Magister Curationis - MCur / Parents undergo negative experiences that include parental anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress when their new-born babies are hospitalised in neonatal intensive care unit. During this stressful period, parents need assistance from staff in order to cope. A quantitative, descriptive survey design was used to describe parents’ perception of nursing support during their baby’s admission in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) at three selected private hospitals in the city of Cape Town in the Western Cape Province. A structured existing 21- item Likert type questionnaire, the Nurse-Parent Support Tool (NPST) was used to collect data from an all-inclusive sample of 85 parents with a response rate of 78.8% (n=67). The purpose of the questionnaire was to determine their perception of information giving and communication by nurses; emotionally supportive behaviours by nurses; care given support or instrumental support and to identify parents’ perception of esteem or appraisal support while in the NICU environment. The data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24. The findings of this study suggested that the overall mean score for parents’ perception of nursing support was high 4.6 (±0.5) out of a possible of 5. There was no significant difference in the overall mean perceived support score between the different facilities. No significant differences were found in terms of all the demographics characteristics with regard to perceptions of the support that was received, thus indicating that there was no relationship between the demographic variables and perception of support. The findings suggested that though high parental support was reported, the area of involving parents in the care of their babies i.e. letting them decide whether to stay or leave during procedures need improvement.

Introdução: A Lesão renal aguda (LRA) é uma síndrome de alta incidência (23,2%) e mortalidade (23,0%), que acomete principalmente pacientes críticos, internados em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI). A sepse é a principal causa de LRA (40,0%). A infecção por microrganismos multirresistentes exige o uso de agentes antimicrobianos potencialmente nefrotóxicos, como as polimixinas (Pmxs). Dentre elas, destaca-se a Pmx B e a colistina (Pmx E) utilizadas no controle de infecções por bacilos gram negativos (BGN). Objetivos: avaliar a incidência de LRA associada ao uso de Pmxs e identificar os fatores de risco para desenvolvimento de LRA associada ao uso de Pmxs. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, retrospectivo, de abordagem quantitativa. A amostra foi composta por 1009 pacientes internados em UTI, provenientes de um banco de dados universal (BDU) organizado no período de abril a dezembro de 2012. Resultados: Foram incluídos 936 pacientes. A incidência geral de LRA na amostra foi de 43,1%, enquanto que para pacientes que receberam Pmxs foi de 87,0%. O principal fator de risco para LRA geral foi a pré existência de Doença Renal Crônica. Dentre os pacientes com LRA e que fizeram uso de Pmxs, a maioria era do sexo masculino (69,2%); 54,4±15,7 anos, internação do tipo clínica e com o maior tempo de internação em UTI, as características clínicas mais prevalentes foram o estado de choque (81,5%), a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (35,3%), o Diabetes Mellitus (20,0%) e a sepse (23,0%). Esse grupo apresentou maiores índices de gravidade SAPS II e LODS e o choque se confirmou como fator de risco nesse grupo. Conclusões: As Pmxs confirmaram-se como medicamento nefrotóxico em pacientes críticos (87%), tendo o choque como fator de risco. / Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a syndrome of high incidence (23.2%) and mortality (23.0%), which affects mainly critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). Sepsis is the main cause of AKI (40.0%). Infection with multiresistant microorganisms requires the use of potentially nephrotoxic antimicrobial agents, such as polymyxins (Pmxs). Among them, Pmx B and colistin (Pmx E) are used to control gram-negative bacilli (GNB) infections. Objectives: to evaluate the incidence of AKI associated with the use of Pmxs and to identify the risk factors for the development of AKI associated with the use of Pmxs. Methods: It´s a cross-sectional, retrospective, quantitative approach The sample consisted of 1009 patients hospitalized in ICUs from a universal database (BDU) organized from April to December 2012. Results: A total of 936 patients were included. The overall incidence of AKI in the sample was 43.1%, whereas for patients receiving Pmxs it was 87.0%. The main risk factor for overall AKI was the pre-existence of Chronic Kidney Disease. Among the patients with AKI who used Pmxs, the majority were male (69.2%); 54.4 ± 15.7 years, hospitalization of the clinical type and with the longer ICU stay. The most prevalent clinical characteristics in the AKI and Pmx groups were shock state (81.5%), systemic arterial hypertension (35.3%), Diabetes Mellitus (20.0%) and sepsis (23.0% ). This group presented highest SAPS II and LODS severity indexes and the shock was confirmed as a risk factor. Conclusions: Pmxs were confirmed as nephrotoxic drugs in critical patients (87%), with shock as a risk factor.

