El proyecto de investigación "Análisis del discurso periodístico de la prensa peruana en el frustrado levantamiento militar del 13 de noviembre de 1992" tiene el propósito de realizar un análisis en el discurso, como su nombre lo indica, basado en una muestra de los medios nacionales. elegido de una manera completamente aleatoria, con el fin de determinar el tipo de cobertura de los eventos que describen el título. Cabe señalar que los hechos en el asunto de los acontecimientos en el régimen dictatorial de Alberto Fujimori (1992-2000), por lo tanto, como una indicación, también se pretende mostrar si existe alguna relación, desde la situación política, con respecto a los discursos. construido a partir de la prensa seleccionada. Por lo anterior, el trabajo presentado tiene dos capítulos. El primero es un acercamiento a los términos y concepciones que condicionan el discurso, los medios a los hechos, aquellos que han tenido la necesidad actual de profundizar en los derechos más correctos de estas concepciones para, así, comprender la influencia de éstas. mostrado. El segundo, finalmente, planificó, a través de los criterios de evaluación, determinar el tipo de discurso que tuvo lugar durante los eventos, el análisis de estos criterios por cada medio de la muestra. / The research project "Analysis of the journalistic discourse of the Peruvian press in the frustrated military uprising of November 13, 1992" has the purpose of carrying out an analysis in the speech, as its name indicates, based on a sample of the national media, chosen in a completely random manner, in order to determine the type of coverage of the events that describe the title. It should be noted that the facts in the matter of the events in the dictatorial regime of Alberto Fujimori (1992-2000) so, as an indication, it is also intended to show whether there is any relationship, from the political situation, regarding speeches constructed from the selected press. For the above, the work presented has two chapters. The first is an approach to the terms and conceptions that condition the discourse, the means to the facts, those that have had the present need to delve into the most correct rights of these conceptions to, thus, understand the influence of these In the coverage shown. The second, finally, planned, through the evaluation criteria, to determine the type of discourse that took place during the events, the analysis of these criteria by each medium of the sample. / Trabajo de investigación

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Thesis advisor: Ali Kadivar / Determining the empirical causes of recruitment to nationalist militant organizations is a pertinent topic, given the global rise in neo-nationalist attitudes. In this article, I seek to explore one prospective cause through a case study of the Kurds in Iran. The Kurdish population within Iran has witnessed rising levels of insurgency into militant nationalist organizations. These organizations routinely conduct armed operations against Iranian forces in historically Kurdish regions within Iran, with the goal of reclaiming territory and halting perceived inequitable treatment of the Kurdish minority by the Iranian government. My research intends to explore the root causes of this rise in violence and whether historical political mobilization within Kurdish-dominated regions of Iran has resulted in the increased Kurdish insurgency efforts. I employ an original database and three models to test the relationship between an area's mobilization history and its subsequent insurgency recruitment levels. Ultimately, my results point to contextual variables as the driving factor behind insurgency recruitment compared to the aforementioned historical variables. My research provides a foundation for future exploration into the historical causes of Kurdish insurgency in Iran. A more sophisticated approach to data collection may generate a wider pool of data from which further analysis may be conducted. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Sociology.

Communicative acts constitute organizations as social entities. I build upon the most structured previous analysis of this process, the four flows framework, by introducing a complex systems model of how organization emerges along a continuum, thereby enabling measurement of the growth and decline of partial organizations. I validate my approach using simulated data from two stochastic agent-based models and 30 historical case studies of insurgency. I show that the four flows may be used to assess the historical victor of a conflict, or to track the emergence of an organization from real-time communication network data. My results demonstrate the complex interrelationship of the four flows, and how they relate to social phenomena such as information asymmetry, individual versus group interest, governance, and the development of community structure. I reaffirm the centrality of these flows to the phenomenon of organization, while challenging the minimum requirements for it to begin, by showing that organization spontaneously emerges in a population as a result of markers of affiliation and human cognitive biases. / Doctor of Philosophy / Humans organize collective behavior by communicating. Prior research has shown that all organizations establish the costs and benefits of membership, distinctions from other organizations, enduring protocols, and approaches to short-term coordination. The strength with which organizations define each of these traits emerges on a continuum from a nascent organization to a robust one. My work is the first to place these acts of communication in an engineering model, showing how an organization works as a system to reduce collective uncertainty. I first explore my model in a computer simulation, demonstrating that each of the four processes can be measured. I then quantify the strength of each process in 30 case studies of insurgency, measuring the changing effectiveness of the insurgents and their state opponents at establishing themselves as the governing entity in an area. My technique accurately predicts the outcome of all 30 case studies. Finally, using a second simulation, I demonstrate measures of all four processes in communication records and show that organization may be the result of merely recognizing oneself as part of a group, amid basic patterns in human thinking, rather than evidence of cooperation toward shared objectives.

