O presente trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa que teve por objetivo analisar as motivações e justificativas dos fruticultores da Serra Gaúcha para associar-se a organizações. Foram utilizadas como fundamento, duas bases teóricas: os princípios, objetivos e características das organizações cooperativas e o paradigma paraeconômico segundo as proposições de Guerreiro Ramos. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada em caráter qualitativo, através de contato com associados, ativos e não ativos e ou não associados, com interesse e sem interesse em associar-se à organizações cooperativas agropecuárias, que trabalham com armazenagem, classificação e comercialização de frutas in natura. O contato com esses fruticultores pertencentes a Região 4 da OCERGS – Organização das Cooperativas do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, denominada Serra foi realizado através da técnica bola-de-neve e se constituíram então no público-alvo desta pesquisa. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados constituíram-se de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, pesquisa documental e observação direta e, para análise dos dados adotou-se o método de análise de conteúdo. A análise de dados aconteceu levando em consideração o aspecto externo do sistema social de acordo com as dimensões propostas na lei dos requisitos adequados e, por um conjunto de categorias de valores, que configuram o aspecto interno do sistema social. Ao final se expõem as razões que levam os fruticultores a associar-se ou a abandonarem as organizações cooperativas nesta região, identificando que tipo de racionalidade orienta suas decisões. / The present work presents a research that had for objective to analyze the motivations and justifications of Serra Gaucho's fruit growing to associate to organizations. They were used as foundation, two theoretical bases: the beginnings, objectives and characteristics of the cooperative organizations and the paradigm paraeconômico according to Guerreiro Ramos propositions. The field research was accomplished in qualitative character, through contact with associates, assets and no assets and or no associates, with interest and without interest in associating to agricultural cooperative organizations, that work with storage, classification and commercialization of fruits in natura. The contact with those Area 4’ fruit growing of OCERGS Organization of the Cooperatives of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, denominated Serra was accomplished through the technique ball-of-snow and they were constituted then in the public-objective of this research. The data collection instruments were constituted of semi-structured interviews, document retrieval and direct observation. The method of content analysis was adopted for analysis of the data. The data analysis happened taking into account the external aspect of the social system in agreement with the dimensions proposed in the law of the appropriate requirements and, for a group of categories of values, that configure the internal aspect of the social system. At the end the reasons that take the fruit growing to associate or abandon the cooperative organizations in this area were exposed, identifying what rationality type guides their decisions.

O presente trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa que teve por objetivo analisar as motivações e justificativas dos fruticultores da Serra Gaúcha para associar-se a organizações. Foram utilizadas como fundamento, duas bases teóricas: os princípios, objetivos e características das organizações cooperativas e o paradigma paraeconômico segundo as proposições de Guerreiro Ramos. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada em caráter qualitativo, através de contato com associados, ativos e não ativos e ou não associados, com interesse e sem interesse em associar-se à organizações cooperativas agropecuárias, que trabalham com armazenagem, classificação e comercialização de frutas in natura. O contato com esses fruticultores pertencentes a Região 4 da OCERGS – Organização das Cooperativas do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, denominada Serra foi realizado através da técnica bola-de-neve e se constituíram então no público-alvo desta pesquisa. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados constituíram-se de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, pesquisa documental e observação direta e, para análise dos dados adotou-se o método de análise de conteúdo. A análise de dados aconteceu levando em consideração o aspecto externo do sistema social de acordo com as dimensões propostas na lei dos requisitos adequados e, por um conjunto de categorias de valores, que configuram o aspecto interno do sistema social. Ao final se expõem as razões que levam os fruticultores a associar-se ou a abandonarem as organizações cooperativas nesta região, identificando que tipo de racionalidade orienta suas decisões. / The present work presents a research that had for objective to analyze the motivations and justifications of Serra Gaucho's fruit growing to associate to organizations. They were used as foundation, two theoretical bases: the beginnings, objectives and characteristics of the cooperative organizations and the paradigm paraeconômico according to Guerreiro Ramos propositions. The field research was accomplished in qualitative character, through contact with associates, assets and no assets and or no associates, with interest and without interest in associating to agricultural cooperative organizations, that work with storage, classification and commercialization of fruits in natura. The contact with those Area 4’ fruit growing of OCERGS Organization of the Cooperatives of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, denominated Serra was accomplished through the technique ball-of-snow and they were constituted then in the public-objective of this research. The data collection instruments were constituted of semi-structured interviews, document retrieval and direct observation. The method of content analysis was adopted for analysis of the data. The data analysis happened taking into account the external aspect of the social system in agreement with the dimensions proposed in the law of the appropriate requirements and, for a group of categories of values, that configure the internal aspect of the social system. At the end the reasons that take the fruit growing to associate or abandon the cooperative organizations in this area were exposed, identifying what rationality type guides their decisions.