Magister Artium - MA / Background: Physiotherapists are involved in the management of patients in the cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Patient and family perception of care has become an important measure in evaluating the quality of care, including care in the intensive care setting. Overall Aim: To explore and describe the family and patient perception of physiotherapy care rendered in a public sector cardiothoracic ICU in the Western Cape, South Africa. Method: This study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 (scoping review) identified and described available outcomes for measuring family perception of ICU care by searching six databases from inception to the 20th June 2018. Results from the scoping review informed the discussion schedule for the first primary study of Phase 2. Phase 2 (two exploratory descriptive qualitative primary studies) explored and described i) family perception and ii) patient perception of physiotherapy care in a cardiothoracic ICU. Audio-taped, individual face to face semi-structured interviews were conducted with family and patient participants that met the inclusion and exclusion sampling criteria (purposive sampling). Data was transcribed verbatim and analysed using deductive-inductive thematic content analysis. The data was coded, categorised and themes were generated. Trustworthiness of the data was ensured through methods addressing credibility, dependability, confirmability and transferability. Results: A total of ten full text studies were included in the scoping review. Included studies were published between 2006 and 2017, were conducted in both developed and developing countries, in different ICUs (except cardiothoracic ICU)and all used different quantitative outcome measures to measure family perception of ICU care. Thirteen cardiothoracic ICU patients and their respective family members partook in the studies describing patient and family perception of cardiothoracic ICU physiotherapy care. The median patient age was 62 years; the mean ICU length of stay 6 days and the median family age was 55. Themes arising from the family perception of care data analysed included: i) understanding of physiotherapy care (the role of the physiotherapist, perceived benefit of physiotherapy and communication), family involvement in physiotherapy care (physical presence during physiotherapy sessions and decision-making), and satisfaction of physiotherapy ICU care. Themes arising from patient perception of care data analysed included: i) Physiotherapy management of patients, ii) The Physiotherapists – skill, iii) knowledge and professionalism, iv) Continuity of Care, v) Tangibility, vi) Physiotherapy benefits, vii) Decision-Making, viii) Communication, ix) Satisfaction of Physiotherapy ICU care. Overall, family and patients were satisfied with the physiotherapy care in the cardiothoracic ICU. However, there were areas of improvement such as the understanding of physiotherapy care, communication, family involvement in the physiotherapy care and decision-making. Conclusion: While there are multiple quantitative measures for measuring family perception of ICU care there is no “gold” standard measure that has been identified. A qualitative measure and research design would allow richer in-depth information on family perception of ICU care. The findings from the family and patient perception of cardiothoracic ICU physiotherapy care are influenced by many factors. While family and patients perceive cardiothoracic ICU physiotherapy care both positively and negatively, the majority of patient and family were satisfied overall with the care the patient received. Family perception of ICU physiotherapy care should be evaluated in order to identify areas for improvement in quality of care and could add to the body of evidence in ICU physiotherapy practice.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics, assessment, and treatment of infants with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) as perceived by Speech-Language Pathologists (SLP) and whether it differed from those of other Neonatal Intensive Care Unit populations. Methods: A secure web-based questionnaire with 62 questions collected information on NAS, caseloads, treatment environment, and demographics. Twenty-six respondents initiated the survey; 42% completed most or all questions. Response analyses included descriptive and nonparametric inferential statistics. Results: Infants with NAS were on the caseloads of 73% of respondents. The majority (79%) only saw infants with NAS and feeding problems. Primary problems included incomplete or increased time to complete feeds, increased/excessive/irregular sucking rates, and reflux. Working on teams, respondents provided assessment, treatment, and education of infant feeding and state. Conclusion: Growing demand for SLP intervention with infants with NAS is likely to persist if opioid use continues to increase as projected.

INTRODUÇÃO: O traumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE) é atualmente uma das maiores causas de incapacidade, custo econômico e morte em todo o mundo. O prognóstico do paciente com TCE depende tanto da lesão encefálica primária, que ocorre no momento do trauma, como da lesão secundária, que ocorre após o evento traumático, em decorrência da evolução da lesão inicial ou de suas complicações intracranianas e sistêmicas. Dentre estas complicações sistêmicas destacam-se os distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos, em especial os distúrbios de sódio, por ser este o principal íon extracelular e o mais importante soluto osmoticamente ativo, estando diretamente ligado à formação de edema cerebral. Estudos recentes têm demonstrado que a hipernatremia é um fator de risco independente para pior prognóstico em pacientes críticos e neurocríticos. Não estão claros, entretanto, a frequência e o impacto clínico da hipernatremia no prognóstico de pacientes com TCE grave em nosso meio. Objetivou-se neste estudo identificar a incidência e os fatores preditivos da hipernatremia na fase aguda em pacientes com TCE grave em uma amostra de pacientes internados em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e verificar se a hipernatremia na fase aguda constitui um fator de risco independente para o óbito intra-hospitalar. