Introduction and background: Family-centred care in the intensive care unit has increased steadily over the past three decades, based on the premise that the illness and health of an individual family member affects the whole family unit. Although widely researched there are still inconsistencies in implementing family-centred care, which influences the ability to transfer research findings into practice. Research has shown that recognising the role of family members in the critical care environment should be considered an essential component to caring for the critically ill patient. Although recommendations have been made for the implementation of familycentred care, it is not feasible for all recommendations to be adopted by nurses and healthcare professionals in a single ICU. Nurses and healthcare professionals need to customise strategies to an individual intensive care unit to improve family-centred care. Aim: The aim of the study was to explore and describe nurses, healthcare professionals and family members’ perceptions of family-centred care in the intensive care unit. Research design and methods: A quali-quanti research design was used. Participants included nurses, healthcare professionals and family members in the intensive care unit of a private hospital in Gauteng, South Africa. There were a total of sixty (60) participants who took part in the study. Nurses were selected using stratified random sampling, healthcare professionals were selected using total population sampling and family members were selected using purposive, maximum variation and convenience sampling. Data was collected over a period of one month by means of structured interviews using an associative group analysis technique. Participants were asked to write down free word associations in relation to the stimulus word “family-centred care” in order to explore and describe their perceptions of family-centred care in the intensive care unit as it is currently, as it could be in the “ideal world” and any gaps that exist around these perceptions. Results: Five themes were derived from the data: communication, environment, continuum of feelings, reflections and spiritual care. Conclusion: The implementation of family-centred care should involve all stakeholders in the intensive care unit in order to address inconsistencies in perceptions around family-centred care. Keywords: Associative group analysis, intensive care unit, family-centred care, healthcare professionals, nurses, perceptions, stakeholders / Dissertation (MNur)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Nursing Science / MNur (Clinical) / Unrestricted

Accidents related to medical devices are a worldwide problem and result in many deaths each year. It affects patients, relatives, health care workers and society. Due to the complexity of intensive care units (ICUs), such accidents lead to particularly serious consequences. The aim of this thesis was to identify patient safety aspects at ICUs in public and private hospitals in Bangladesh, in order to provide a basis for improving the quality of performance of devices as well as personnel, care and cost effectiveness. The objectives were to a)      compare the conditions of medical devices at ICUs in private and public hospitals, b)      increase understanding of errors, risks and accidents related to medical devices, c)      study reporting systems and communication between staff at ICUs and d)      find ways to minimize hazards related to medical equipment to ensure effective and safe use of devices. Data was collected through interviews during field visits to six hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Interviews were held with the chiefs of the ICUs, physicians, nurses and technicians. It was noticed that the admission fees to the public hospitals were lower and had more limited resources. Differences between public and private hospitals could be seen in the aspects of finance, the existence of a Biomedical Engineering Department, maintenance and calibration of medical equipment, further education of staff, working environment and infection control. The reporting systems for adverse events and communication about patients’ conditions between coworkers were weak at all hospitals. The procurement process was lengthy at all hospitals. Access to disposable items was limited at several hospitals. The lower admission fee at the government hospitals results in the patients of these hospitals often having a lower income and status, thus less inclined to be critical of the received care. A number of suggestions have been proposed in order to improve the work in the ICU. These include a)      following up rules made by the authorities to ensure they are implemented at each hospital, b)      increasing documentation of malfunctioning devices and adverse events, c)      nurses and physicians taking part in the procurement process, d)      establishing a Biomedical Engineering Department at all hospitals, e)      organizing workshops for health care workers, f)       developing biomedical products adapted for multiple time use and with less need for calibration, g)      providing more education for health care workers in infection control, management of specific devices, solutions to common technical problems, patient safety and user safety, for example using Information and Communication Technology tools (audio and audiovisual material) and discussion platforms as well as h)      constructing an internet forum for consultation on the abovementioned subjects for technicians. / Olyckor relaterade till medicinteknisk utrustning är ett globalt problem som leder till många dödsfall varje år. Det påverkar patienter, anhöriga, sjukvårdspersonal och samhället. Den komplexa miljön på intensivvårdsavdelningar gör att olyckorna leder till allvarliga konsekvenser. Uppsatsen syftade