Στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή μελετά με το πρόβλημα αρχικών-συνοριακών τιμών (ΠΑΣΤ) για τη μη γραμμική εξελικτική μερική διαφορική εξίσωση των Korteweg-De Vries (KDV) σε ένα φραγμένο διάστημα της χωρικής μεταβλητής. Η μέθοδος που εφαρμόζουμε είναι γνωστή σαν μέθοδος του ενοποιημένου μετασχηματισμού. Η εφαρμογή της μεθόδου στο υπό θεώρηση ΠΑΣΤ συνίσταται στη λεγόμενη ταυτόχρονη φασματική ανάλυση του αντίστοιχου της εξίσωσης KDV ζεύγους Lax. Ένας βασικός ερευνητικός στόχος που επιτεύχθηκε στη συνεισφορά αυτή συνίσταται στην έκφραση, για μια αρκετά γενική κλάση αρχικών και συνοριακών συνθηκών, της λύσης του ΠΑΣΤ σαν μια ολοκληρωτική αναπαράσταση μέσω της λύσης ενός κατάλληλου προβλήματος Riemann-Hilbert (RH) στο μιγαδικό επίπεδο της φασματικής παραμέτρου. Μάλιστα, παρέχονται δύο εναλλακτικές ολοκληρωτικές αναπαραστάσεις για καθένα από δύο εναλλακτικά προβλήματα RH. Ένα δεύτερος ερευνητικός στόχος ο οποίος επιτυγχάνεται είναι η ανάπτυξη μιας διαδικασίας αναγωγής του ιδιόμορφου προβλήματος RH σε ένα ολόμορφο. Ένας τρίτος, τέλος, ερευνητικός στόχος ο οποίος επιτυγχάνεται είναι ο χαρακτηρισμός της λεγόμενης γενικευμένης απεικόνισης Dirichlet-to-Neumann, η έκφραση, δηλαδή, των αγνώστων συνοριακών συναρτήσεων μέσω των επιβεβλημένων αρχικών και συνοριακών συνθηκών. Η διατριβή διαρθρώνεται σε επτά κεφάλαια, εκ των οποίων το πρώτο είναι εισαγωγικού χαρακτήρα, ενώ τα υπόλοιπα έξι αποτελούν το πρωτότυπο μέρος της διατριβής. Αναλυτικά, το περιεχόμενο καθενός κεφαλαίου έχει ως ακολούθως. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται, μεταξύ άλλων, το πρόβλημα RH, τη μέθοδο της αντίστροφης σκέδασης για την KDV, τη μέθοδο της ένδυσης για την KDV και τη μέθοδο της ταυτόχρονης φασματικής ανάλυσης του ζεύγους Lax. Στο κεφάλαιο 2 ξεκινάμε την εφαρμογή της μεθόδου στο υπό θεώρηση ΠΑΣΤ υποθέτοντας ότι η KDV επιδέχεται λύση στην αντίστοιχη χωροχρονική περιοχή. Η αντίστοιχη της περιοχής αυτής ταυτόχρονη φασματική ανάλυση του ζεύγους Lax οδηγεί στη διατύπωση ενός ιδιόμορφου ομογενούς προβλήματος RH. Αυτό ορίζεται μέσω μιας εξάδας φασματικών συναρτήσεων. Οι τελευταίες εκφράζονται μέσω των αρχικών τιμών της λύσης και των συνοριακών τιμών και εγκαρσίων συνοριακών της μέχρι και δεύτερης τάξης. Στο κεφάλαιο 3 ορίζουμε τις 6 φασματικές συναρτήσεις που αντιστοιχούν στις αρχικές και συνοριακές συνθήκες και δείχνουμε ότι η αντιστροφή των απεικονίσεων αυτών περιγράφεται μέσω καταλλήλων προβλημάτων RH. Δείχνουμε επίσης ότι ικανοποιείται μια εξίσωση που ονομάζεται ολική σχέση και χαρακτηρίζει τα αποδεκτά σύνολα αρχικών και συνοριακών συναρτήσεων. Στο κεφάλαιο 4 δείχνουμε ότι η ασυμπτωματική συμπεριφορά της λύσης του προβλήματος RH οδηγεί πράγματι σε μια λύση του ΠΑΣΤ. Στο κεφάλαιο 5 μελετάμε τη μονοσήμαντη επιλυσιμότητα του προβλήματος RH. Στο κεφάλαιο 6 παρουσιάζουμε έναν εναλλακτικό τρόπο διατύπωσης προβλήματος RH, αντικαθιστώντας του πόλους με καμπύλες ασυνέχειας. Στο κεφάλαιο 7 χρησιμοποιούμε την ολική σχέση για την κατασκευή της γενικευμένης απεικόνισης Dirichlet-to-Neumann, για το χαρακτηρισμό δηλαδή των αγνώστων συνοριακών συναρτήσεων (που εμφανίζονται στο πρόβλημα RH) μέσω των επιβεβλημένων αρχικών και συνοριακών συνθηκών. / In the present PhD thesis we study the initial-boundary value problem for the nonlinear evolution partial diefferential equation of Korteweg-De Vries (KDV) posed on a finite interval of the spatial variable. The method we employ is known as unified transform method. The application of the method on the IBVP under consideration consists of the so-called simultaneous spectral analysis of the Lax pair associated to the KDV equation. The first aim achieved in this contribution, is the expression of the solution of the IBVP as an integral representation in terms of the solution an appropriate Riemann-Hilbert (RH) problem in the complex plane of the spectral parameter, for a sufficiently large class of initial and boundary conditions. In particular, we provide two different integral representations for each one of two different RH problems. A second aim achieved is the invention of a procedure for the reduction of the singular RH problem to a regular one. A third aim achieved is the caracterization of the so-called generalized Dirichlet-to_Neumann