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, transversal, retrospectivo, unicêntrico, com dados coletados a partir da revisão dos prontuários dos pacientes adultos internados entre 1º de janeiro de 2011 a 17 de maio de 2015 na UTI da UE-HCFMRP com diagnóstico de TCE grave. Foram excluídos pacientes com traumas ocorridos há mais de 5 dias da admissão na UTI ou que tiveram tempo de internação na UTI inferior a 24 horas. Os fatores de risco para hipernatremia (definida como dois ou mais valores de sódio sérico > 145 mEq/L na primeira semana após o trauma), os preditores de óbito intra-hospitalar e de desfecho funcional desfavorável pela Glasgow Outcome Scale na alta hospitalar foram determinados através de análise multivariada por regressão logística linear, Para esta análise, foram também excluídos os pacientes que desenvolveram diabetes insípido e morte encefálica. RESULTADOS:Foram incluídos 254 pacientes, dos quais 89,4% eram do sexo masculino. A média de idade foi 34,11±12,46 anos, sendo os acidentes de trânsito o principal mecanismo de trauma encontrado. A média do valor do sódio sérico na admissão hospitalar foi 136,3±4,6 mEq/L; apenas 5 pacientes já foram admitidos com hipernatremia. A taxa de mortalidade geral foi 26,8%; hipernatremia foi identificada em 40,6% dos casos. Os fatores de risco independentes para a ocorrência de hipernatremia foram a glicemia de admissão (OR:1,01;IC95%:1,002-1,017), instabilidade hemodinâmica na admissão (OR:3,995;IC95%:1,35-11,8), presença de contusão cerebral na TC de crânio inicial (OR:3,208;IC95%:1,502-6,853) e o balanço hídrico positivo na primeira semana após o trauma (OR:1,113;IC95%:1,027-1,206). Os fatores de risco independentes para óbito intra-hospitalar foram glicemia (OR:1,014;IC95%:1,005-1,022), hipertensão intracraniana (OR:3,037;IC95%:1,074-8,592) e hipernatremia grave (OR:4,532;IC95%:1,798-11,423); já os preditores de GOS desfavorável na alta hospitalar foram glicemia (OR:1,01;IC95%:1,003-1,018), pneumonia (OR:3,115;IC95%:1,179- 8,231), hipernatremia (OR:2,592;IC95%:1,261-5,327) e hipernatremia grave (OR:3,933;IC95%:1,732-8,291). CONCLUSÕES: A hipernatremia é uma complicação frequente entre os pacientes com TCE grave e é independentemente associada à maior mortalidade intra-hospitalar e pior desfecho funcional na alta hospitalar. / INTRODUCTION: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is currently one of the major causes of disability, economic cost and death in the world. The prognosis of a TBI patient depends on the severity of the brain injuries, both the primary injury, that occurs at the time of the trauma, and secondary injury, which occurs after the traumatic event and is related to the progress of the initial lesion or its intracranial and systemic complications. Prevention and treatment of secondary injuries has been shown to change the evolution of those patients and is one of the pillars of management of TBI. Secondary injuries include hydroelectrolytic disorders, especially disorders of sodium, that is the main extracellular ion and the most important osmotically active solute, being directly related to the formation of cerebral edema. Recent studies have shown that hypernatremia is an independent risk factor for worse prognosis in critically ill and neurocritical ill patients. In this context, it is still unclear what is the frequency and what are the predictors of hypernatremia in patients with severe TBI and whether hypernatremia has a negative impact on the prognosis of those patients. The objective of this study was to identify the incidence and predictive factors of hypernatremia in the acute phase in patients with severe TBI in a sample of patients admitted to an academic tertiary ICU in Brazil and to verify if hypernatremia in the acute phase of TBI constitutes an independent risk factor for death in those patients. METHODS: Observational, transversal, retrospective, monocentric study with data collected from the review of medical records of hospitalized adult patients between January 1, 2011 and May 17, 2015 in the UE-HCFMRP ICU with diagnosis of severe TBI. Patients with trauma that occurred more than 5 days after admission to ICU or who had an ICU stay of less than 24 hours were excluded; and demographic, clinical and evolution data were collected, including ICU length of stay, hospital length of stay, functional outcome at hospital discharge and mortality rate. Risk factors for hypernatremia (considered present when there were two or more serum sodium values> 145 mEq / L in the first week after the trauma) and the predictors of death and unfavorable functional outcome by Glasgow Outcome Scale were determined bymultivariate analysis by linear logistic regression, and for this analysis, patients who developed hypernatremia associated with diabetes insipidus and brain death were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 254 patients were included, 89.4% were male. The mean age was 34.11±12.46 years, and traffic accidents were the main trauma mechanism. The mean serum sodium value at hospital admission was 136.3± 4.6 mEq / L; only 5 patients were admitted with hypernatremia. The overall mortality rate was 26.8%; hypernatremia was identified in 40.6% of the cases. The independent risk factors for the occurrence of hypernatremia were admission blood glucose (OR:1.01;95%CI:1.002-1.017), hemodynamic instability at admission (OR:3.995;95%CI:1.35-11.8), presence of brain contusion at the initial brain CT scan (OR:3.208;95%CI:1.502-6.853), and positive fluid balance in the first week after trauma (OR:1.113;95%CI:1.027-1.206). The independent risk factors for death were glycemia (OR:1.014;95%CI:1.005-1.022), intracranial hypertension (OR:3.037;95%CI:1.074-8.592) and severe hypernatremia (OR:4.532; 95%CI:1.798-11.423); the predictors of unfavorable GOS at hospital discharge were glycemia (OR:1.01;95%CI:1.003-1.018), pneumonia (OR:3.115;95%CI:1,179-8.231), hypernatremia (OR:2.592;95%CI:1.261-5.327) and severe hypernatremia (OR:3.933; 95%CI:1.732-8.291). CONCLUSIONS: Hypernatremia is a frequent complication among patients with severe TBI and is independently associated with higher mortality and worse functional outcome at hospital discharge in those patients.