till att identifiera patientsäkerhetsaspekter på intensivvårdsavdelningar i Bangladesh för att skapa en grund för prestandaförbättring, både gällande utrustning och gällande personal. Det ska också öka vård- och konstandseffektiviteten. Målet uppnåddes genom att a)      jämföra användandemiljön för medicinteknisk utrustning på intensivvårdsavdelningar på statliga och privata sjukhus, b)      öka förståelsen för fel, risker och olyckor relaterade till medicinteknisk utrustning, c)      studera rapporteringssystem samt kommunikation mellan personal på intensivvårdsavdelningar och d)      hitta sätt att minimera faror relaterade till medicinteknisk utrustning för att försäkra en effektiv och säker användning av utrustningen. Data samlades in genom intervjuer under en fältstudie på sex sjukhus i Dhaka, Bangladesh. Intervjuer hölls med cheferna på intensivvårdsavdelningarna, läkare, sjuksköterskor och tekniker. Det upptäcktes att patientavgiften på de statliga sjukhusen var lägre och resurserna var mer begränsade. Skillnader mellan statliga och privata sjukhus kunde ses inom ekonomiska resurser, förekomsten av medicintekniskavdelning, underhåll och kalibrering av medicinteknisk utrustning, vidareutbildning av personal, arbetsmiljö och infektionskontroll. Rapporteringssystemen för olyckor samt kommunikationen om patienters tillstånd mellan medarbetare var bristfällig på alla sjukhus. Upphandlingsprocesserna av ny medicintekniskutrustning var lång på alla sjukhus. Tillgången på engångsartiklar var begränsad på flera utav sjukhusen. Den lägre avgiften på de statliga sjukhusen resulterar i att patienterna på dessa sjukhus ofta har lägre inkomst samt status i samhället och är därför mindre benägna att vara kritiska till den mottagna vården. Ett antal ändringar föreslogs för att förbättra arbetet på intensivvårdsavdelningarna. Dessa inkluderar att a)      följa upp de av myndigheterna satta reglerna för att försäkra att de är implementerade på varje sjukhus, b)      öka dokumentationen av icke fungerande utrustning tillika olyckor, c)      sjuksköterskor och läkare skall delta i upphandlingsprocesserna, d)      starta medicintekniska avdelningar på alla sjukhus, e)      organisera workshops för vårdpersonal, f)       utveckla medicintekniska produkter som är anpassade för att användas flera gånger och som behöver kalibreras mer sällan, g)      ge mer utbildning till sjukvårdspersonal om infektionskontroll, hantering av specifika maskiner, lösningar till vanligt förekommande tekniska problem, patientsäkerhet och användarsäkerhet till exempel genom att använda information- och kommunikationsteknik-verktyg (audio och audiovisuellt material) och diskussionsplattformar samt h)      konstruera ett internetforum där tekniker kan få konsultation angående ovannämnda ämnen. / To develop patient safety system to improve the safety and quality of patient care at the Intensive Care Units

With increased availability of data in various fields, researchers often need to combine efficient empirical methods with innovative analytical modeling techniques to make data-driven decisions and gain managerial insights from the large-scale raw data. In light of this, my thesis combines empirical methods and analytical modeling to study several data-related problems in the fields of financial economics and healthcare management. The first two parts of the thesis focus on two topics in financial economics: the role of dynamic information in asset pricing and the link between index-based investment and intraday stock dynamics. The last two parts of the thesis study the ICU admission decisions and cardiac surgery scheduling using data from different hospital units. The first part of the thesis focuses on the role of information in financial market. As a fundamental topic in asset pricing, information is known to play an important role in determining asset prices and market volatility. In most of the existing literature, the information environment, i.e., the amount of knowable information, is assumed to be fixed and independent of investor's choice. However, in a dynamic market, the level of available information can vary substantially due to changes in technology and regulations. On the other hand, rational news producers may respond to investors' demand for information. Such effects are commonly seen in the reality, but are less studied in the literature. To bridge this gap, we develop a model of investor information choices and asset prices where the availability of information about fundamentals is time-varying. A competitive research sector produces more information when more investors are willing to pay for that research. This feedback, from investor willingness to pay for information to more information production, generates two regimes in equilibrium, one having high prices and low volatility, the other the opposite. Information dynamics move the market between regimes, creating large price drops even with no change in fundamentals. In our calibration, the model suggests an important role for information dynamics in financial crises. In the second part of this thesis, we investigate how the growth of index-based investing impacts the intraday stock dynamics using a large high-frequency dataset, which consists of 1-second level trade data for all S&P 500 constituents from 2004 to 2018 (500GB). We estimate intraday trading volume, volatility, correlation, and beta using estimators that are statistically efficient under market microstructure noise and observation asynchronicity. We find the intraday patterns indeed change substantially over time. For example, in the recent decade, the trading volume and correlation significantly increase at the end of trading session; the betas of different stocks start dispersed in the morning, but generally move towards one during the day. Besides, the daily