O presente trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa que teve por objetivo analisar as motivações e justificativas dos fruticultores da Serra Gaúcha para associar-se a organizações. Foram utilizadas como fundamento, duas bases teóricas: os princípios, objetivos e características das organizações cooperativas e o paradigma paraeconômico segundo as proposições de Guerreiro Ramos. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada em caráter qualitativo, através de contato com associados, ativos e não ativos e ou não associados, com interesse e sem interesse em associar-se à organizações cooperativas agropecuárias, que trabalham com armazenagem, classificação e comercialização de frutas in natura. O contato com esses fruticultores pertencentes a Região 4 da OCERGS – Organização das Cooperativas do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, denominada Serra foi realizado através da técnica bola-de-neve e se constituíram então no público-alvo desta pesquisa. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados constituíram-se de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, pesquisa documental e observação direta e, para análise dos dados adotou-se o método de análise de conteúdo. A análise de dados aconteceu levando em consideração o aspecto externo do sistema social de acordo com as dimensões propostas na lei dos requisitos adequados e, por um conjunto de categorias de valores, que configuram o aspecto interno do sistema social. Ao final se expõem as razões que levam os fruticultores a associar-se ou a abandonarem as organizações cooperativas nesta região, identificando que tipo de racionalidade orienta suas decisões. / The present work presents a research that had for objective to analyze the motivations and justifications of Serra Gaucho's fruit growing to associate to organizations. They were used as foundation, two theoretical bases: the beginnings, objectives and characteristics of the cooperative organizations and the paradigm paraeconômico according to Guerreiro Ramos propositions. The field research was accomplished in qualitative character, through contact with associates, assets and no assets and or no associates, with interest and without interest in associating to agricultural cooperative organizations, that work with storage, classification and commercialization of fruits in natura. The contact with those Area 4’ fruit growing of OCERGS Organization of the Cooperatives of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, denominated Serra was accomplished through the technique ball-of-snow and they were constituted then in the public-objective of this research. The data collection instruments were constituted of semi-structured interviews, document retrieval and direct observation. The method of content analysis was adopted for analysis of the data. The data analysis happened taking into account the external aspect of the social system in agreement with the dimensions proposed in the law of the appropriate requirements and, for a group of categories of values, that configure the internal aspect of the social system. At the end the reasons that take the fruit growing to associate or abandon the cooperative organizations in this area were exposed, identifying what rationality type guides their decisions.