No / There are few today who can claim that the US occupation of Iraq has been a success, for Iraq or the US. A War Too Far takes this on by looking back on the many unanswered questions about the invasion itself. What was the real reason for the Iraq War? Did George Bush ever have a strategy to confront al-Qaida in one arena? How does the invasion alter Iraq's relationship with Iran? And what does this mean for the future? World-renowned security expert Paul Rogers tackles these questions, offering a uniquely insightful analysis of events during and after the war. Examining the delicate balance of power in Iraq, he explores the options for a US exit strategy, and how the invasion affects America's relationship with Iran. Paul Rogers predicted in 2000 that the US would experience a terrorist attack on its own soil. Subsequent events proved how accurate he was. This book is required reading for students, journalists, policy-makers and anyone interested in getting the whole story about the dangerous consequences of the latest American venture in the Middle East. Paul Rogers explores: ¿ The neo-conservative vision of a US-dominated Middle East ¿ The oil link ¿ Iraq's significance in energy geopolitics ¿ Links with Israel ¿ the development of close military cooperation between the US and Israeli military ¿ The growing possibility of a war on Iran and its potential repercussions.

Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited. / The level of violence has not only increased constantly over the last decades, but has also shifted in nature from conventional to unconventional. Given these circumstances, Romania's national interests call for the development of unconventional capabilities that are necessary in order to deal with current and future low intensity conflicts. This thesis analyzes the influence of language training and cultural understanding on the overall success of counterinsurgency campaigns. Examining some situations where the U.S. and British forces carried out counterinsurgency operations, this project reveals that ground troops with foreign language skills and cultural training were able to work more efficient with the local population. Cultural awareness facilitated communication and developed interpersonal trust. Additionally, language and cultural training enhanced military personnel's ability to understand the operational environment and to make a more selective use of force. The purpose of this thesis is not to promote a departure from conventional military training, but rather to propose the development of new Romanian military capabilities, the performance of which will increase through a better exploitation of language and cultural resources. / Captain, Romanian Army