dispersion in trading volume is high at the market open and low near the market close. These intraday patterns demonstrate the implication of the growth of index-based strategies and the active-open, passive-close intraday trading profile. We theoretically support our interpretation via a market impact model with time-varying liquidity provision from both single-stock and index-fund investors. In the third part of the thesis, we study the intensive care units (ICUs) admission decisions in a large hospital system. In the case of ICUs, which provide the highest level of care for the most severe patients, it is known that admission rates of some patients decrease as occupancy increases. It is also known that, for at least some conditions, ICU admission is not just a function of patients’ illness, and that a significant proportion of the variation in ICU admission rates is due to hospital, not patient, factors. To understand such variation, we employ two years of data from patients admitted to 21 Kaiser Permanente Northern California ICUs from the ED. We quantify the variation in ICU admission from the ED under varying degrees of ICU and ED occupancy. We find that substantial heterogeneity in admission rates is present, and that it cannot be explained either by patient factors or occupancy levels alone. We use a structural model to understand the extent that intertemporal externalities could account for some of this variation. Using counterfactual simulations, we find that, if hospitals had more information regarding their behaviors, and if it were possible to alter hospital admission processes to incorporate such information, hospitals could reduce their ICU congestion in a safe way. The last part of the thesis focuses on the impact of system workload on service time and quality in the context of cardiac surgeries. Using a detailed data set of more than 5,600 cardiac surgeries in a large hospital, we quantify how surgeon's daily workload level (e.g., number of surgeries) affects surgery duration and patient outcomes. To handle the endogeneity of surgeon's daily workload, we construct instrument variables using hospital operational factors, including the block schedule of surgeons. We find high daily workload of surgeons is associated with longer incision times and worse patient outcomes. Specifically, increased daily workload of surgeons leads to longer post-surgery length-of-stay in ICU and hospital, as well as higher likelihoods of reoperation and readmission for their patients. These results highlight the potential negative impact of surgeon's fatigue under long working hours. We then develop a surgery scheduling model that incorporates the effects of surgeon's daily workload levels.

Diss. Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2007.

Bakgrund: Människans sårbarhet är särskilt utsatt då man drabbats av en sjukdom som kan kräva intensivvård, där det handlar om att överleva. Kommunikation är ett av de mest grundläggande mänskliga verktyg som vi använder oss av, dessutom handlar kommunikationen om mer än endast den verbala kommunikationen. Syftet med kommunikationen är att lära känna patienten och utforska och tillgodose dennes behov. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva kommunikationens betydelse för patientens upplevda sårbarhet, när denna vårdas vaken i respirator på intensivvårdsavdelning. Metod: Litteraturstudie där 15 kvalitativa artiklar granskades. Resultat: Tre teman framkom. Sårbarhet orsakad av beroendet av vårdpersonal och brist på kontroll i intensivvårdsmiljö, anhörigas betydelse för att lindra sårbarheten och kommunikationens betydelse för patientens upplevda sårbarhet.  Slutsats: Trots tidigare teoretiker, etiska koder, värdegrunder, lagar och forskning om korrekt bemötande prioriteras inte bemötandet med patienten och är ett fortsatt problem. Det finns ett samband mellan att vistas i en intensivvårdsmiljö, bristen på återhämtning, förlorad sekretess och symtom som ångest, stress, panik och rädsla. Minst forskning verkar göras på den patientgrupp som är allra mest sårbar, patienter som vårdas i ett land, där de inte behärskar språket eller har det aktuella språket som modersmål.  När patienten känner sig trygg förbättras kommunikationen och sårbarheten lindras. / Background: A humans vulnerability is particularly exposed when dealing with an illness in need of intensive care, when the focus is to survive. Communication is one of the most essential human tools that we can use in interaction with others. Communication is more than just a verbal way of expressing oneself. The aim with the communication is to get to know the patient and explore his or her needs to be able to fulfill them. Aim: the purpose with this study was to describe the importance of communication for a patients feeling of vulnerability, when cared for in ICU and awake on a respirator. Method: Literature study, where 15 qualitative articles was reviewed. Results: three themes developed. The vulnerability caused by dependence on medical staff and lack of control in the critical care environment, next of kins importance to minimize the patients vulnerability and the importance of communication for the patient's perceived vulnerability. Conclusion: although earlier theorist, ethical codes, values, laws and research, about the correct treatment exist, are the meeting with the patient often not prioritized and therefore remain a concern. There is a clear connection between the ICU environment, lack of recovery, loss of dignity, and symptoms as anxiety, stress, panic and fear. It seems that the least research is done on the patient groups that are the most vulnerable, patients receiving care in a country where they do not speak the language or have that language as their mother tongue.  The communication improves and vulnerability eases when the patient feel safe.