La racionalidad instrumental es un término que se ha mantenido en debate a lo largo del tiempo y que se refiere a una forma de razonar que da prioridad al uso de objetos o instrumentos como medios para alcanzar objetivos determinados, sin necesariamente realizar una medición del impacto. Es decir, se privilegia el fin antes que los medios. El presente artículo analiza esta forma pragmática de razonar y, al mismo tiempo, da a conocer las principales definiciones relacionadas a las distintas posturas de este tema. Asimismo, se revisó el concepto de toma de decisiones, poniendo un énfasis especial en el proceso decisorio por el que pasan las personas dentro de las organizaciones, en el que se involucran muchos aspectos que se describirán a detalle. El análisis efectuado permite concluir que existe una estrecha relación entre estos dos conceptos. Finalmente, se considera importante destacar el rol que cumple la ética en la toma de decisiones en las organizaciones, pues en la época actual, donde prima el uso de herramientas tecnológicas reduciendo la participación de las personas, la optimización de los procesos de las organizaciones tiene como base el uso de dichas herramientas para el logro de sus objetivos, principalmente económicos. Por esto, en el presente artículo se trata de contestar la cuestión ¿es correcto que las empresas utilicen una racionalidad instrumental para tomar decisiones? / Instrumental rationality is a term that has been debated over time, and it refers to a kind of reasoning that prioritizes the use of objects or instruments as ways to achieve certain objectives without making an impact measurement necessarily. In other words, the objective is privileged over the ways. This pragmatic form of reasoning is analyzed in this article, and at the same time, the main definitions referring to the different positions on this topic are disclosed. Likewise, the concept of decision-making was reviewed, placing special emphasis on the decision-making process that people done through into their organizations, where many aspects that will be described in detail, are involved. It is concluded that there is a close relationship between these two concepts. Finally, it is considered important to highlight the role that ethics plays in the decision-making process at organizations, due to in the current era, where the use of technological tools prevails over the participation of people, the optimization of organizations processes is based on the use of those tools for the achievement of their mainly objectives. Therefore, it is the matter of answering the question: Is it correct for companies to use instrumental rationality to make decisions?. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

Utilizing survey data collected in four communities in the State of Utah, this study examined the extent to which rural resident perceptions and attitudes toward local community circumstances influence their own expectations and attitudes subjectively toward future community development alternatives. Understanding perceptions of community and community development, as well as the patterns of localized community development, is crucial and needs to consider residents' opinions and attitudes toward unique rural economic, environmental, and social conditions in order to help preserve the unique characteristics of the way of life while continuing economic improvement and social betterment in rural areas. Three conceptual frameworks of development (economic, environmental, and social) are applied in this study to explore the relationship between local residents' general attitudes toward the current conditions in their community and their attitudes toward development alternatives. I examine how these three development frameworks guide rural scholars to understand whether the pattern of community development is consistent across the region or localized from community to community. Four different types of rural communities were selected in a Utah-wide community survey in the summer of 2008. These communities are facing four different change patterns: an increasing senior community, an energy-development community, a recreational community, and a constant community that has remained stable over the last five decades. Each type of community has its unique economy, lifestyle, culture, and environment, in which local residents have developed a way of life in response to these changes in social and economic structures. Research findings indicate that the local residents' self-perceptions of community economic situation are not significant indictors to support the arguments of the economic development framework. However, indexes of environmental and social development frameworks are found to have strong associations with locals' environmental and social development alternatives. Also, different types of rural community show different demands for community development strategies, implying that a single development framework would not be sufficient to explain the complex of local residents' perceptions and attitudes toward community development unless the researchers integrate other perspectives into the model.

[pt] O aumento dos custos sociais, ambientais, e humanos gerados pela atividade econômica vem suscitando um debate na sociedade com um todo, e na academia em particular, acerca da necessidade de uma ação integrada das corporações e dos demais constituintes da sociedade, na restauração dos danos ocorridos e, sobretudo, na prevenção dos potenciais danos futuros. A temática da racionalidade, imperiosa e inerente ao debate suscitado, não vem ocupando uma posição de destaque sendo, em muitos casos, ignorada, sobretudo aquela de natureza substantiva. No âmbito da Ética de Negócios vem ganhando reconhecimento, sobretudo a partir da década de 90, a Teoria dos Stakeholders, cujo ponto central reside na revisão e ampliação das obrigações corporativas, opondo-se à visão neoclássica, baseada no conceito de agência, que sustenta ser a única responsabilidade social dos gestores da companhia a maximização da riqueza dos acionistas. Destacam-se, no âmbito desta teoria, duas vertentes principais: instrumental e normativa. Ao passo que esta defende a revisão das obrigações corporativas incondicionalmente, aquela a sujeita à busca de uma performance superior. A potencial associação da vertente normativa com a racionalidade de natureza substantiva e da instrumental com a racionalidade homônima é um fator fundamental na estruturação desta pesquisa, a qual objetivou descrever, através de um estudo de caso, como se dá a co-existência das duas racionalidades acima em uma empresa cujos objetivos, missão e visão, revestem-se de valores manifestamente substantivos. / [en] The increase in social, environmental and human costs generated by economic activity has brought along a discussion within society as a whole, in the academic environment most particularly, regarding the urge for an integrated action coming from corporations and other society members in the direction of restoration of existing damage and, above all, in the prevention of potential future ones. The Rationality subject, predominant in and inherent to the proposed debate, has not been playing an important role, being in many cases simply ignored - mostly the one of Substantive nature. In the field of Business Ethics, mainly from the 90´s on, the Stakeholder Theory - which core lays on the revision and broadening of corporate obligations, as opposed to the neoclassical vision based on the Agency Theory, defending the maximization of stakeholders´ wealth as the only social responsibility of management - has been gaining acknowledgement. In the heart of this theory, two mainstreams can be highlighted: the Instrumental and the Normative. While the later stands for the unconditional revision of corporate obligations, the former subjects them to the search of a superior performance. The potential association of the Normative stream with the Substantive Rationality and of the Instrumental stream with the Rationality that goes under the same name is the fundamental basis for the structuring of this research, which intends to describe, based on a case study, how the two above mentioned Rationalities coexist in a company which mission and vision are based on typically Substantive values.