This article uses the counterinsurgency framework of Nathan Leites and Charles Wolf, Jr. to analyze a case study of Plan Colombia from 2000-2011. In particular, it studies the impacts of Plan Colombia-funded economic programs and their relationship to violence in the Colombian conflict. Previous academic works have looked at efficacy of counter-insurgency and the impacts of strategies from a \"hearts and minds\" approach, while this article attempts to look at the efficacy from a systemic approach. This systemic approach views insurgencies as a system that requires inputs, conversion of these inputs and the outputs or activities. Leites and Wolf further highlight that this capacity is incumbent upon: 1) the government\'s adherence to law and order in contrast to the insurgency and 2) its ability to demonstrate that it can govern and complete programs and activities. With this theoretical framework, there is also an assumption that increases in government effectiveness and control increase legitimacy in said areas and thus blunt insurgent activities. Thus, in order to relate this framework, this research uses a logical approach by linking the Leites and Wolf framework to the concepts laid out by Galula regarding counterinsurgency and the importance of the populace. This article studies the trend between the change in economic values and the change in insurgent activity. This research does not try to show a causal relationship between the two datasets, but only that there is a relationship between the increase in economic indicators and a decrease in events and attacks that can be associated the overall effects of the two economic programs. This article suggests that there is an inconclusive relationship and although there is drop in insurgency attacks and events, more research is necessary to ascertain the actual correlation between the effect of economic programs on insurgency attacks and events. / Este artigo usa a estrutura de contra-insurgência de Nathan Leites e Charles Wolf, Jr. para analisar um estudo de caso do Plano Colômbia de 2000-2011. Em particular, estuda os impactos dos programas econômicos financiados pelo Plano Colômbia e sua relação com a violência no conflito colombiano. Trabalhos acadêmicos anteriores analisaram a eficácia da contra-insurgência e os impactos das estratégias de uma abordagem \"corações e mentes\", enquanto este artigo tenta analisar a eficácia a partir de uma abordagem sistêmica. Essa abordagem sistêmica considera as insurgências como um sistema que requer entradas, conversão dessas entradas e saídas ou atividades. Leites e Wolf destacam ainda que essa capacidade se deve a: 1) a adesão do governo à lei e à ordem em contraste com a insurgência e 2) sua capacidade de demonstrar que pode governar e concluir programas e atividades. Com esse arcabouço teórico, também existe uma suposição de que aumentos na eficácia e no controle do governo aumentam a legitimidade em tais áreas e, assim, embotam as atividades insurgentes. Assim, para relacionar este arcabouço, esta pesquisa utiliza uma abordagem lógica, ligando o arcabouço de Leites e Wolf aos conceitos apresentados por Galula sobre a contra-insurgência e a importância da população. Este artigo estuda a tendência entre a mudança nos valores econômicos e a mudança na atividade insurgente. Esta pesquisa não tenta mostrar uma relação causal entre os dois conjuntos de dados, mas apenas que existe uma relação entre o aumento nos indicadores econômicos e uma diminuição nos eventos e ataques que podem ser associados aos efeitos gerais dos dois programas econômicos. Este artigo sugere que há uma relação inconclusiva e, embora haja queda nos ataques e eventos da insurgência, mais pesquisas são necessárias para averiguar a correlação real entre o efeito dos programas econômicos nos ataques e eventos da insurgência.

<p>Nya typer av krigföring, så som COIN-operationer (Counter insurgency), ställer nya krav på flygstridskrafterna. Utvecklingen av det bemannade stridsflyget har, om man jämför med UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), trots detta stått relativt stilla. Obemannat stridsflyg har samtidigt utvecklat förmågor som gör funktionen till en värdig konkurrent på det moderna slagfältet. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka huruvida obemannat stridsflyg kan överta det bemannade stridsflygets plats inom ramen för COIN-operationer. Detta avser jag uppnå genom att undersöka hur väl de båda funktionerna svarar uppmot de krav som ställs på ett stridsflygplan i en operation med inslag av COIN. Utifrån detta kommer jag bedöma vilka uppdragstyper som kan samt eventuellt inte kan lösas av en obemannad respektive bemannad flygfarkost. Resultatet i uppsatsen visar att bemannat stridsflyg är bättre anpassat till att genomföra markmålsoperationer inom ramen för COIN-operationer. Främst på grund av en bättre omvärldsuppfattning. Vid uppdragstyper kopplade till flygunderrätteleinhämtning är dock det obemannade stridsflyget bättre anpassat. Främst på grund av en längre uthållighet. Vad det gäller kostnadsaspekten så visar analysen att brukskostnaderna för det obemannade stridsflyget är betydligt lägre än hos det bemannade stridsflyget. Den höga anskaffningskostnaden för ett nytt UAV-system talar dock till dess nackdel. Skyddet som är integrerat i de obemannade plattformarna är sämre än hos den bemannade konkurrenten. UAV får i mångt och mycket lita till sin storlek för skydd. Slutsatsen jag kan dra av arbetet är att bemannat stridsflyg fortfarande har en plats på slagfältet inom ramen för COIN-operationer. Om utvecklingen fortsätter i samma takt och system som förbättrar omvärldsuppfattning för operatören på UAV samt möjliggör ett bättre självskydd kopplat till plattformen kan resultatet snart vara ett annat.</p> / <p>New types of warfare, such as COIN (Counter Insurgency), operations, mean new requirements for the Air Force. The development of the manned combat aircraft has, in comparison with the UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), shown relativly slow progress. Unmanned combat aircraft has on the other hand developed capabilities that make it a worthy competitor on the modern battlefield. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether unmanned combat aircraft can outrival the manned combat aircraft, in COIN-operations. I will achieve this by studying how well the two functions are responding to the demands of a combat aircraft in an operation with elements of COIN. From this, I will assess the mission types that can and can not possibly besolved by an unmanned, or a manned combat aircraft. The results of this paper show that the manned fighter is better suited to carry out counter land operations within thescope of COIN-operations, mainly due to a better situational awareness. Due to longer endurance, the unmanned combat aircraft is better suited to carry out missions like reconnaissance and surveillance. In the cost aspect, the analysis shows that the cost of using the unmanned combat aircraft is much lower than that of the manned combat aircraft. The high purchase cost of a new UAV-system, however, speaks against it. The protection that is integrated into the unmanned platforms is worse than for its rival. UAVs must largely rely on their size for protection. The conclusion I can draw from this paper is that manned fighter aircraft still has a place on the battlefield as a part of COIN-operations. If the development continues at this pace and systems that improve the situational awareness of the operator of UAVs, and allows for better self protection linked to the platform, the result may soon be another.</p>

