfte var att undersöka ungdomars uppfattning om vilka faktorer som bidragit till att de, efter en dom om institutionsplacering eller samhällstjänst, beslutat sig för att lämna sin kriminella livsstil. Utifrån detta har följande frågeställningar formulerats: (1) vilka aspekter i anslutning till behandlingsinsatsen har bidragit till ungdomens motivation till att lämna sin kriminella livsstil? (2) Vad har motiverat ungdomen till att bestämma sig för att lämna den kriminella livsstilen? (3) Finns det specifika interna eller externa friskfaktorer som varit avgörande för återhämtningsprocessen och är de i så fall länkade till intern eller extern motivation? Studiens teoretiska grund bygger på tidigare forskning om institutionsvård, motivation och friskfaktorer. Kvalitativa intervjuer har valts som metod och intervjumanualen är utformad efter teman som följer studiens frågeställningar. I studien redogörs för sex ungdomars upplevelse av behandlingsinsatsen och vad denna har bidragit till. Vidare belyses var ungdomarna har funnit sin motivation till förändring samt vilka friskfaktorer som varit av betydelse och hur dessa är kopplade till intern och extern motivation.</p><p>Resultatet visar att ungdomarna överlag är kritiska till behandlingsinnehållet på institutionen. Kontaktpersonerna på organisationen K.A.M.P, som de alla varit i kontakt med, anses ha varit mer betydelsefulla. Alla ungdomar uppger att de har förändrats som person och nu tänker på ett nytt sätt. Vad som varit en viktig del i ungdomarnas förändringsprocess är den avvägning de gjort mellan för- och nackdelar med att fortsätta sitt beteende och med att genomföra förändringar. Den viktigaste positiva konsekvensen med en förändring uppger många vara friheten. Risken för påföljder anges vara den viktigaste negativa konsekvensen med att fortsätta som tidigare. Fördelarna med att lämna en kriminell livsstil har slutligen ansetts överväga nackdelarna, varför ungdomarna har kommit fram till slutsatsen att det kriminella livet inte är värt det. Familjen och kontaktpersonerna på K.A.M.P har fungerat som externa friskfaktorer och som extern motivation. Dessa har samverkat med interna friskfaktorer, såsom en tilltro till sin egen förmåga och en förmåga att kunna säga nej. En kombination av alla dessa faktorer har tillsammans bidragit till en process mot utvecklande av intern motivation. Ungdomarna beskriver alla en specifik situation, en vändpunkt, som varit början på denna process. I resultatredovisningen och analysen kan slutligen ett mönster urskiljas, där temana stöd, tillit, delaktighet, reflektion, attitydförändring samt motivation genomgående framträder. Processen att lämna en kriminell livsstil påverkas av och är beroende av alla dessa teman, vilka även i sin tur påverkar varandra. En av studiens slutsatser är att det är viktigt att på institutionen skapa förutsättningar för att ungdomarna ska kunna utveckla en intern motivation. För att en sådan ska kunna komma till stånd betonas vikten av individanpassning, inriktning på familjen och goda relationer mellan ungdom och behandlare.</p>

ÖREBRO UNIVERSITY Department of Behavioural, Social and Legal Sciences C-essay in Social work, Advanced course 2006 To give up a criminal life style A study of motivation and protectional factors of juveniles after a sentence of institutional care or community work Emma Henriksson &amp; Karin Tengnäs ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to investigate the factors that juveniles sentenced to institutional care or community work perceive as important for their decision to give up a criminal life style. The study approach was based on a few specific questions: (1) What aspects of the treatment have contributed to a motivation to abandon the criminal life style? (2) What have motivated the juveniles to make a decision to leave the criminal life style? (3) Are there any specific internal or external protectional factors that have been decisive for the rehabilitation process and, if so, are they linked to intrinsic or extrinsic motivation? The study rests on the theoretical foundation created by earlier research on institutional care, motivation and protectional factors. Interviews were chosen as a method to secure qualitative data and the interview manual was designed on the basis of themes that reflect the questions of the study. Six young people’s perception of their treatment is documented in the study, as well as their opinion on the effectiveness of the treatment. The report also sheds light on the factors that have generated their motivation for change and on the protectional factors that were important, and on how these factors were linked to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The result indicates that in general the juveniles were unsatisfied with the treatment they had received at the institution. The supervisors at the organisation K.A.M.P., which they had all been in touch with, was perceived as being more important. All the six youth reported that they feel that they have changed and that their way of thinking is different. An important component in their process of change is the assessment they have made of the pros and cons of either continuing with the same behaviour or, alternatively, embark on another path. For several of the respondents the most important positive aspect attributed to a change was the expectation of freedom. The risk for further punishment was reported as the main negative consequence of continuing as in the past. In their final analysis the advantages with giving up the criminal life style outweighs the disadvantages, and so, they arrived