Este estudo teve como objetivos: analisar as propriedades psicométricas dos instrumentos de avaliação de qualidade de vida WHOQOL-bref e SF-36 aplicados a pacientes adultos após a internação em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva e a seus familiares e, avaliar a concordância entre pacientes e familiares como seus substitutos. A amostra foi composta por 71 pares paciente-famíliar. A confiabilidade foi avaliada pela consistência interna através do Coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach. A validade convergente foi avaliada através das correlações interdomínios dos instrumentos e a validade divergente pelas correlações entre os domínios e o número de comorbidades através da Correlação de Spearman. A concordância entre os pares foi verificada pelo Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse e pela estatística kappa ponderado. Os resultados mostraram que o SF-36 quanto à confiabilidade apresenta valores aceitáveis (0,70) para a maioria dos domínios tanto para pacientes como para os familiares. Quanto ao WHOQOL-bref o coeficiente foi inferior a 0,70 para todos os domínios, em ambos os casos. A maioria das correlações interdomínios do SF-36 foram positivas e significativas para pacientes e familiares. O WHOQOL-bref quando aplicado aos pacientes apresentou correlações interdomínios positivas e significativas, mas o mesmo não ocorreu com os familiares. As correlações entre os domínios e número de comorbidades, tanto para o SF-36 e o WHOQOL–bref não foram significativas. A concordância entre os pares foi melhor quando o familiar foi o pai ou a mãe, filho e cônjuge, nessa ordem. Domínios e itens que avaliam condições objetivas são os que apresentam valores de concordância mais elevados entre os pares. O SF-36 apresentou maior número de concordâncias moderadas. O domínio Aspectos Físicos do SF-36 foi o que apresentou concordância substancial para todos os familiares. O domínio Físico do WHOQOL-bref apresentou concordância moderada para a maioria dos familiares. Para o SF-36, a concordância foi melhor quando os pacientes tinham duas ou mais comorbidades, Para o WHOQOL-bref foi melhor quando o paciente tinha uma ou duas comorbidades, mas apresentou maior número de concordâncias inconsistentes. De forma geral, os domínios previstos como aqueles que avaliam construtos similares não se correlacionaram. Esses resultados confirmam que no contexto do tratamento intensivo o SF-36 é mais adequado como instrumento de avaliação de qualidade de vida relacionado à saúde. Esses achados são similares aos da literatura internacional. / This aims this study were: to analyze the psychometric properties of the instruments for the evaluation of Quality of Life WHOQOL-bref and Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) applied to adult patients after discharged from Intensive Care Units and their families and to evaluate the agreement between patients and their families as proxies. The sample consisted of 71 patient-family pairs. The internal consistency reliability was evaluated by the Cronbach’s Alfa Coefficient. The convergent validity was evaluated by the inter-domain correlations of the instruments and a divergent validity was evaluated by Spearman correlation between domains and number of comorbidities. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and weighted kappa were used to analise the agreement between the pairs. Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient was acceptable (0.70) for the majority of SF-36 domains for patients and their families. For the WHOQOL-bref, the coefficients were below 0, 70 for all domains in both cases. The majority of inter-domains correlation of SF-36 for patients and proxies were positive and significant. WHOQOL-bref inter-domain correlations were positive and significant when applied to the patients but not for the families. For the correlations between domains and number of comorbidities, the majority of SF-36 and WHOQOL-bref domains did not correlate for either the patients or their families. The divergent validity was not supported in both instruments. Agreement between the pairs was better when the relatives were the parents or sons. Domains and items that evaluated objective conditions presented much higher values of agreement between the pairs. The SF-36, showed a larger number of domains with moderate agreement. The Physical Role domains of SF-36 were what showed a substantial agreement for all of the families. The Physical domain of WHOQOL-bref, showed moderate agreement between each of the family members. The agreement SF-36, was better when the patients had 2 or more comorbidities, regarding the WHOQOL-bref, it was better when a patiente had 1 or 2 comorbities, however it showed a greater number of inconsistent agreements. In general, domains hypothesized to measure similar constructs do not correlated. These results confirm that the SF-36 is more suitable for the evaluation of quality of life in the intensive care context. These findings are similar to from international literature.

