Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelle Agostinho Tasoko.pdf: 1160793 bytes, checksum: bcda5d338e49aa27c0affc7e1c8bfd45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-11 / The scope of this study is to analyze the principle of intimacy, privacy, and inviolability of telephone communications, which are constitutionally protected as fundamental rights, such protection should be guided by the constitutional foundation of human dignity. However, given that there are no absolute rights, the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil in 1988, brings the possibility of restricting such rights through the interception of telephone communications in cases of investigation or criminal. Thus, in 1996, was positively valued specific legislation to regulate the restriction of these constitutional principles. Faced with the social development, some cases of wiretapping began to occur without due regard to legal parameters, leading to the need for the judiciary to weigh the rights involved in each case, through the flexibility of fundamental rights. Thereby, to justify judicial decisions, the Superior Courts started to use the Constitutional hermeneutics, based on general theories of law, to conform the application outside the legal limits, allowing for a possible legal uncertainty on this theme. Therefore, this study seeks to reflect what limits must parameterize the judiciary in relation to interception of telephone communications / O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar os princípios constitucionais à intimidade, à privacidade, e à inviolabilidade das comunicações telefônicas, assegurados como direitos fundamentais pela Carta Magna, com fundamento no respeito à dignidade da pessoa humana. Tendo em vista que não existem direitos absolutos, a própria Constituição Federal de 1988 traz a possibilidade de haver restrição a esses direitos através da interceptação das comunicações telefônicas, nos casos envolvendo investigação ou instrução criminal. Em razão disso, em 1996, uma lei específica regulamentou a restrição a esses princípios constitucionais. Todavia, com o transcorrer do tempo e o desenvolvimento social, alguns casos de interceptações telefônicas desrespeitaram os parâmetros legais, o que levou o Poder Judiciário à necessidade de ponderar os direitos envolvidos em cada caso concreto, através da flexibilização dos direitos fundamentais. Assim, para justificar as decisões judiciais, as Cortes Superiores passaram a se utilizar da hermenêutica Constitucional, baseada em teorias gerais do direito, para conformar a aplicação fora dos limites legais, ensejando uma possível insegurança jurídica diante do tema. Desse modo, este estudo busca refletir sobre os limites que devem servir como parâmetros ao Poder Judiciário no que se refere às decisões que autorizam a interceptação das comunicações telefônicas no país

Os estudos sobre o clima vêm adquirindo grande importância na área ambiental, principalmente em relação à qualidade do ar (poluição atmosférica), ao conforto térmico (ilhas de calor) e aos impactos pluviais (geradores de inundações urbanas). Nesses últimos, as chuvas causam muitos transtornos para a população e órgãos públicos competentes, devido aos eventos extremos, que estão acontecendo em toda parte do mundo. Esses eventos ocorrem desde uma chuva com muita intensidade, em curto espaço de tempo, até seca prolongada em certos lugares. O fato é preocupante e mesmo com tantas controvérsias sobre o assunto, é necessário um manejo, principalmente no sistema hidrológico, que se adeqüe a cada situação e que os prejuízos causados pelas enchentes não se tornem mais devastadores do que atualmente. Como a arborização pode amenizar tais efeitos impactantes, nesse propósito, foi realizado um estudo no campus da ESALQ/USP, durante o período de janeiro a fevereiro de 2007, para medir a interceptação da água da chuva pelas copas das árvores e verificar como algumas espécies poderiam minimizar enchentes em áreas urbanas. O processo de interceptação da água da chuva foi analisado em duas espécies muito comumente usadas na arborização urbana, visando obter estimativas da quantidade de interceptação (I) ou perda por interceptação, precipitação