Thesis (MCur)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Burnout is one of the challenges that nurses are faced with in their stressful and rapidly changing work environment. The vulnerability of nurses to burnout remains a major concern which affects both the individual and institution. Knowledge about burnout and associated risk factors which influence the development of burnout is vital for early recognition and intervention. The research question which guided this study was: “What are the factors influencing the degree of burnout experienced by nurses working in neonatal intensive care units?” The objectives included determining which physical, psychological, social and occupational factors influenced the degree of burnout experienced by nurses. A descriptive, explorative research design with a quantitative approach was applied. The target population consisted of (n=105) permanent nursing staff members working in the neonatal units of two different hospitals. A convenience sampling method was used. Participants (n=102) who gave voluntary consent to participate was included in the study. Validity and reliability was supported through the use of a validated questionnaire, Maslach Burnout Inventory – General Survey including a section based on demographical information and a section based on physical, psychosocial, social and occupational factors. Validity of the questionnaire was supported by the use of a research methodologist, nurse expert and a statistician in the particular field. A pilot study was done to test the feasibility of the study and to test the questionnaire for any errors and ambiguities. Ethics approval was obtained from Stellenbosch University and permission from the Heads of the hospitals where the study was conducted. The data was analyzed with the assistance of a statistician and these are presented in histograms, tables and frequencies. The relationship between response variables and nominal input variables was analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Various statistical tests were applied to determine statistical associations between variables such as the Spearman test, using a 95% confidence interval. Results have shown that participants experienced an average level of emotional exhaustion, a high level of professional efficacy and a low level of cynicism. Further analyses have shown that there is a statistical significant difference between emotional exhaustion and the rank of the participant (p=<0.01), highest qualification (p=0.05) and a high workload (p=0.01). Furthermore a statistical significant difference was found between professional efficacy and rank of participants (p=<0.01). In addition a statistical significant difference was found between cynicism and the number of years participants were in the profession (p=0.05). Multiple factors were determined in this study that influences the degree of burnout nurses experience. The majority of participants (n=56/55%) experienced decreased job satisfaction and accomplishment, (n=52/51%) of participants experienced that their workload is too much for them and (n=63/62%) participants received no recognition for their work. Recommendations are based on preventative measures, because preventing burnout is easier and more cost-effective than resolving burnout once it has occurred. In conclusion, the prevention strategies, early recognition of work stress and appropriate interventions are crucial in addressing the problem of burnout. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Uitbranding is een van die uitdagings waarmee verpleegsters te kampe het in hulle stresvolle en vinnig veranderende werkomgewing. Die kwesbaarheid van verpleegsters vir uitbranding bly ’n kritieke bekommernis wat beide die individu en die inrigting affekteer. Kennis omtrent uitbranding en verwante risiko faktore wat die ontwikkeling van uitbranding beïnvloed, is deurslaggewend vir vroeë opsporing en intervensie. Die navorsingsvraag wat hierdie studie gelei het, is: “Wat is die faktore wat die mate van uitbranding beïnvloed wat deur verpleegsters ondervind word wat in neonatale intensiewe sorgeenhede werk?” Die doelwitte wat ingesluit is, is om te bepaal watter fisiese, sielkundige, maatskaplike en beroepsfaktore die mate van uitbranding wat deur verpleegsters ervaar word, beïnvloed. ’n Beskrywende, ondersoekende navorsingsontwerp met ’n kwantitatiewe benadering is toegepas. Die teikengroep het bestaan uit (n=105) permanente verpleegpersoneel wat in die neonatale eenhede van twee verskillende hospitale werk. ’n Gerieflikheidsteekproef metode is gebruik. Deelnemers (n=102) wat vrywillige toestemming gegee het om deel te neem, is ingesluit in die navorsingstudie. Geldigheid en betroubaarheid is ondersteun deur die gebruik van ’n geldige vraelys van “Maslach Burnout Inventory – General Survey”, asook ’n afdeling gebaseer op demografiese inligting en ’n afdeling gebaseer op fisiese, sielkundige, maatskaplike en beroepsfaktore. Geldigheid van die vraelys is ondersteun deur ’n navorsingsmetodoloog, ’n verpleegspesialis en ’n statistikus op die navorsingsgebied. ’n Loodsondersoek is gedoen om die haalbaarheid van die studie te toets en om die vraelys te toets vir enige foute en dubbelsinnighede. Etiese goedkeuring is verkry van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch en goedkeuring van die Hoofde van die hospitale waar die studie uitgevoer is. Die data is geanaliseer met die hulp van ’n statistikus en is aangebied in