Nya typer av krigföring, så som COIN-operationer (Counter insurgency), ställer nya krav på flygstridskrafterna. Utvecklingen av det bemannade stridsflyget har, om man jämför med UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), trots detta stått relativt stilla. Obemannat stridsflyg har samtidigt utvecklat förmågor som gör funktionen till en värdig konkurrent på det moderna slagfältet. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka huruvida obemannat stridsflyg kan överta det bemannade stridsflygets plats inom ramen för COIN-operationer. Detta avser jag uppnå genom att undersöka hur väl de båda funktionerna svarar uppmot de krav som ställs på ett stridsflygplan i en operation med inslag av COIN. Utifrån detta kommer jag bedöma vilka uppdragstyper som kan samt eventuellt inte kan lösas av en obemannad respektive bemannad flygfarkost. Resultatet i uppsatsen visar att bemannat stridsflyg är bättre anpassat till att genomföra markmålsoperationer inom ramen för COIN-operationer. Främst på grund av en bättre omvärldsuppfattning. Vid uppdragstyper kopplade till flygunderrätteleinhämtning är dock det obemannade stridsflyget bättre anpassat. Främst på grund av en längre uthållighet. Vad det gäller kostnadsaspekten så visar analysen att brukskostnaderna för det obemannade stridsflyget är betydligt lägre än hos det bemannade stridsflyget. Den höga anskaffningskostnaden för ett nytt UAV-system talar dock till dess nackdel. Skyddet som är integrerat i de obemannade plattformarna är sämre än hos den bemannade konkurrenten. UAV får i mångt och mycket lita till sin storlek för skydd. Slutsatsen jag kan dra av arbetet är att bemannat stridsflyg fortfarande har en plats på slagfältet inom ramen för COIN-operationer. Om utvecklingen fortsätter i samma takt och system som förbättrar omvärldsuppfattning för operatören på UAV samt möjliggör ett bättre självskydd kopplat till plattformen kan resultatet snart vara ett annat. / New types of warfare, such as COIN (Counter Insurgency), operations, mean new requirements for the Air Force. The development of the manned combat aircraft has, in comparison with the UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), shown relativly slow progress. Unmanned combat aircraft has on the other hand developed capabilities that make it a worthy competitor on the modern battlefield. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether unmanned combat aircraft can outrival the manned combat aircraft, in COIN-operations. I will achieve this by studying how well the two functions are responding to the demands of a combat aircraft in an operation with elements of COIN. From this, I will assess the mission types that can and can not possibly besolved by an unmanned, or a manned combat aircraft. The results of this paper show that the manned fighter is better suited to carry out counter land operations within thescope of COIN-operations, mainly due to a better situational awareness. Due to longer endurance, the unmanned combat aircraft is better suited to carry out missions like reconnaissance and surveillance. In the cost aspect, the analysis shows that the cost of using the unmanned combat aircraft is much lower than that of the manned combat aircraft. The high purchase cost of a new UAV-system, however, speaks against it. The protection that is integrated into the unmanned platforms is worse than for its rival. UAVs must largely rely on their size for protection. The conclusion I can draw from this paper is that manned fighter aircraft still has a place on the battlefield as a part of COIN-operations. If the development continues at this pace and systems that improve the situational awareness of the operator of UAVs, and allows for better self protection linked to the platform, the result may soon be another.