interna (PI), escoamento pelo tronco (Et) e precipitação total (PT). As espécies escolhidas foram Caesalpinia pluviosa DC. (Fabaceae: Caesalpinoideae), ou sibipiruna, e Tipuana tipu O. Kuntze (Fabaceae: Faboideae), ou tipuana, com mais de 50 anos de idade, sendo três indivíduos isolados e três em grupo de cada espécie. As medições foram feitas por meio de coleta da água não interceptada tanto nas extremidades como no centro da projeção das copas. A PI apresentou alta correlação com a quantidade de PT no centro da copa em tipuana, e na extremidade da copa em sibipiruna. O Et e a I tiveram baixa correlação com a quantidade de PT nas duas espécies. As médias de interceptação foram maiores na extremidade da copa nos indivíduos de sibipiruna, com 60,6%, e no centro da tipuana, com 59,4%. Para precipitações variando de 0 a 2,5 mm, a interceptação média foi de 78,7%, em um indivíduo de sibipiruna, na extremidade da copa e, de 80,9% nos indivíduos de tipuana, em grupo, no centro da copa. Enquanto que, para precipitação de 2,5 a 5,0 mm, a interceptação foi de 53,6% para tipuana em grupo, na extremidade e, de 51,9% na tipuana isolada, no centro da copa. A tipuana apresentou maior porcentagem média de interceptação no centro da copa, principalmente em eventos com mais de 2 horas de duração e com precipitação maior que 20,0 mm, tanto em indivíduos isolados como em grupo. Portanto, as duas espécies demonstraram grande potencial para serem plantadas no ambiente urbano, com capacidade de contribuírem para possíveis reduções das enchentes nas cidades, principalmente a tipuana que mostrou mais predisposta a essa ação. / Climate studies are receiving more attention in the environmental field, especially concerning air quality (atmosphere pollution), thermal comfort (heat islands) and pluvial impacts (urban flood generators). In the latter, the rain causes disturbance of the population and the competent public organ, due the extreme events that are increasing in the whole world. Theses events can come as a precipitation of very intensity in a short period of time, as well as a prolonged drought in a given location. The issue is worrisome and controversial, however a managerial solution is necessary and urgent, particularly about the hydrologic system for each situation so that the losses caused by floods do not become more devastating than now. With these purpose in mind, a study was carried out at the campus of \"Luiz de Queiroz\" College of Agriculture (University of Sao Paulo), Piracicaba, Brazil, from January to February 2007, in order to measure the rainfall interception by the crows of urban trees and estimate the rainfall interception that they provide to potentially minimize urban flood events. The rainfall interception was evaluated in the two commonly used species in forest urban spaces by the measurement of interception (I) or interception losses, throughfall (Th), stemflow (St) and gross precipitation (Pg). The chosen trees were more than 50 year-old specimens of Caesalpinia pluviosa DC. (Fabaceae: Caesalpinoideae) or sibipiruna, and Tipuana tipu O. Kuntze (Fabaceae: Faboideae) or tipuana, both displayed as three isolated individuals and three grouped individuals. Measurements were carried out by collecting the water falling by the edges and in the centre of the canopies. A high correlation of Th with Pg was observed on the centre of the crow of tipuana and by the edges of sibipiruna. St and I had low correlation with Pg for both species. . The rain interception mean was higher by the edges of the crow of sibipiruna individuals, 60.6%, and in the centre of the tipuana crow, 59.40%.The mean of the rainfall interception was 78.73% for one isolated sibipiruna by the edge of the crow and 80.94% for grouped tipuanas in centre of the crow, when the total precipitation ranged between 0 and 2.5 mm. For total precipitation values between 2.5 and 5.0 mm, the interception mean was 53.60% for grouped tipuanas by the edge and 51.89% in isolated tipuanas in the crow center. Thus, both species show a great potential to be planted in urban environmental, especially for the tipuana species, which presented the capacity of contributing better to reduce or minimize floods in cities.