histogramtafels en frekwensies. Die verwantskap tussen responsveranderlikes en nominale insetveranderlikes is geanaliseer deur gebruik te maak van die analise van variansie (ANOVA). Verskeie statistiese toetse is toegepas om statistiese assosiasies tussen veranderlikes te bepaal, soos deur van die Spearmantoets gebruik te maak, met ’n 95% betroubaarheidsinterval. Resultate het bewys dat deelnemers ’n gemiddelde vlak van emosionele uitputting, ’n hoë vlak van professionele effektiwiteit en ’n lae vlak van sinisme ervaar. Verdere analise het bewys dat daar ’n statistiese beduidende verskil tussen emosionele uitputting en die rang van die deelnemers (p=<0.01) is, hoogste kwalifikasie (p=0.05) en ’n hoë werklading (p=0.01). Verder is ’n statistiese beduidende verskil gevind tussen professionele effektiwiteit en rang van deelnemers (p=<0.01). Saam hiermee is ’n statistiese beduidende verskil gevind tussen siniesheid en die aantal jare wat deelnemers in die beroep is (p=0.05). Voorts, is veelvuldige faktore bepaal in hierdie studie wat die mate van uitbranding beïnvloed wat verpleegsters ervaar. Die meeste van die deelnemers (n=56/55%) het ’n afname in werksbevrediging en -verrigting ervaar, (n=52/51%) deelnemers het ervaar dat hul werklading te veel is vir hulle en (n=63/62%) deelnemers het geen erkenning vir hulle werk ontvang nie. Aanbevelings is gebaseer op voorkomende maatreëls, want om uitbranding te voorkom, is makliker en meer koste-effektief as om uitbranding te probeer oplos as dit alreeds begin het. Ten slotte, die voorkomende strategieë, vroeë identifisering van werkstres en geskikte intervensies is deurslaggewend om die probleem van uitbranding aan te spreek.

Introduktion: I intensivvårdssjuksköterskans ansvarsområde ingår det att bemöta och informera närstående. Att vara närstående på en intensivvårdsavdelning innebär en skrämmande och chockartad situation, där flera beskriver maktlöshet och oro för sin närståendes liv. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskan kan utveckla sin kunskap i att bemöta och informera de närstående i den utsatta situationen. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva intensivvårdssjuksköterskans bemötande i samband med den initiala information som ges till den respiratorbehandlade patientens närstående. Metod: Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ metod med deskriptiv design. Data insamlades med halvstrukturerade intervjuer där nio intensivvårdssjuksköterskor från tre olika sjukhus med minst tre års erfarenhet deltog. Data bearbetades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys inspirerad av Graneheim och Lundman. Resultat: I resultatet framkom ett tema med fyra huvudkategorier: Intensivvårdssjuksköterskans roll i bemötandet av närstående, intensivvårdssjuksköterskans roll i givandet av information till de närstående, förhållanden som gynnar och försvårar bemötande och givande av information. Under huvudkategorierna framkom elva underkategorier. Det framkom också att intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna inte gjorde någon skillnad i bemötande och i givande av information där närstående var barn. Konklusion: Intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna beskrev olika tillvägagångssätt för att bemöta och ge information till de närstående initialt. De ansåg att det var viktigt att göra barnen delaktiga, men bemötte och gav information till dem på ett liknande sätt som till de vuxna. Resultatet mynnade i många givna tillvägagångssätt, men också faktorer som både gynnar och försvårar bemötandet och givandet av information. / Introduction: The responsibilities of intensive care nurses include receiving and informing related parties in the event of a crisis. To be a relative in a case of intensive care involves a frightening and shocking situation, in which many describe powerlessness and concern for their relatives lives. Intensive care nurses can develop their knowledge of how to receive and inform the related parties in this vulnerable situation. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the behavior of intensive care nurses, in relation to the initial information given to relatives of patients dealing with respiratory treatment. Method: The study was conducted by a qualitative method with descriptive design. Data were collected with semi-structured interviews in which nine intensive care nurses from three hospitals participated, each with at least three years of experience. Data were processed with a qualitative content analysis inspired by Granheim and Lundman. Findings: The result showed a theme with four main categories: Intensive care nurses role in receiving related parties, critical care nurses role in the giving of information to the related and conditions that favor and complicate treatment and representation of information. From the main categories, another eleven subcategories emerged. It was also noted that intensive care nurses did not behave differently when the ones being received and informed were children related to the patient. Conclusion: Intensive care nurses described various approaches to initially receive and provide information to relatives of intensive care patients. They felt it was important to make the children involved, but received and informed them in a similar way as to adults. The result of the study lead to many obvious approaches, but it also illuminated factors that both benefits and complicates the handling and representation of information.