map, that is, the expression of the unknown boundary functions in terms of the prescribed initial and boundary conditions. The Phd thesis is divided in 7 chapters. The first chapter is of an introductory character, while the remaining six chapters consist of the original contribution of the thesis. Analytically, the content of each chapter has as follows. The first chapter presents, among other things, the RH problem, the inverse scattering method for KDV, the dressing method for KDV and the method of simultaneous spectral analysis of the Lax pair. Chapter 2 presents the first step of the application of the method upon the IBVP, under the assumption thet KDV is solvable in the corresponding space-time region. The simultaneous spectral analysis of the Lax pair leads to the formulation of a singular homogenous RH factorization problem, which is defined in terms of six spectral functions. The last ones are expressed in terms of the initial and boundary values of the solution and of its transverse boundary derivatives up to order two. In chapter 3 we define the six spectral functions that correspond to the initial and boundary conditions and show that the inversion of these mappings can be described through appropriate RH problems. Also an appropriate “global relation” is satisfied, which characterizes the admissible initial and boundary functions. In chapter 4 we show that the asymptotic behavior of the solution of the RH problem leads actually to a solution of the IBVP. In chapter 5 we study the unique solvability of the RH problem. In chapter 6 we present an alternative RH formulation, replacing the poles by discontinuity curves. In chapter 7 we present the global relation to construct the generalized Dirichlet-to-Neumann map, that is, the expression of the unknown boundary functions (appearing in the RH formulation) in terms of the prescribed initial and boundary conditions.

Vector bundles , which basic space is smooth n-dimensional space with affine connection, are exploring in this paper. It was proved that linear connection of such bundle defines affine connection, there were found curvature objects of these connections. It was also proved that linear connection induces inside almost product’s structure in bundle , there were explored integrable conditions of this structure and defined criterions on affine connections that are associated with these structures.

The central objective of this thesis is to suggest and develop one simple, unified method for communication over optical fiber networks, valid for all values of dispersion and nonlinearity parameters, and for a single-user channel or a multiple-user network. The method is based on the nonlinear Fourier transform (NFT), a powerful tool in soliton theory and exactly solvable models for solving integrable partial differential equations governing wave propagation in certain nonlinear media. The NFT decorrelates signal degrees of freedom in such models, in much the same way that the Fourier transform does for linear systems. In this thesis, this observation is exploited for data transmission over integrable channels such as optical fibers, where pulse propagation is governed by the nonlinear Schr\"odinger (NLS) equation. In this transmission scheme, which can be viewed as a nonlinear analogue of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing commonly used in linear channels, information is encoded in the nonlinear spectrum of the signal. Just as the (ordinary) Fourier transform converts a linear convolutional channel into a number of parallel scalar channels, the nonlinear Fourier transform converts a nonlinear dispersive channel described by a \emph{Lax convolution} into a number of parallel scalar channels. Since, in the spectral coordinates the NLS equation is multiplicative, users of a network can operate in independent nonlinear frequency bands with no deterministic inter-channel interference. Unlike most other fiber-optic transmission schemes, this technique deals with both dispersion and nonlinearity directly and unconditionally without the need for dispersion or nonlinearity compensation methods. This thesis lays the foundations of such a nonlinear frequency-division multiplexing system.