Abstract The primary mission of the Finnish Air Force is to ensure a continuous surveillance and policing of the national airspace. The wartime mission is defensive counter-air fighter operations. Implementation of the air surveillance is carried out mainly with air surveillance radars – policing and defensive actions with fighters. A foundation to a well-executed flight operation is a situation awareness. Pilots have to have a real time air picture in their use, i.e., exact information of the own and enemy’s fighters, and instructions of the mission command. The later has to have information for example about the remaining flight time of the fighters. To keep up the situation awareness the fighters participating the flight operation and the mission command on the ground are connected via real time robust communications system. In this thesis, the system development of the experimental SIHTI (Suomen ilmavoimien hajaspektritietovuo) spread spectrum data link fulfilling the national requirements is considered from the requirement specification to the performance measurements of the airproof prototype. The SIHTI system, which has to be secure, robust and having good LPD/LPI (Low Probability of Detection/Low Probability of Interception) properties has to enable bidirectional transmission between fighters and base stations as well as the fighters themselves. The SIHTI system has to operate in the case when many of similar nets are operating simultaneously in the same region and under heavy jamming. The system concept and its implementation has to be configurable so that an end user and a maintenance of the system can affect on the performance of the system only via parameters and changes in algorithms. In this thesis, it will be shown that the experimental SIHTI prototype with minor changes can fulfil the set requirements. / Tiivistelmä Suomen ilmavoimien perustehtävä on kansallisen ilmatilan jatkuva valvonta ja vartiointi sekä sodan aikana ilmatilan puolustus. Ilmatilan valvonta hoidetaan pääasiassa ilmavalvontatutkilla – vartiointi ja puolustus sotilaskoneilla. Sotilaskoneiden tehokkaan toiminnan edellytyksenä on tilannetietoisuus. Lento-operaatioon osallistuvilla tahoilla tulee olla käytettävissä ajan tasalla oleva ilmatilannekuva eli tarkat tiedot omista ja vastapuolen koneista, taistelujohdon toimintaohjeet sekä tietoa muun muassa operaatioon osallistuvien koneiden jäljellä olevasta toiminta-ajasta. Tilannetietoisuuden ylläpitäminen edellyttää, että lento-operaatioon osallistuvia lentokoneita ja maassa olevaa taistelujohtoa yhdistää reaaliaikainen varmatoiminen tiedonsiirtoyhteys. Tässä väitöskirjassa tarkastellaan kansallisen sotilasilmailun tarpeet täyttävän lentokelpoisen SIHTI (Suomen ilmavoimien hajaspektritietovuo) -hajaspektritiedonsiirtokoejärjestelmän järjestelmäkehitystä aina vaatimusmäärittelystä lentokelpoisen koelaitteiston suorituskykymittauksiin. Turvallisen, varmatoimisen ja vaikeasti tiedusteltavan tiedonsiirtojärjestelmän tulee mahdollistaa niin lentokoneiden kuin lentokoneiden ja maa-asemien välinen kaksisuuntainen sanomansiirto useiden lähekkäin toimivien verkkojen tapauksessa hyvinkin voimakkaassa tahallisessa häirinnässä. Tiedonsiirtojärjestelmässä ja sen toteutuksessa tulee olla myös riittävä määrä muunneltavuutta, jotta järjestelmän loppukäyttäjä ja järjestelmän ylläpitäjä pystyvät parametri- ja algoritmimuutoksin vaikuttamaan järjestelmän suorituskykyyn. Väitöskirjassa osoitetaan, että FH/DS-CDMA (Frequency Hopping / Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access)- ja TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) -monikäyttömenetelmiin pohjautuva SIHTI-koejärjestelmä pystyy pienin muutoksin täyttämään sille asetetut vaatimukset.