Introdução: A criança que requer cuidados intensivos deve ser considerada tanto no aspecto biológico como no seu desenvolvimento, os processos que podem agredi-la devem ser minimizados, ou eliminados, e ela deve ser apoiada sempre que enfrente alguma situação potencialmente estressante, para seu atendimento não se tornar iatrogênico, buscando atender suas necessidades e pautar na perspectiva da integralidade, o que significa um cuidado além da prática biomédica. Objetivo: Descrever e analisar o cuidado da enfermeira à criança hospitalizada na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica (UTIP), com foco no desenvolvimento infantil. Método: Estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório, realizado numa UTIP, de um hospital privado de grande porte, filantrópico, geral, localizado na cidade de São Paulo e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa. A coleta de dados em oficinas pedagógicas incluiu oito enfermeiras, cada uma participando de dois encontros. Dados submetidos à análise temática de conteúdo, interpretados de acordo com o referencial das necessidades essenciais da infância. Resultados: A categoria Concepções e práticas da enfermeira no cuidado para o desenvolvimento infantil na UTIP descreve as ações das enfermeiras e aspectos relativos à situação da internação que impactam sobre a criança e, portanto, devem ser considerados em suas atividades de cuidado, visando as necessidades da criança para além do motivo da hospitalização. Contudo, as enfermeiras não nominam essas ações como cuidado de enfermagem e sim como comportamentos naturais, e, deste modo, são realizados de acordo com a visão de cada enfermeira, sem sistematização, ou constância. A categoria Facilidades e dificuldades da enfermeira no cuidado para o desenvolvimento infantil na UTIP descreve os aspectos facilitadores nas práticas institucionalizadas como atenção ao conforto físico, à história e hábitos da criança, o brincar, as informações fornecidas na admissão, os laços entres os familiares, aspectos que fortalecem o cuidado e o processo de hospitalização. Inclui também as dificuldades, decorrentes do modelo hegemônico biomédico, que vão de encontro ao cuidado para a promoção do desenvolvimento, e atividades burocráticas existentes no contexto de trabalho que reduzem o tempo da enfermeira voltado ao cuidado da criança e da família. A categoria Perspectivas da enfermeira sobre o cuidado para o desenvolvimento da criança na UTIP descreve a necessidade de uma filosofia, teoria e instrumentos para orientar o cuidado, comuns a toda a equipe multiprofissional, a partir da mudança de compreensão dos profissionais acerca do cuidado integral à criança, que poderia ser alcançada por meio de reflexão sobre o fazer envolvendo a todos, em atividades como workshops e cursos sobre promoção do desenvolvimento e cuidado integral. Conclusões: Embora as enfermeiras se percebam realizando ações favoráveis ao desenvolvimento da criança reconhecem que garantir o desenvolvimento infantil saudável, na situação de hospitalização na UTIP, é algo a ser alcançado, mediante ações sistematizadas e norteadas por objetivos comuns a toda a equipe de saúde e reconhecidas como cuidado profissional. As oficinas pedagógicas contribuíram para a reflexão, troca de experiência e proposição de ações de melhoria do cuidado à saúde da criança, referidas como estratégias formativas que podem favorecer tais mudanças. / Introduction: Children who require intensive care should be considered both in their biological aspect as in their development; procedures that may hurt them should be minimized or eliminated and they should be supported all the times they face some potentially stressing situations. This provides a non iatrogenic care which attends their needs and support the perspective of integrality, what means a care beyond the biomedical practice. Objective: to describe and analyze the care of the nurse towards child hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit Pediatric (ICUP), with focus on the child development. Method: qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study, done in the ICUP of a private, large sized, philanthropic and general hospital situated in São Paulo City and approved by the Ethics Research Committee. Data were collected in pedagogical workshops with eight nurses, each one taking part in two meetings, and were submitted to the thematic analyses of contents and interpreted according to the referential of essential needs of the childhood. Results: The category Nurses conceptions and practices to care for the child development in the ICUP describes actions of the nurses and aspects of hospitalization that have impact on the child and so should be considered in their care activities aiming the needs of the child beyond the reason for the hospitalization. However, the nurses do not nominate these actions as nursing care but as natural behaviors and, so, they are performed according to the vision of each nurse, without any systematization or constancy. The category Facilities and difficulties of the nurse to care for the child development in the ICUP describes aspects in the institutionalized practices that strengthen to care for child development as attention to the physical comfort, to know the child story and habits, the playing, the information given in the reception, and relationships between relatives. It also includes the difficulties related to the hegemonic biomedical model that opposes the care for the promotion of development and bureaucratic activities that reduce the nurses time dedicated to child and family care. The category Perspectives of the nurse about the care for the child development in the ICUP describes the need of a philosophy, or theory, and instruments to guide the comprehensive care, common to all the multi professional team. This could be reached through reflection about the work in ICUP involving all the professionals in activities like workshops and courses on promotion of development and integral care. Conclusions: Although the nurses feel doing actions in favor to the development of the child, they realize that to ensure the healthy development of the child, in the situation of hospitalization in the ICUP, is something to be reached, through systematized actions and guided by common objectives to the whole health team and recognized as Professional care. The data collection workshops contributed to the reflection, exchange of experiences and proposals of actions to improve the care for children, and so nurses indicated them as formative strategies which can encourage such changes.