Introdução: Medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados (MPI) representam um importante problema de saúde para os idosos, e estão associados com morbidade, mortalidade e custos hospitalares elevados. Abordagens quanto ao uso de MPI e preditores são amplamente explorados na literatura. No entanto, no âmbito das unidades de terapia intensiva, os estudos ainda são incipientes. Objetivo: Analisar o uso de MPI em idosos internados em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Método: Coorte retrospectiva de idosos internados em UTI (Clínicas, Cirúrgicas e Especialidades) de um Hospital Público de São Paulo. A amostra foi composta por idosos que haviam recebido pelo menos um medicamento. Utilizou-se um instrumento para coletar os dados referentes às variáveis demográficas clinicas e de regime terapêutico. Os MPI foram identificados pelo Critério de Beers Versão 2015. Na análise estatística utilizaram-se os testes Mann Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis e correlações Pearson/Fisher/Spearman e regressão logística múltipla. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 283 idosos. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (55,1%), com comorbidades (67,8%) e sobreviveu à internação na UTI (77%). A idade média foi 71,15 anos. A quase totalidade dos pacientes usou pelo menos um MPI (99,6%). Quanto ao regime terapêutico foram identificados 219 medicamentos, destes, 14,2% eram MPI. Os MPI mais usados foram omeprazol (80,9%), insulina (70,4%) e metoclopramida (51,6%). O número de medicamentos foi preditor independente para maior consumo de MPI (OR: 1,248; IC95%: 1,167 1,344; p < 0,001). A condição de saída da UTI de óbito foi fator de proteção (OR: 0,404; IC95%: 0,182 0,861; p=0,022). Conclusões: Prescrições de MPI foram comuns entre os idosos internados. Os MPI mais frequentes neste estudo foram prescritos baseando-se na condição de gravidade dos pacientes e considerando-se as circunstancias e/ou contexto clinico da abordagem terapêutica na UTI, procurando reduzir as complicações associadas à internação e, assim, reduzir a morbimortalidade dos idosos internados. / Introduction: Potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) represents an important health problem for the elderly, and are associated with morbidity, mortality and high hospital costs. Approaches related to the use of PIM and predictors are widely investigated in the literature. However, in the field of intensive care units, studies are still incipient. Objective: To analyze the use of PIM in elderly patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU). Method: Retrospective cohort of elderly patients in ICU (Clinical, Surgical and Specialties) of a public hospital in São Paulo. The sample consisted of elderly people who had received at least one medication. Data were collected using an instrument consisting of demographic, clinical and therapeutic regimen variables. The MPI were identified by Beers criteria (2015 version). In the statistical analysis Mann Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis test and Pearson/Fisher/Spearman\'s correlations and multiple logistic regressions were used. Results: The study included 283 elderly. Most patients were male (55.1%), with comorbidity (67.8%) and survived internment in the ICU (77%). The average age was 71.15 years; probability of death SAPS II was 18.7%; average ICU length of stay was 6.81 days; average prescription medication was 15.23; and average use of PIM was 3.52. Almost all patients used, at least, one PIM (99.6%). Concerning to the treatment regimen they were identified 219 drugs, 14.2% of these were PIM. The most commonly used PIM were omeprazole (80.9%), insulin (70.4%) and metoclopramide (51.6%). The number of drugs was an independent predictor for increased MPI consumption (OR: 1.248, 95% CI: 1.167 - 1.344, p <0.001). The ICU death condition was a protective factor (OR: 0.404, 95% CI: 0.182-0.861, p = 0.022). Conclusion: The PIM prescriptions were common between hospitalized elderly. The most common PIM in this study were prescribed based on the condition of patient severity and considering the circumstances and/or clinical context of therapeutic approach in the ICU, seeking to reduce the complications associated with hospitalization and, in this way, reduce morbidity and mortality of hospitalized elderly.

Estudo quantitativo, descritivo e prospectivo, realizado com o objetivo de analisar os efeitos da alocação de recursos humanos e da carga de trabalho de enfermagem nos resultados da assistência em duas unidades de terapia intensiva (UTIs), uma geral (UTI Geral) e outra cardiovascular (UTI-CV), com 25 leitos cada, de um hospital privado do município de São Paulo. Utilizou-se uma metodologia capaz de abranger 87% da variação dos cuidados requeridos pelos pacientes, composta por itens que incluem a dimensão biológica e psico-social do cuidado: o Patient Focused Solutions/Workload Measurement-Inpatient Methodology (PFS/WM-IM). Foram considerados indicadores de resultado: queda, erro de medicação, extubação não planejada, retirada acidental de cateter venoso central, retirada não programada de sonda nasogástrica, úlcera por pressão (UP), infecção urinária (ITU) e pneumonia desenvolvidas durante a internação hospitalar. Os dados foram obtidos dos prontuários e dos