L'objectif de cette thèse est le développement d'algorithmes et de modèles permettant l'optimisation d'itinéraires dans les réseaux routiers. Dans un premier temps, ce travail de recherche étudie le problème de l'interception d'un mobile dans un graphe. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif est de calculer un itinéraire optimal permettant de rejoindre une cible mobile dont la trajectoire est connue. Cette problématique est traitée pour plusieurs situations (un poursuivant/un objectif et plusieurs poursuivants/plusieurs objectifs) et pour plusieurs types de graphes (graphes statiques et graphes FIFO). Pour chaque cas, un algorithme de résolution est proposé et l'optimalité du résultat qu'il retourne est démontrée. De plus, un ensemble de simulations est réalisé afin de vérifier l'efficacité des algorithmes en termes de temps de calcul. Dans un deuxième temps, une nouvelle classe de graphes dynamiques est définie : les graphes dynamiques avec intervalles. La particularité de ces graphes est que le poids de chaque arc dépende du temps et qu'il est représenté par un intervalle. Pour ce nouveau type de graphes, le problème du plus court chemin est étudié. Ce problème peut être vu soit en tant que problème d'optimisation monocritère soit en tant que problème d'optimisation multicritère. Pour chaque cas, le problème est formulé et des approches pour la résolution sont proposées.

Radar systems have been very effective in gathering information in a battlefield, so that the tactical actions can be decided. On the contrary, self-protection systems have been developed to break this activity of radars, for which radar signals must be intercepted to be able to take counter measures on time. Ideally, interception should be done in a certain time with a 100% probability, but in reality this is not the case. To intercept radar signals in shortest time with the highest probability, a search strategy should be developed for the receiver. This thesis studies the conditions under which the intercept time increases and the probability of intercept decreases. Moreover, it investigates the performance of the search strategy of Clarkson with respect to these conditions, which assumes that a priori knowledge about the radars that will be intercepted is available. Then, the study identifies the cases where the search strategy of Clarkson may be not desirable according to tactical necessities, and proposes a probabilistic search strategy, in which it is possible to intercept radar signals with a specified probability in a certain time.

The exact quantification of site water budget is a necessary precondition for successful and sustainable management of forests, agriculture and water resources. In this study the water balance was investigated at the spatial scale of canopies and at different temporal scales with focus on the monthly time scale. The estimation of the individual water balance components was primarily based on micrometeorological measurement methods. Evapotranspiration was assessed by the eddy-covariance (EC) method, while sap flow measurements were used to estimate transpiration. Interception was assessed by a combination of canopy drip, stem flow and precipitation (gross rainfall) measurements and soil moisture measurements were used to estimate the soil water storage. The combination of different measurement methods and the derivation of water balance components that are not directly measurable e.g. seepage and soil evaporation is a very complex task due to different scales of measurement, measurement uncertainties and the superposition of these effects. The quantification of uncertainties is a core point of the present study. The uncertainties were quantified for water balance component as well as for meteorological variables (e.g. wind speed, temperature, global radiation, net radiation and precipitation) that served as input data in water balance models. Furthermore, the influences of uncertainties were investigated in relation to numerical water balance simulations. Here, both the effects of uncertainties in input data and in reference data were analysed and evaluated. The study addresses three main topics. The first topic was the providing of reference data of evapotranspiration by EC measurements. Here, the processing of EC raw-data was of main concern with focus on the correction of the spectral attenuation. Four different methods of spectral correction were tested and compared. The