Estudo observacional prospectivo, de abordagem quantitativa, teve como objetivo geral analisar a carga de trabalho de enfermagem de acordo com as horas de assistência requeridas pelos pacientes e a alocação da equipe de enfermagem, por paciente-dia, e sua relação com a ocorrência de eventos adversos e incidentes, em quatro unidades de terapias intensivas (UTIs) pertencentes a um hospital universitário de nível terciário, do município de São Paulo, Brasil. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida nas UTIs do 4º andar (Pronto Socorro e Hematologia) e do 6º andar (Pneumologia e Clínica Médica). A amostra foi constituída por 86 pacientes. Para a medida das horas requeridas de cuidado pelos pacientes foi aplicado, nos 40 dias de estudo, o índice Nursing Activities Score (NAS). Os dados desta pesquisa foram obtidos da análise diária dos prontuários, do acompanhamento diário das visitas médicas e da passagem de plantão de enfermagem em dois turnos de trabalho (manhã e noite). Pacientes internados na UTI 4° andar exigiram maior demanda de cuidado de enfermagem (15,7 horas) do que os pacientes da UTI 6° andar (14,7 horas), com diferença significativa (p=0,008). As horas disponíveis de enfermagem na UTI 4° andar (16,9 horas) foram inferiores às do 6° andar (24,4 horas), também com resultado estatisticamente significativo (p=0,000). A média da diferença entre as horas disponíveis de enfermagem e requeridas de cuidado pelos pacientes foi maior na UTI 6° andar, quando comparada com a UTI 4° andar (p=0,000). Nas duas UTIs ocorreram 1082 eventos adversos e incidentes, sendo que 865 (79,9%) eram incidentes e 217 (20,1%) eventos adversos. O aumento na diferença entre as horas disponíveis de enfermagem e requeridas de cuidado pelos pacientes implicou em aumento da frequência de eventos adversos e incidentes, por paciente-dia, apenas na análise conjunta das duas UTIs, com correlação igual a 0,444 (p=0,000). Das 1165 alocações da equipe de enfermagem nas duas UTIs, 893 (76,7%) foram adequadas e 272 inadequadas (23,3%). A média de eventos adversos e incidentes foi maior nas alocações inadequadas da equipe de enfermagem, comparativamente às alocações adequadas, tanto na UTI 4° andar (p=0,004), quanto na UTI 6° andar (p=0,000) e também quando analisadas as duas UTIs conjuntamente (p=0,000). Observou-se também que nas UTIs do 4° e 6° andar, quando analisadas separadamente e em conjunto, quanto maior a diferença entre as horas disponíveis de enfermagem e requeridas de cuidado pelos pacientes nas alocações da equipe de enfermagem, menor foi a frequência de eventos adversos e incidentes, correlações essas significativas. Como conclusão, os resultados mostraram a importância de uma adequada distribuição da equipe de enfermagem para garantia da segurança dos pacientes críticos. / An observational prospective study of an quantitative approach, aimed at analyzing the workload of nurses, according to the hours of care required by patients, and the allocation of the nursing staff, per patient a day, and its relationship with the occurrence of adverse events and incidents, in four intensive care units (ICUs) belonging to a university hospital, of a tertiary level, in São Paulo, Brazil. This research was performed in the ICU on the 4th floor (Emergency Room and Hematology) and the 6th floor (Pulmonary and Clinics). The sample consisted of 86 patients. To measure the hours of care required by patients, it was applied in a 40-day study, Nursing Activities Score. The data from this study was obtained from the daily analysis of patient charts, the daily monitoring of physician visits and nursing change of shifts on two shifts (morning and night). Patients in the ICU on the 4th floor demanded greater nursing care (15.7 hours) than patients in the ICU on the 6th floor (14.7 hours), with a significant difference (p = 0.008). The available nursing time in the ICU on the 4th floor (16.9 hours) were inferior to the one on the 6th floor (24.4 hours), also with a statistically significant result (p = 0.000). The average difference between the available hours and required ones on nursing care for ICU patients was higher on the 6th floor, compared to the ICU on the 4th floor (p = 0.000). In both ICUs there were 1082 adverse events and incidents, of which 865 (79.9%) were incidents and 217 (20.1%) adverse events. The increase in the difference between the available hours and the required ones on nursing care to patients resulted in increased frequency of adverse events and incidents per patient a day, only in the combined analysis of both ICUs, with an equal correlation of 0.444 (p = 0.000). Out of 1165 allocations of the nursing staff in both ICUs, 893 (76.7%) were adequate and 272 (23.3%) inadequate. The average number of incidents and adverse events was higher in the inadequate allocation of the nursing staff, compared to adequate allocation in both the 4th floor ICU (p = 0.004) and 6th floor ICU (p = 0.000), and when analyzed together both ICUs (p = 0.000). It was also observed that in both ICUs, when analyzed separately and together, the higher the difference between the available hours of nursing care and the required ones by patients, in the allocation of the nursing staff, the lower the frequency of adverse events and incidents was, these significant correlations. In conclusion, the results showed the importance of a proper distribution of the daily nursing staff per patient to ensure patient safety.