registros da Comissão de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar, além da escala diária de pessoal de enfermagem. Após 46 dias consecutivos de coleta de dados, a amostra final foi composta por 328 pacientes, sendo 166 da UTI Geral e 162 da UTI-CV. Observou-se predomínio de pacientes do gênero masculino (cerca de 56,0% em cada unidade), presença de idosos com 61 anos ou mais (65,1%), na UTI Geral, e entre 41 e 60 anos, na UTI-CV (48,2%), submetidos a tratamento clínico (54,8% na UTI Geral e 79,6% na UTI-CV) e média de internação de 11,0 (±28,0) e 14,2 (±52,9) dias, nas UTIs Geral e CV, respectivamente. A maioria dos pacientes da UTI Geral foi proveniente do centro cirúrgico (41,6%) e da UTI-CV do pronto atendimento (51,9%). Após a alta, proporção semelhante de pacientes das duas Unidades (cerca de 56,0%) foram transferidos para a unidade de internação. A mortalidade observada no período foi de, respectivamente, 9,6% e 14,8% nas UTIs Geral e CV. Com relação à ocorrência de eventos adversos (EAs), na UTI Geral, 20 pacientes (12,0%) sofreram 26 EAs, ou seja, 14 e 6 pacientes foram vítimas de 1 e 2 eventos, respectivamente, sendo 11 retiradas não programadas de sondas nasogástrica, 5 UP, 3 erros de medicação, 2 retiradas acidentais de cateteres venosos central, 2 pneumonias, 2 ITU e 1 extubação não planejada. Na UTI-CV 9 pacientes (5,6%) sofreram 14 EAs, ou seja, 5, 3 e 1 pacientes sofreram 1, 2 e 3 EAs, respectivamente, sendo 5 UP, 4 ITU, 2 erros de medicação, 2 pneumonias, 1 retirada não programada de sonda nasogástrica. Os pacientes foram classificados predominantemente nas categorias 4 e 5 (média e alta complexidade de cuidados de enfermagem). Observou-se, em cada UTI, em média, 1 enfermeiro para 8 pacientes e 1 técnico de enfermagem para, no máximo, 2 pacientes. A média de horas disponíveis de enfermagem foi maior do que o recomendado pelo PFS/WM-IM, respectivamente 15,3 e 13,4h na UTI Geral (p<0,001) e 16,4 e 14,1h na UTI-CV (p<0,001). No período analisado, apesar do excedente de pessoal de enfermagem nas duas UTIs, houve ocorrência de EAs. Os resultados deste estudo se contrapõem, portanto, às solicitações freqüentes de enfermeiros por maior quantidade de pessoal na UTI. No entanto, apontam para a necessidade de novas investigações que confirmem ou refutem os resultados obtidos, com vistas à adequação de pessoal que assegure tanto a qualidade da assistência como a diminuição de custos na UTI / This was a prospective, descriptive an quantitative study, performed with the aim of analyzing the effects of human resources allocation and nursing workload on the assistance results in two intensive care units (ICUs), a General one (General ICU) and Cardiovascular one (CV-ICU) with 25 beds each from a private hospital in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. It was adopted a methodology able to reach 87% of the variation of care required by patients. This methodology was composed by items that include the both the biological and psychosocial dimension concerning care: o Patient Focused Solutions/Workload Measurement-Inpatient Methodology (PFS/WM-IM). It was considered result indicators such as fall, medication errors, unplanned extubation, unplanned withdrawal central venous catheter, unplanned withdrawal nasogastric probe, hospital acquired decubitus ulcer (PU), urinary tract infection (UTI) and pneumonia developed during hospital care. The data were collected from the medical reports and registers of the Commission for Hospital Infection Control, as well as the daily work schedule from the nursing staff. After 46 consecutive days of data collection, the final sample was composed by 328 patients - 166 in the General ICU and 162 in the CV-ICU. It was observed a predominance of male patients (about 56.0% in each unit), the presence of elderly aging 61 or more (65.1%) in the General ICU and 41-60 years in the CV-ICU (48.2%), who had undergone clinical treatment (54.8% in the General ICU and 79.6% in the CV-ICU) and admission average of 11.0 (±28.0) days and 14.2 (+ 52.9) days in the General ICU and CV-ICU respectively. After the discharge, similar proportion of patients from both units (about 56.0%) was transferred to the admission unit. The mortality rate observed in this period was of 9.6% and 14.8% respectively in both units, General ICU and CV-ICU. With relation to the occurrence of adverse events (AEs), in the General ICU, 20 patients (12.0%) suffered 26 AEs, that is, 14 and 6 patients were victims of 1 and 2 events respectively. From these, 13 unplanned withdrawal nasogastric probe, 5 PU, 3 medication errors, 2 unplanned withdrawal central venous catheter, 2 pneumonias, 2 UTI and 1 unplanned extubation). In the CV-ICU, 9 patients (5.6%) suffered 14 AEs, that is, 5, 3 and 1 patients suffered 1, 2 and 3 AEs, respectively being 5 PU, 4 UTI, 2 medication errors, 2 pneumonias, 1 unplanned withdrawal nasogastric probe. The patients were predominantly classified into categories 4 and 5 (medium and high nursing care complexity). It was observed, in each ICU, on an average, 1 nurse for every 8 patients, 1 nurse technician for 2 patients the most. The average nursing hours available were higher than the recommended by the PFS/WM-IM, 15.3 and 13.4 in the General ICU and 16.4 and 14.1 hour in the CV-ICU (p<0,001) respectively. In the period analyzed, despite the exceeding of nursing staff in both General and CV-ICU ICUs, there were AEs. The results of this study meet, therefore, the frequent nurses\' requests for more people in the ICU. However, the also point out the need of further investigations that may either confirm or not such results, aiming at appropriating a number of people who can assure both care quality and costs decrease in ICUs