estimated correction coefficients were significantly different between all methods. However, the effects were small to absolute values on half-hourly time scale. In contrast to half-hour data sets, the method had significant influence to estimated monthly totals of evapotranspiration. The second main topic dealt with the comparison of water balances between a spruce (Picea abies) and a beech (Fagus sylvatica) site. Both sites are located in the Tharandter Wald (Germany). Abiotic conditions are very similar at both sites. Thus, the comparison of both sites offered the opportunity to reveal differences in the water balance due to different dominant tree species. The aim was to estimate and to compare all individual components of the water balance by a combination of the above mentioned measurement methods. A major challenge was to overcome problems due different scales of measurements. Significant differences of the water balances between both sites occurred under untypical weather conditions. However, under typical condition the sites showed a similar behaviour. Here, the importance of involved uncertainties deserved special attention. Results showed that differences in the water balance between sites were blurred by uncertainties. The third main topic dealt with the effects of uncertainties on simulations of water balances with numerical models. These analyses were based on data of three sites (Spruce, Grass and Agricultural site). A kind of Monte-Carlo-Simulation (uncertainty model) was used to simulate effects of measurement uncertainties. Furthermore, the effects of model complexity and the effect of uncertainties in reference data on the evaluation of simulation results were investigated. Results showed that complex water balance models like BROOK90 have the ability to describe the general behaviour and tendencies of a water balance. However, satisfying quantitative results were only reached under typical weather conditions. Under untypical weather e.g. droughts or extreme precipitation, the results significantly differed from actual (measured) values. In contrast to complex models, it was demonstrated that simple Black Box Models (e.g. HPTFs) are not suited for water balance simulations for the three sites tested here. / Die genaue Quantifizierung des Standortswasserhaushalts ist eine notwendige Voraussetzung für eine erfolgreiche und nachhaltige Bewirtschaftung von Wäldern, Äckern und Wasserressourcen. In dieser Studie wurde auf der Raumskala des Bestandes und auf verschieden Zeitskalen, jedoch vorrangig auf Monatsebene, die Wasserbilanz untersucht. Die Bestimmung der einzelnen Wasserbilanzkomponenten erfolgte hauptsächlich mit mikrometeorologischen Messmethoden. Die Eddy- Kovarianz- Methode (EC- Methode) wurde benutzt zur Messung der Evapotranspiration, während Xylem- Flussmessungen angewendet wurden, um die Transpiration zu bestimmen. Die Interzeption wurde aus Messungen des Bestandesniederschlags, des Stammablaufs und des Freilandniederschlags abgeleitet. Messungen der Bodenfeuchte dienten zur Abschätzung des Bodenwasservorrats. Die Kombination verschiedener Messmethoden und die Ableitung von nicht direkt messbaren Wasserhaushaltkomponenten (z.B. Versickerung und Bodenverdunstung) ist eine äußerst komplexe Aufgabe durch verschiedenen Messskalen, Messfehler und die Überlagerung dieser Effekte. Die Quantifizierung von Unsicherheiten ist ein Kernpunkt in dieser Studie. Dabei werden sowohl Unsicherheiten in Wasserhaushaltskomponenten als auch in meteorologischen Größen, welche als Eingangsdaten in Wasserbilanzmodellen dienen (z.B. Windgeschwindigkeit, Temperatur, Globalstrahlung, Nettostrahlung und Niederschlag) quantifiziert. Weiterführend wird der Einfluss von Unsicherheiten im Zusammenhang mit numerischen Wasserbilanzsimulationen untersucht. Dabei wird sowohl die Wirkung von Unsicherheiten in Eingangsdaten als auch in Referenzdaten analysiert und bewertet. Die Studie beinhaltet drei Hauptthemen. Das erste Thema widmet sich der Bereitstellung von Referenzdaten der Evapotranspiration mittels EC- Messungen. Dabei waren die Aufbereitung von EC- Rohdaten und insbesondere die Dämpfungskorrektur (Spektralkorrektur) der Schwerpunkt. Vier verschiedene Methoden zur Dämpfungskorrektur wurden getestet und verglichen. Die bestimmten Korrekturkoeffizienten unterschieden sich deutlich zwischen den einzelnen Methoden. Jedoch war der Einfluss auf die Absolutwerte halbstündlicher Datensätze gering. Im