at the conclusion that the criminal life style is not worthwhile. Their families and the supervisors at K.A.M.P have served as external protectional factors and extrinsic motivation. These factors have been synergetic with internal protectional factors such as reliance on their own general ability and on their ability to say no. A combination of all these factors has contributed to a process of developing intrinsic motivation. The respondents all describe a specific event, a turning point, as the starting point of this process. The result of the study and the theoretical analysis made indicate that there is a certain thematic pattern which is critical for a positive shift of behaviour. Support, trust, participation, reflection, attitudinal change and motivation are the positive themes that feature. Giving up a criminal life style is a process that is positively influenced by these themes and the outcome does in fact depend on all these parameters, which do also interact with each other. A conclusion is that, for an institution, it is important to create conducive conditions for the juveniles to generate intrinsic motivation. For such conditions to exist, individual approaches, emphasis on a family approach and a good relation between the youth and the care holder, are emphasized. / ÖREBRO UNIVERSITET Institutionen för beteende-, social- och rättsvetenskap C-uppsats i Socialt arbete C, 20 poäng 2006 Att lämna en kriminell livsstil En studie av ungdomars motivation och friskfaktorer efter en dom om institutionsplacering eller samhällstjänst Emma Henriksson &amp; Karin Tengnäs SAMMANFATTNING Studiens syfte var att undersöka ungdomars uppfattning om vilka faktorer som bidragit till att de, efter en dom om institutionsplacering eller samhällstjänst, beslutat sig för att lämna sin kriminella livsstil. Utifrån detta har följande frågeställningar formulerats: (1) vilka aspekter i anslutning till behandlingsinsatsen har bidragit till ungdomens motivation till att lämna sin kriminella livsstil? (2) Vad har motiverat ungdomen till att bestämma sig för att lämna den kriminella livsstilen? (3) Finns det specifika interna eller externa friskfaktorer som varit avgörande för återhämtningsprocessen och är de i så fall länkade till intern eller extern motivation? Studiens teoretiska grund bygger på tidigare forskning om institutionsvård, motivation och friskfaktorer. Kvalitativa intervjuer har valts som metod och intervjumanualen är utformad efter teman som följer studiens frågeställningar. I studien redogörs för sex ungdomars upplevelse av behandlingsinsatsen och vad denna har bidragit till. Vidare belyses var ungdomarna har funnit sin motivation till förändring samt vilka friskfaktorer som varit av betydelse och hur dessa är kopplade till intern och extern motivation. Resultatet visar att ungdomarna överlag är kritiska till behandlingsinnehållet på institutionen. Kontaktpersonerna på organisationen K.A.M.P, som de alla varit i kontakt med, anses ha varit mer betydelsefulla. Alla ungdomar uppger att de har förändrats som person och nu tänker på ett nytt sätt. Vad som varit en viktig del i ungdomarnas förändringsprocess är den avvägning de gjort mellan för- och nackdelar med att fortsätta sitt beteende och med att genomföra förändringar. Den viktigaste positiva konsekvensen med en förändring uppger många vara friheten. Risken för påföljder anges vara den viktigaste negativa konsekvensen med att fortsätta som tidigare. Fördelarna med att lämna en kriminell livsstil har slutligen ansetts överväga nackdelarna, varför ungdomarna har kommit fram till slutsatsen att det kriminella livet inte är värt det. Familjen och kontaktpersonerna på K.A.M.P har fungerat som externa friskfaktorer och som extern motivation. Dessa har samverkat med interna friskfaktorer, såsom en tilltro till sin egen förmåga och en förmåga att kunna säga nej. En kombination av alla dessa faktorer har tillsammans bidragit till en process mot utvecklande av intern motivation. Ungdomarna beskriver alla en specifik situation, en vändpunkt, som varit början på denna process. I resultatredovisningen och analysen kan slutligen ett mönster urskiljas, där temana stöd, tillit, delaktighet, reflektion, attitydförändring samt motivation genomgående framträder. Processen att lämna en kriminell livsstil påverkas av och är beroende av alla dessa teman, vilka även i sin tur påverkar varandra. En av studiens slutsatser är att det är viktigt att på institutionen skapa förutsättningar för att ungdomarna ska kunna utveckla en intern motivation. För att en sådan ska kunna komma till stånd betonas vikten av individanpassning, inriktning på familjen och goda relationer mellan ungdom och behandlare.

The focus of this study has been to plumb social workers experiences regarding their work methods in two institutions regarding unaccompanied children through a perspective of gender. In this study, four semi-structured qualitative interviews has been contrived in purpose to gather in material which has been presented in five themes to ease an analyse focusing of gender. In all the interviews both authors participated with one in charge and one taking notes. One of the main focuses has been the relations between both social workers and their clients and between colleges in the institutions. The other main focus has been the activities, both planed and spontaneous, which the clients been offered, for example football, bowling and boxing. The idea of analyse this main focuses is based in our knowledge through recent science studies that shows that gender is created both in relations, language and everyday actions.