O procedimento dialítico em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) tem evoluído muito nos últimos anos e exigido equipamentos precisos, materiais específicos e profissionais devidamente treinados. Tem havido um aumento progressivo desses procedimentos, sobretudo da Hemodiálise Veno-Venosa Contínua (CVVHD), o que tem gerado questionamentos, pois a limitação de recursos na área da saúde é um problema que atinge as organizações, gerando a necessidade de conhecer os custos da assistência prestada. Este trabalho teve como objetivos: caracterizar a clientela submetida ao tratamento dialítico com CVVHD em UTIs; levantar o tempo de duração dos procedimentos; calcular o custo de mão-de-obra dos enfermeiros e estimar o custo médio direto dos procedimentos. A pesquisa foi do tipo exploratória, descritiva, retrospectiva, documental com abordagem quantitativa. O estudo foi desenvolvido em um hospital-escola público no Município de São Paulo. A amostra constituiu-se de 93 procedimentos realizados em 50 pacientes. Para a coleta de dados, foi elaborado 1 instrumento com 2 partes: uma para o levantamento dos dados da clientela e duração do procedimento e outra para o levantamento e cálculo dos materiais, medicações e soluções utilizadas. Os resultados mostraram predominância do sexo masculino (62%), a idade média foi de 60,8 anos e o tempo de permanência na UTI foi em média 19,2 dias. A insuficiência renal aguda esteve presente em 76% dos pacientes e 24% apresentaram insuficiência renal crônica. Os principais motivos de internação na UTI foram: insuficiência respiratória (30%), rebaixamento do nível de consciência (18%), pós operatório (16%) e choque séptico (12%). A média de procedimentos foi de 1,9 por paciente e 86% evoluíram a óbito. A duração média foi de 26,6 horas variando de 1 a 80 horas. O custo total médio do procedimento foi de R$ 2.065,36 variando de R$ 733,65 a R$ 6.994,18. O custo de mão-de-obra direta do enfermeiro foi em média R$ 592,04 variando de R$ 22,50 a R$ 1.800,00 e representou 28,7% do custo total. O custo médio do material, medicação e solução foi R$ 1.473,32 com variação de R$ 711,15 a R$ 5.194,18 representando 71,3% do custo total. Houveram variações de custo em relação a quantidade de instalação/desligamento, quantidade de trocas de sistema, quantidade de trocas de dialisador capilar, tipos de soluções e anticoagulantes utilizados. Pelos resultados observa-se uma grande variabilidade dos custos desse procedimento. / Dialitic procedures performed in Intensive Care Unit ( ICU) have been showing continuous advances and consequently demanding appropriate and precision equipment, specific materials, and the most adequately trained professionals.Even though procedures as the continued veno-venous hemodialysis ( CVVHD)are routinely applied , they have been generating high financial expenditures within the healthcare system and thus affecting healthcare institutions which have to carefully assess the provided healthcare costs. The present study was intended to characterize patients submitted to dialitic treatment with CVVHD in ICUs; monitor procedure- time duration; estimate nurses´ labor wages; estim...ate the direct procedures mean costs. This investigation, of an exploratory, descriptive, retrospective and quantitative-documental nature was developed in a public teaching hospital located in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil .Ninety-three procedures performed in 50 patients were analyzed. Data collection made use of a two-part instrument: one for the patients´data survey and procedure-duration, and the othe one , directed to analysis and cost estimatives of materials, medications, and used solutions. Findings showed the predominance of male patients ( 62%), mean age, 60.8 years, and mean ICU hospitalization time, 19.2 days; 76% of the patients presented acute renal insufficiency while 24% showed chronic renal insufficiency. Main reasons for ICU hospitalization were respiratory insufficiency ( 30%), reduced conscience level ( 18%), post-surgical referral (16%), and septic schock ( 12%). Median of procedures was of 1.9 per patient and 86% death occurrences. Mean procedure duration was 26.6 hours, ranging from 1 ( one) to 80 hours. Mean total expenditure was R$ 2.065,36, with varying amounts of R$ 733,65 to R$ 6.994,18. Direct nurses´wages was approximately R$ 592,04 which showed variations from R$22,50 to R$ 1.800,00, and represented 28.7% of total costs. Mean expenditures with material, medications, and solutions were R$1.473,32, varying from R$ 711,15 to R$ 5. 194,18, representing 71.3% of total costs. Cost variations were observed in the amount of times the equipment was set up and swithched off, number of system changes, number of capillary dialyzer changes, types of used solutions and anticoagulant administration. Viewing the described results, the high variability level involving those procedure costs could be observed.