Gegensatz dazu hatte die Methode deutlichen Einfluss auf die ermittelten Monatssummen der Evapotranspiration. Das zweite Hauptthema beinhaltet einen Vergleich der Wasserbilanz eines Fichten- (Picea abies) mit der eines Buchenbestands (Fagus sylvatica). Beide Bestände befinden sich im Tharandter Wald (Deutschland). Die abiotischen Faktoren sind an beiden Standorten sehr ähnlich. Somit bietet der Vergleich die Möglichkeit Unterschiede in der Wasserbilanz, die durch unterschiedliche Hauptbaumarten verursacht wurden, zu analysieren. Das Ziel was es, die einzelnen Wasserbilanzkomponenten durch eine Kombination der eingangs genanten Messmethoden zu bestimmen und zu vergleichen. Ein Hauptproblem dabei war die Umgehung der unterschiedlichen Messskalen. Deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Standorten traten nur unter untypischen Wetterbedingungen auf. Unter typischen Bedingungen zeigten die Bestände jedoch ein ähnliches Verhalten. An dieser Stelle erlangten Messunsicherheiten besondere Bedeutung. So demonstrierten die Ergebnisse, dass Unterschiede in der Wasserbilanz beider Standorte durch Messunsicherheiten verwischt wurden. Das dritte Hauptthema behandelt die Wirkung von Unsicherheiten auf Wasserbilanzsimulationen mittels numerischer Modelle. Die Analysen basierten auf Daten von drei Messstationen (Fichten-, Grasland- und Agrarstandort). Es wurde eine Art Monte-Carlo-Simulation eingesetzt, um die Wirkung von Messunsicherheiten zu simulieren. Ferner wurden auch der Einfluss der Modellkomplexität und die Effekte von Unsicherheiten in Referenzdaten auf die Bewertung von Modellergebnissen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass komplexe Wasserhaushaltsmodelle wie BROOK90 in der Lage sind, das Verhalten und Tendenzen der Wasserbilanz abzubilden. Jedoch wurden zufriedenstellende quantitative Ergebnisse nur unter üblichen Wetterbedingungen erzielt. Unter untypischen Wetterbedingungen (Dürreperioden, Extremniederschläge) wichen die Ergebnisse deutlich vom tatsächlichen (gemessenen) Wert ab. Im Gegensatz zu komplexen Modellen zeigte sich, dass Black Box Modelle (HPTFs) nicht für Wasserhaushaltssimulation an den drei genannten Messstandorten geeignet sind.

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I arbetet undersöks, utifrån ett telekrigperspektiv med inriktning från ett signalspaningshot, riskerna med nyttjandet av smarta mobiltelefoner i svenska markförband. Undersökningen baseras på ett fiktivt scenario i en nationell kontext och utgår ifrån två aktörer där ena aktören nyttjar smarta mobiltelefoner och andra aktören nyttjar högteknologiska telekrigsystem för att exploatera dess risker. Utifrån, i arbetet framtagna riskindikatorer, skapas olika händelseutvecklingar vilka undersöks utifrån en kvalitativ metod med inslag av kvantitativa beräkningar. Resultatet påvisar att smarta mobiltelefoner, nyttjade inom ramen för svenska markförband, riskerar utsätta såväl individer som hela förband för risker. Riskerna vilka undersöks är avlyssning, lägesbestämning och avslöjande av information genom mobiltelefonernas GNSS-förmåga och geotaggningsfunktioner. Användning av smarta mobiltelefoner riskerar således oavsiktligt röja information varför nyttjandet kräver förståelse för de risker dessa genererar. Riskerna kan inte undvikas varför nyttan med smarta mobiltelefoner måste vägas mot risken i varje situation. / In this thesis, the risks of smartphones in Swedish land forces are analysed from anElectronic Warfare perspective, focusing on Signals Intelligence. The analysis is based on a fictitious scenario in a national context involving two differentactors. One actor uses smartphones and the other actor uses high technology ElectronicWarfare systems to exploit the phones. Based on risk indicators developed in the thesis, twodifferent cases are created, which are then analysed using a qualitative method with elementsof quantitative calculations. The results reveal that smartphones, used in Swedish land forces, put both individuals andunits at risk. The risks, analysed, are interception, location and revealing information fromthe phone’s Global Navigation Satellite System geotagging and functions. Therefore, the useof smartphones might unintentionally reveal information. Consequently, the use ofsmartphones requires an understanding of the risks generated. It is not possible to avoid risks,so the benefit of using smartphones must be weighed against the risk in each situation.