近年來政府大力推動行政革新、政府再造等工作,然綜觀其所採行之相關措施仍以工具理性為導向，忽略了實質理性的重要性,主客分離互易的結果,產生"異化"問題，對於國家整體生產力將造成負面影響，因此，研究官僚組織的異化問題,實為政府推動種種革新措施的首要之務。 異化論具有宗教的涵義，其後之黑格爾、費爾巴哈、馬克思、盧卡奇、馬庫色等人對此概念均有所論述，近代學者更進一步將此概念應用於官僚組織的經驗研究，以期能對官僚組織的異化問題有更深入的了解與認識，本文乃對異化論及其應用於官僚組織的相關研究予以探析及介紹，並藉此研究、探討官僚組織的異化問題。 目次 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究動機與目的 第二節 研究問題與重要名詞釋義 第三節 研究方法與流程 第四節 研究範圍與限制 第二章 相關理論及文獻探討 第一節 異化論探析 第二節 官僚組織理論探析 第三節 異化論、官僚組織理論的相關研究 壹 異化論的相關研究 貳 官僚組織理論的相關研究 第四節 官僚組織異化問題的相關研究 第三章 研究設計與實施 第一節 研究架構與假設 第二節 研究工具與前測 第三節 研究對象、樣本選取與研究實施過程 第四節 資料處理與統計分析方法 第四章 研究調查結果分析與討論 第一節 樣本結構分析 第二節 公務人員不同個人特質異化情形的差異性分析 第三節 行政官僚組織各面向與公務人員異化各面向間的相關分析 第四節 行政官僚組織整體面向對公務人員異化的綜合影響 第五章 研究發現與建議 第一節 研究發現 第二節 研究建議 參考書目 附錄一 附錄二 / Our government has been wholly absorbed in reinventing task recently. But trying to make a through inquiry, it's not difficult for us to find that it was mainly emphasizing on instrumental rationality, losing sight of substantive rationality. And owing to overlooking substantive rationality , it may result in alienation which will do more harm than good to the productivity of our government. Therefore, the research of alienation in the bureaucracy should be the most important job we ought to do. Alienation has religious implication. Hegel、Feuerbach、Marx、Luck'acs、Marcuse used to discuss it , and modern scholars further apply it to the research of bureaucracy. This research will illustrate the alienation theory and it's application to bureaucracy to understand the alienation problem of Taiper City Government bureaucracy.