Introdução: As lesões de pele representam um grande desafio para os profissionais de saúde que prestam cuidados a pacientes críticos, especialmente os com alterações cardiopneumológicas, pois é frequente ocorrências de úlceras por pressão e de lesões por fricção nessa clientela com aumento de custos no tratamento e do tempo de internação além de desconforto e impacto negativo sobre a qualidade do serviço prestado e de vida dos pacientes. Objetivos: Este estudo objetivou identificar e analisar os coeficientes de incidência de úlceras por pressão e lesões por fricção e os fatores de risco para o seu desenvolvimento em pacientes de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) Cardiopneumológica. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de coorte, prospectivo, cuja coleta de dados ocorreu durante os meses de novembro de 2013 a fevereiro de 2014, com censura de uma semana. O estudo foi realizado em uma UTI destinado a pacientes com doenças cardíacas e pulmonares de um hospital de grande porte na cidade de São Paulo, após aprovação dos Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa (CEP) da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo e da instituição, de acordo com protocolo número 20780713.4.0000.5392, com parecer consubstanciado publicado na Plataforma Brasil em 24/10/2013. Participaram da amostra 370 pacientes maiores de 18 anos, que não apresentavam úlceras por pressão e lesões por fricção na admissão, que aceitaram participar do estudo (assinando o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido) e que estavam na unidade há menos de 24 horas. Para análise dos dados foram utilizadas análises univariadas e a Classification And Regression Tree (CART). Resultados: Incidências globais de 10,80%, 7,02% e 2,16%, respectivamente para úlceras por pressão, lesões por fricção e ambas as lesões simultaneamente foram encontradas nos pacientes críticos. Diferentes fatores de risco foram encontrados, conforme o tipo de lesão, sendo o tempo de permanência na UTI igual ou superior a 9,5 dias e idade igual ou superior a 42,5 anos comuns para as úlceras por pressão e lesões simultâneas. Além desses, raça branca; uso de superfícies de suporte e número de artefatos invasivos na admissão; e uso de transfusão sanguínea foram fatores constatados respectivamente para as úlceras por pressão, lesões por fricção e lesões simultâneas Conclusão: Os coeficientes de incidência e os fatores de risco constatados assemelham-se a alguns estudos da literatura, somente para as úlceras por pressão. Para as lesões por fricção e lesões simultâneas, não foram encontrados estudos desenvolvidos junto a pacientes críticos, sendo, no entanto, corroborados alguns dos fatores de risco descritos em grupos e cenários distintos como idosos residentes em instituições de longa permanência e pacientes crônicos hospitalizados. O estudo contribui, portanto, para os conhecimentos relacionados à epidemiologia dessas lesões, recomendando-se a replicação de seus métodos, principalmente para as lesões por fricção em pacientes hospitalizados, isoladamente ou em associação com as úlceras por pressão. Por outro lado, ao favorecerem a maior compreensão do panorama dessas lesões em pacientes cardiopneumológicos críticos, os resultados obtidos poderão favorecer o planejamento de cuidados preventivos específicos para essa clientela / Introduction: Skin lesions represent a major challenge for health professionals who care for critical patients cardiopneumologics. In clinical practice, have been frequent occurrences of pressure ulcers and skin tears, by rubbing with increased costs in treatment, prolonged hospitalization, in addition to discomfort and negative impact on the quality of service and the quality of life of patients.Goal: This study aimed to identify and analyze the rate of incidence of pressure ulcers and skin tears and the risk factors for its development in patients in the Intensive Care Unit(ICU) Cardiopneumologic. Methods: This study is a prospective cohort which data collection occurred during the months of November 2013 to February 2014, with censorship of a week. The study was conducted in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit Cardiopneumologic of a large hospital in the city of São Paulo, after approval of the Ethics Committee (EC) of the School of Nursing, University of São Paulo and the institution in accordance with protocol number 20780713.4.0000.5392 with sound embodied the EC Platform published in Brazil on 10/24/2013. A sample of 370 patients older than 18 years who did not have any injuries mentioned (pressure ulcers and skin tears) on admission, and who agreed to participate (by signing the Instrument of Consent) and who were in the unit for less than 24 hours. For data analysis were used univariate analyzes and the Classification And Regression Tree (CART). Results: overall incidences of 10.80%, 7,02% and 2.16% respectively for pressure ulcers, skin tears and both lesions simultaneously were found in critically ill patients. Different risk factors were found, depending on the type of injury, and length of stay in ICU less than 9,5 days old and less than 42,5 years common for pressure ulcers and concurrent injuries. Besides these, the white race; Use of support surfaces and the number of invasive devices in entry; and use of blood transfusion were observed factors respectively for pressure ulcers, skin tears and simultaneous injuries Conclusion: The incidence and risk factors observed are similar to some studies in the literature, only for pressure ulcers. For skin tears and simultaneous lesions, no studies have not found together developed the critical patients, however, corroborated some of the risk factors described in groups and different scenarios as seniors residents in long-term hospitalized chronic patients and institutions. The study therefore contributes to the knowledge regarding the epidemiology of these types of injuries, recommending that replication of their methods, especially for lesions friction in acute inpatients and critics, alone or in combination with pressure ulcers. On the other hand, by favoring a greater understanding of these lesions panorama critical cardiopneumologics patients, the results will may facilitate the planning of specific preventive care for these clients