The central objective of this thesis is to suggest and develop one simple, unified method for communication over optical fiber networks, valid for all values of dispersion and nonlinearity parameters, and for a single-user channel or a multiple-user network. The method is based on the nonlinear Fourier transform (NFT), a powerful tool in soliton theory and exactly solvable models for solving integrable partial differential equations governing wave propagation in certain nonlinear media. The NFT decorrelates signal degrees of freedom in such models, in much the same way that the Fourier transform does for linear systems. In this thesis, this observation is exploited for data transmission over integrable channels such as optical fibers, where pulse propagation is governed by the nonlinear Schr\"odinger (NLS) equation. In this transmission scheme, which can be viewed as a nonlinear analogue of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing commonly used in linear channels, information is encoded in the nonlinear spectrum of the signal. Just as the (ordinary) Fourier transform converts a linear convolutional channel into a number of parallel scalar channels, the nonlinear Fourier transform converts a nonlinear dispersive channel described by a \emph{Lax convolution} into a number of parallel scalar channels. Since, in the spectral coordinates the NLS equation is multiplicative, users of a network can operate in independent nonlinear frequency bands with no deterministic inter-channel interference. Unlike most other fiber-optic transmission schemes, this technique deals with both dispersion and nonlinearity directly and unconditionally without the need for dispersion or nonlinearity compensation methods. This thesis lays the foundations of such a nonlinear frequency-division multiplexing system.

GaugThe first half of the thesis concerns Abelian vortices and Yang-Mills theory. It is proved that the 5 types of vortices recently proposed by Manton are actually symmetry reductions of (anti-)self-dual Yang-Mills equations with suitable gauge groups and symmetry groups acting as isometries in a 4-manifold. As a consequence, the twistor integrability results of such vortices can be derived. It is presented a natural definition of their kinetic energy and thus the metric of the moduli space was calculated by the Samols' localisation method. Then, a modified version of the Abelian–Higgs model is proposed in such a way that spontaneous symmetry breaking and the Bogomolny argument still hold. The Painlevé test, when applied to its soliton equations, reveals a complete list of its integrable cases. The corresponding solutions are given in terms of third Painlevé transcendents and can be interpreted as original vortices on surfaces with conical singularity. The last two chapters present the following results in projective differential geometry and Hamiltonians of hydrodynamic-type systems. It is shown that the projective structures defined by the Painlevé equations are not metrisable unless either the corresponding equations admit first integrals quadratic in first derivatives or they define projectively flat structures. The corresponding first integrals can be derived from Killing vectors associated to the metrics that solve the metrisability problem. Secondly, it is given a complete set of necessary and sufficient conditions for an arbitrary affine connection in 2D to admit, locally, 0, 1, 2 or 3 Killing forms. These conditions are tensorial and simpler than the ones in previous literature. By defining suitable affine connections, it is shown that the problem of existence of Killing forms is equivalent to the conditions of the existence of Hamiltonian structures for hydrodynamic-type systems of two components.

Submitted by Vasti Diniz (vastijpa@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-13T14:39:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 851323 bytes, checksum: 599a5da8bbbe70ff2f4ba121890878e2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-13T14:39:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 851323 bytes, checksum: 599a5da8bbbe70ff2f4ba121890878e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this cool thesis, we consider an approach to Brans-Dicke theory of gravity in which the scalar eld has a geometrical nature. By postulating the Palatini variation, we nd out that the role played by the scalar eld consists in turning the space-time geometry into a Weyl integrable manifold. This procedure leads to a scalar-tensor theory that di ers from the original Brans-Dicke theory in many aspects and presents some new features. We also consider the Weyl integrable geometry to investigate gravity in (2+1)-dimensions. We show that, in addition to leading to a Newtonian limit, WIST in (2+1) dimensions presents some interesting properties that are not shared by Einstein theory, such as geodesic deviation between particles in a dust distribution. Finally, taking advantage of the duality between the geometrical scalar-tensor theory and general relativity coupled with a massless scalar eld we study naked singularities and wormholes. / Esta tese trata de tópicos relacionados às teorias escalares-tensoriais e a geometria de Weyl integrável. Nossa abordagem será no sentido de