Este estudo objetivou investigar a qualidade de vida e a satisfação profissional de enfermeiras de Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTIs) e examinar suas relações. A amostra consistiu de 190 enfermeiras de 19 UTIs. Foi utilizado um questionário auto-aplicável para coletar os dados sociodemográficos, ocupacionais, de saúde, percepções e estados em relação à vida e ao trabalho. A versão genérica do Índice de Qualidade de Vida (IQV) foi utilizada para medir tanto a satisfação quanto a importância de quatro domínios da vida: saúde e funcionamento, psicológico e espiritual, social e econômico, e família. A qualidade de vida total também foi medida. O nível de satisfação profissional em relação a seis componentes do trabalho (autonomia, status profissional, remuneração, interação, requisitos do trabalho e normas organizacionais) foi medido através do Índice de Satisfação Profissional (ISP). Os dados foram analisados através da análise de conteúdo, Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson, Qui-quadrado, Teste de Fisher, análise da variância, análise de agrupamentos e análise de componentes principais. Os resultados mostraram que as enfermeiras obtiveram escores mais elevados nos domínios família, psicológico e espiritual, social e econômico, saúde e funcionamento, respectivamente. Elas valorizaram os componentes do trabalho autonomia, interação e remuneração mais do que status profissional, requisitos do trabalho e normas organizacionais, e estavam mais satisfeitas com status profissional, interação, remuneração, requisitos do trabalho e normas organizacionais. Adicionalmente, foram encontradas correlações significativas entre os domínios da qualidade de vida e os componentes da satisfação profissional. Quanto à análise das percepções e estados de vida e trabalho, os resultados sugerem que eles são indicadores potenciais de qualidade de vida e satisfação profissional. Esses achados confirmam as relações entre os domínios da vida no trabalho e da vida fora do trabalho das enfermeiras, e demonstraram o significado das características do trabalho em UTI na discussão da qualidade de vida das enfermeiras. / This study aimed to investigate quality of life and job satisfaction among intensive care nurses and to examine its relationships. The sample consisted of 190 intensive care nurses, representing 19 Intensive Care Units (ICUs). A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic, occupational, health data, perceptions and states of life and work. The generic version of Quality of Life Index (QLI) was used to measure both satisfaction and importance of four domains of life: health and functioning, psychological and spiritual, social and economic, and family. The overall quality of life was also measured. The level of job satisfaction towards six job components (autonomy, professional status, pay, interaction, task requirements and organizational policies) was measured using the Index of Work Satisfaction (IWS). Data were analyzed using content analysis, Pearson product-moment correlation, Chi-Square, Fisher’s Test, analysis of variance, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Results showed that nurses had higher scores in family, psychological and spiritual, social and economic, health and functioning domains, respectively. They valued the job components of autonomy, interaction and pay more than professional status, task requirements and organizational policies, and were more satisfied with professional status, interaction, autonomy, pay, task requirements and organizational policies. Additionally, significant correlations were found among quality of life domains and job satisfaction components. Regarding the analysis of perceptions and states of life and work the results suggest that they were found to be significant potential indicators of quality of life and job satisfaction. These findings support the relationships between the work and nonwork domains of nurses’ lives and demonstrated the significance of ICU’ work characteristics in discussing the quality of life of nurses.