This thesis studies the Weberian notion of rationality in the context of speedrunning and the speedrunning community. By contrasting the instrumental rationality of the speedrunning practice with the value-oriented rationality of the community, it crystallizes the difference between "performing the metrics" as an extension of community values and as a function of externally imposed constraints. The former is an expression of autonomy, while the latter an expression of heteronomy. This difference, it is argued, is found in many different areas of society, sometimes in the guise of "audit culture", at other times as an unintended side-effect of established forms of practice. In either case, a return to communal values (e.g. the sociological imagination) is seen as an antidote to becoming an extension of someone else’s metrics; autonomy is not a function of performing to external specifications, but of being able to rationally choose which measurements to use and which to leave aside. Speedrunners, in their endeavor to go fast, express such autonomy, albeit implicitly. By analyzing YouTube videos wherein runners explain their tactics and methods, this thesis endeavors to make this aspect of autonomy ever so slightly more explicit.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:29:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Paulo da Silva_2013.pdf: 4473442 bytes, checksum: fc5d5786af305d357f4fb43bbf661ccf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation is an eminently qualitative theoretical-conceptual discussion about the cultural construction of the newsworthiness criteria inside the journalism practice. Its central proposal is to insert the issue of newsworthiness that is, the debate around the responsible parameters for characterizing certain events as newsworthy events over others inside a wider cultural reflection that targets to dimensionate the news narrative as one of the most consistent elements of the modern everyday experience. The specific research goals are: 1) the theoretical discussion about some of the most significant conceptual approaches that the newsworthiness criteria have historically in the social sciences; 2) the presentation of an alternative group of theoretical conceptions that articulated can explain the complexity of the news selection process; and 3) a proposal of a theoretical-conceptual systematization for these articulations so that this dissertation could be synchronized with the state of art in the field of journalism theory. The debate will arrive, finally, in the creation of an explicative pendulum model that consolidates itself as a possible metaphor for the relation between the journalism practice, the everyday paradoxes and the symbolic parameters that characterize the everyday regularity as a cultural pattern of the modern sociability. / A tese constitui uma discussão teórico-conceitual de natureza eminentemente qualitativa sobre a construção cultural dos chamados critérios de noticiabilidade no jornalismo. Sua proposta central é inserir a problemática da noticiabilidade isto é, a discussão em torno dos parâmetros que levam determinados acontecimentos a receber a valoração de notícia em detrimento de outros no interior de uma reflexão mais ampla, de ordem culturalista, que objetiva dimensionar a narrativa noticiosa como um dos elementos estético-expressivos mais consistentes na sustentação da experiência cotidiana moderna. Como objetivos específicos, busca-se: 1) a discussão teórica de algumas das mais significativas abordagens conceituais que os critérios de noticiabilidade recebem historicamente nas ciências sociais; 2) a apresentação de um conjunto alternativo de concepções teóricas que, articuladas, possam explicitar a complexidade do processo de seleção noticiosa; e 3) a proposição de uma sistematização teórico-conceitual para tais articulações de modo a sintonizar a tese com o estado da arte no campo da teoria do jornalismo. Aporta-se, ao fim, na elaboração de um modelo explicativo pendular que se institui como metáfora possível para a relação entre o jornalismo, os paradoxos cotidianos e os parâmetros simbólicos que caracterizam a regularidade cotidiana como padrão cultural da sociabilidade moderna.

[pt] Este trabalho identifica, por meio de estudos de caso, a racionalidade presente em três empresas pertencentes ao Projeto de Economia de Comunhão, procurando qualificar a presença da instrumentalidade ou substantividade nos processos administrativos. O referencial teórico relaciona autores relevantes para a compreensão de tais racionalidades, principalmente Guerreiro Ramos e Habermas, sintetizados numa metodologia desenvolvida por Maurício Serva para tal identificação da racionalidade organizacional. A pesquisa consistiu da coleta de dados nas três empresas, por meio de observação, entrevistas e análise documental, seguida da análise e qualificação de seus processos. Procurou-se evidências entre a fifliação ao Projeto e a presença de substantividade na ação empresarial. / [en] This study aims at depicting the rationality that underlies three companioes which take part in the Communion Economy Project. By means of the metodology of case studies, we attempt to characterize the presence of instrumentality or substantivity in the companies administrative processes. The theoretical background includes relevant authors that have contributed to the further understanding of these rationalities., especially Guerreiro Ramos and Habermas, synthesized in a methodology developed by Maurício Serva for the identification of such organizational rationality. The research consists os the analysis and qualification of the processes observed in the data that was collected from the three companies by means of observation,interviews and document analysis.Evidence of substantivity in these firms action due to their affiliation in the Project were investigated.