indicar a geometria de Weyl integr ável como sendo um ambiente natural para a introdução de teorias escalares-tensorias. Nossa discussão será em torno da teoria de Brans-Dicke, considerada o protótipo das teorias escalares tensoriais, no entanto a discussão é facilmente estendida para essas versões mais gerais. Fazemos isso em dois momentos. Primeiro, indicando, no âmbito da teoria de Brans-Dicke, que na estrutura geométrica e de campos adotadas pela teoria existe uma relação estreita com a geometria de Weyl, inclusive associando o efeito descrito na literatura como "quinta força"(que violaria o princípio de equivalência) com o movimento geodésico da geometria de Weyl integrável, reformulando o postulado geodésico. E, num segundo momento, usando o método variacional de Palatini, acabamos por formular uma nova teoria escalar-tensorial, agora com ingredientes completamente geométricos, ambientada numa geometria de Weyl integrável. Estudamos ainda soluções no vazio do problema estático de uma distribuição de massa esfericamente simétrica, onde surgem objetos de interesse astrofísico como singularidades nuas e buracos de minhoca. Também formulamos a teoria conhecida por WIST (Weyl Integrable Spacetimes) em (2 + 1)D, o que resulta numa teoria consistente, não sofrendo das falhas associadas à teoria da relatividade geral nessa dimensionalidade

Un défi toujours actuel dans le domaine des systèmes intégrables quantiques est le calcul exact et explicite des fonctions de corrélation. Dans le cas de modèles simples tels que la chaîne de Heisenberg XXZ de spins 1/2, des progrès significatifs ont été réalisés ces dernières années. Les méthodes développées utilisent les symétries des modèles en volume infini (algèbre quantique affine) ou fini (algèbre de Yang-Baxter). L'objet de cette thèse est d'étendre le champ d'application de ce dernier type d'approche dans le cas où l'algèbre de Yang-Baxter sous-jacente est de type dynamique. C'est typiquement le cas du modèle de physique statistique solid-on-solid (SOS) qui décrit les interactions d'un paramètre de hauteur autour des faces d'un réseau bidimensionnel, avec des poids statistiques donnés par une matrice R elliptique solution de l'équation de Yang-Baxter dynamique.L'étude des fonctions de corrélation du modèle SOS est abordée dans le cadre de l'ansatz de Bethe algébrique et de la méthode de séparation des variables. Des représentations en termes de déterminants de fonctions usuelles sont obtenues par les deux méthodes pour les produits scalaires entre états et pour les facteurs de forme des opérateurs locaux en volume fini. Les formules obtenues dans le cadre de l'ansatz de Bethe algébrique sont ensuite utilisées pour représenter la fonction de corrélation à deux points sous la forme d'intégrales multiples, ainsi que pour le calcul de diverses quantités physiques à la limite thermodynamique, telles que les polarisations spontanées ou les probabilités de hauteurs locales. Ces dernières s'expriment sous forme d'intégrales multiples similaires à celles du modèle XXZ. / A current challenge in the field of quantum integrable systems is the exact and explicit computation of correlation functions. In simple models such as the XXZ spin 1/2 Heisenberg chain, some significant results have been obtained during the last years. The developed methods essentially use the symmetries of the models in infinite volume (quantum affine algebra) or finite volume (Yang-Baxter algebra). The aim of this thesis is to generalize the scope of the latter approaches to the case where the underlying Yang-Baxter algebra is of dynamical type. This is typically the case of the statistical mechanics solid-on-solid (SOS) model which describes the interactions of a height parameter around faces of a bidimensional lattice, and whose statistical weights are given by an elliptic R-matrix which is solution of the dynamical Yang-Baxter equation.The study of correlation functions of the SOS model is discussed in the framework of the algebraic Bethe ansatz and the separation of variables. Representations in terms of determinants of usual functions are obtained by these two methods for the scalar products of states and for form factors of local operators in finite volume. The obtained formula in the framework of the algebraic Bethe ansatz are then used to represent the two-point function as multiple integrals, and also to compute various physical quantities at the thermodynamic limit, such as the spontaneous polarizations or the local height probabilities. The latter can be expressed in terms of multiple integrals of contour, which are really similar to the ones obtained in the XXZ model.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre général de la théorie des systèmes intégrables avec bords et le développement des structures algébriques associées.D’une part, nous nous attaquons au problème de la diagonalisation de l’hamiltonien du modèle XXZ avec bords non diagonaux. Nous exhibons les deux ensembles d’états propres et valeurs propres du modèle si les paramètres de bords satisfont deux conditions.D’autre part, nous introduisons un modèle de physique statistique que nous appelons le modèle face avec un bord réfléchissant. Nous calculons exactement sa fonction de partition et nous montrons que cette dernière se représente simplement sous la forme d’un unique déterminant matriciel.Nous montrons que ces deux problèmes sont reliés par la transformation vertex-face et exhibent une structure algébrique commune, l’algèbre de réflexion dynamique. Nous nous intéressons aux aspects mathématiques de cette algèbre dans le cas elliptique général,et nous introduisons deux classes de ces représentations, la représentation de co-module d’évaluation et sa duale. Nous pensons que cette algèbre est la structure clef pour l’analyse des modèles faces avec bords. En particulier, nous montrons à l’aide de twists de Drinfel’d que leur fonction de partition se représente simplement dans le cas général. Enfin, nous tentons une ’dynamisation’ du modèle à vertex ’Half-Turn-Symmetric’,et nous décrivons sa fonction de partition en termes de représentation d’évaluation de l’algèbre de Yang-Baxter dynamique, et trouvons un ensemble de conditions la déterminantunivoquement. / This thesis is embedded in the general theory of quantum integrable models withboundaries, and the development of associated algebraic structures.We first consider the question of the diagonalization of the XXZ hamiltonian with nondiagonalboundaries. We succeed to find the two sets of eigenstates and eigenvalues of themodel if the boundaries parameters satisfy two conditions.We introduce then a statistical physics model which we refer to be the face model witha reflecting end. Moreover, we compute exactly its partition function and show that it takesthe form of a simple single matrix determinant.We show that these two problems are related through the vertex-face transformationand are solved using a common algebraic structure, the dynamical reflection algebra andits dual. We focus from a mathematical perspective on this algebra in the general ellipticcase. Both the co-module evaluation representation and its dual are introduced. We believethat these structures are the key ingredients for the analysis of face models with boundaries.In particular, using the concept of Drinfel’d twists, we show that the partition function ofthese models has a simple representation in the general case.Finally, we attempt on a ’dynamization’ of the Half-Turn-Symmetric vertexmodel. Wedescribe its partition function in terms of the evaluation representation of the dynamicalYang-Baxter algebra, and find a set of conditions that uniquely determine it.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / We study the one-parameter family of determinants $det(I-\gamma K_{PII}),\gamma\in\mathbb{R}$ of an integrable Fredholm operator $K_{PII}$ acting on the interval $(-s,s)$ whose kernel is constructed out of the $\Psi$-function associated with the Hastings-McLeod solution of the second Painlev\'e equation. In case $\gamma=1$, this Fredholm determinant describes the critical behavior of the eigenvalue gap probabilities of a random Hermitian matrix chosen from the Unitary Ensemble in the bulk double scaling limit near a quadratic zero of the limiting mean eigenvalue density. Using the Riemann-Hilbert method, we evaluate the large $s$-asymptotics of $\det(I-\gamma K_)$ for all values of the real parameter $\gamma$.

Le présent mémoire contient deux articles reliés par le formalisme de l'ansatz de Bethe. Dans le premier article, l'opérateur de Heun de type Lie est identifié comme une spécialisation de la matrice de transfert d'un modèle de \(BC\)-Gaudin à un site dans un champ magnétique. Ceci permet de le diagonaliser à l'aide de l'ansatz de Bethe algébrique modifié. La complétude du spectre est démontrée en reliant les racines de Bethe aux zéros des solutions polynomiales d'une équation différentielle de Heun inhomogène. Le deuxième article aborde le sujet des représentations irréductibles de l'algèbre de Lie \(su(3)\) dans la réduction \(su(3) \supset so(3) \supset so(2)\). Cette manière de construire les représentations irréductibles de \(su(3)\) porte une ambiguïté qui empêche de distinguer totalement les vecteurs de base, ce qui mène à un problème d'étiquette manquante. Dans cet esprit, l'algèbre des deux opérateurs fournissant cette étiquette est examinée. L'opérateur de degré 4 dans les générateurs de \(su(3)\) est diagonalisé en se servant des techniques de l'ansatz de Bethe analytique. / This Master’s thesis contains two articles linked by the formalism of the Bethe ansatz. In the first article, the Lie-type Heun operator is identified as a specialization of the transfer matrix of a one-site BC-Gaudin model in a magnetic field. This allows its diagonalization by means of the modified algebraic Bethe ansatz. The completeness of the spectrum is proven by relating the Bethe roots to the zeros of the polynomial solutions of an inhomogeneous differential Heun equation. The second article deals with the subject of irreducible representations of the Lie algebra su(3) in the reduction su(3) ⊃ so(3) ⊃ so(2). This way of constructing the irreducible representations of su(3) carries an ambiguity in distinguishing the basis vectors, also known as a missing label problem. In this spirit, the algebra of the two operators providing the missing label is examined. The operator of degree 4 in the generators of su(3) is diagonalized using the techniques of the analytical Bethe ansatz.