Os sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta estão sendo difundidos por todo o território nacional como medida de atenuação dos impactos causados pelo monocultivo e como estratégia de recuperação de pastagens degradadas. Inúmeras vantagens do sistema são apontadas, no entanto, a inclusão de espécies arbóreas modifica a qualidade e a quantidade da luz disponível para o pasto, provocando alteração no seu padrão de crescimento (vertical e horizontal) e produção de forragem. Partindo da hipótese que em um sistema silvipastoril o dossel arbóreo irá determinar a quantidade e a qualidade de luz disponível para o sub-bosque e, assim, influenciar a dinâmica de crescimento e ocupação da área pelo capim-piatã manejado sob pastejo rotativo utilizando metas de interceptação luminosa (IL) prépastejo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar e descrever as respostas morfogênicas, o padrão de perfilhamento e os processos de ocupação horizontal de Brachiaria brizantha cv BRS Piatã [(Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf. syn. Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Piatã (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster] em sistema ILPF de dezembro de 2013 a julho de 2014. O estudo foi desenvolvido por meio de três experimentos realizados de forma concomitante para avaliar três regimes de luz: (1) capim-piatã cultivado em área livre de árvores (pleno sol; PS); (2) sombreamento gerado por meio de fileiras duplas de Eucalipto nas bordaduras dos piquetes (S1); e (3) sombreamento gerado por meio de quatro renques de fileiras triplas de Eucalipto dispostos dentro dos piquetes de forma alternada com porções de pasto (S2). Os regimes de luz S1 e S2 foram divididos em duas faixas de sombra (central e lateral) para descrição da variação da luz dentro dos piquetes. O período experimental foi dividido em três períodos de avaliação em função do índice pluviométrico registrado. Para estudar a influência das árvores sobre a medição de IL, o regime S2 foi manejado utilizando-se dois métodos de tomada da leitura de referência da luz incidente: leitura dentro (sob a copa das árvores) e fora (ausência de árvores) da área experimental. O aumento na densidade de árvores provocou redução na radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (RFA) de 37 e 12% nas faixas lateral e central em S1 (181 árvores.ha-1) e de 53 e 49% para as faixas lateral e central em S2 (718 árvores. ha-1). O sombreamento influenciou praticamente todas as variáveis-resposta avaliadas, resultando em redução do perímetro médios das touceiras (50%), aumento da frequência de touceiras pequenas (perímetro < 30 cm), diminuição da frequência de touceiras grandes (perímetro > 61 cm), diminuição da densidade populacional (35%) e estabilidade da população de perfilhos (6%), aumento das taxas de alongamento de folhas (16%) e de colmos (594%) e em área foliar específica (40%). O método da leitura de referência para avaliação de IL resultou em maior comprimento de folhas (14%) e de colmos (37%) quando as leituras foram feitas dentro comparativamente a fora da área experimental. Pastos sombreados alteram seu padrão de crescimento e ocupação da área como medida para evitar o sombreamento e maximizar a captação de luz, modificações essas importantes para planejar e definir metas de manejo do pastejo em áreas de ILPF. / Crop-livestock-forest systems are becoming increasingly popular in Brazil as a means of attenuating the impact of monoculture and to aid in the recovery of degraded grassland areas. Several advantages of this technique have been highlighted, but the inclusion of trees impacts the quantity and the quality of the light available for forage plants growing beneath them, resulting in changes in forage growth (horizontal and vertical) and in herbage production. Based on the hypothesis that in a silvipastoral system the tree canopy determines the quantity and the quality of the light available for forage plants growing below, and that this affects forage growth dynamics and horizontal spreading in rotationally grazed Piatã brachiariagrass managed using pre-grazing light interception targets during regrowth, the objective of this study was to evaluate the morphogenetic responses, tillering, and horizontal growth of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã [(Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf. syn. Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Piatã (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster] in a crop-livestock- forest integration area from December 2013 to July 2014. The study comprised three simultaneous experiments to evaluate three light regimes: (1) Piatã brachiariagrass cultivated in the absence of trees (full natural light; PS); (2) shade produced by a double row of Eucaliptus trees on the edges of the paddocks (S1); and (3) shade produced by four triple rows of Eucaliptus with pasture in between them (S2). The S1 and S2 light regimes were divided into two shade strips (central and lateral) in order to describe the variation in light availability within the paddocks and its implications to plant growth. The experimental period was divided in three evaluation periods according to rainfall. In order to evaluate the influence of the trees on the measurement of sward canopy light interception and its implications on grass growth, paddocks under the S2 light regime were managed using two methods for taking the reference readings of the incident light: reading inside (under the tree canopy) and outside (full natural light) the experimental area. The increase in tree density resulted in a 37 and 12% reduction in photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) for the lateral and central shade strips of S1 (181 trees.ha-1) and 53 and 49% for the lateral and central shade strips of S2 (718 trees.ha-1). Higher shading resulted in reduction in average tussock perimeter (50%), increased presence of small tussocks (perimeter < 30 cm), decreased presence of large tussocks (perimeter > 61 cm), decreased tiller population (35%) and stability index (6%), increased leaf (16%) and stem (594%) elongation rates and increased specific leaf area (40%). Differences among light regimes across evaluation periods were small. Leaves were 14% longer and stems were 37% longer when readings were taken inside compared to those taken outside the experimental area. Under the trees, swards change their growth and spreading patterns as a means of minimizing the effects of shading and maximizing light capture. These changes have important implications for planning and defining targets of grazing management in crop-livestock-forest integration areas.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / ABSTRACT: In regions of natural or planted forests, rainfall interception by vegetation can be an important variable in the hydrological cycle and should not be neglected. This research analyzes the process of interception in different forest types (native and planted) in the region of Santa Maria - RS, at the head of Vacacaí Mirim. The variables Rainfall (R), stemflow (Sf), and throughfall (Tf) were monitored in the period from Dec/09 to Fev/11. Rainfall was monitored in two tipping bucket rain gauges and meteorological station installed in the subbasin on July 14th, 2010. Throughfall was monitored in three plots (areas I, II and III) with dimensions of 12 m x 50 m, 21 m x 12 m and 10 m x 20 m, respectively. The sampling points were installed 40 or 60 cm from the ground and spaced 1 m in straight line. In area I (native forest), 101 stakes were allocated to 40 instruments; where 20 collectors remained in fixed locations and 20 were rotated randomly. In the areas II (native forest) and III (eucalyptus) 60 sampling points were allocated to 20 collectors; at each new collection they were placed one sampling point ahead the former. Stemflow was based on values suggested in literature and by monitoring the flow in three selected trees within each plot, and the interception was calculated as the difference between precipitation and the sum of throughfall and stemflow. The results showed that interception is a key component of the hydrological cycle and, in general, underestimated by the hydrological models.The highest interception value was checked for native forest and the largest stemflow for eucalyptus. The stemflow was higher than the values observed by other authors, revealing that this variable cannot be ruled out in the study of interception. On the other hand, the ranges of variation of throughfall and interception were close to those reported in other studies. The results seem also to suggest that the depth parameter adopted for the calculation of interception using the leaf area index is underestimated and should be 0.4. Statistical analysis of the number of collectors used and necessary to ensure error of 5 mm of throughfall in relation to its average and 90% of confidence, showed that for vegetation such as Eucalyptus, the use of 20 rotating collectors were sufficient in 95.45% of the collections; which may be a reference to works in which there is a pattern of similarity of species. For native forest we observed that when the vegetation has a low density and the similar pattern of canopy, stem diameter and height, the use of 20 rotating collectors would be enough to ensure statistical requirements set out in 71.43% of the samples monitored. When the native vegetation is dense, with standard range of height, stem diameter and crown area, we observed the need for a higher number of collectors equipment of throughfall. The use of 40 collectors (20 fixed and 20 rotational) assured that the statistical requirements stipulated were guaranteed in 60.98% of the samples monitored. / RESUMO: Nas regiões de floretas naturais ou plantadas, a interceptação da precipitação pela vegetação pode ser uma importante variável do ciclo hidrológico, não devendo ser negligenciada. Esta pesquisa analisou o processo de interceptação em diferentes formações florestais (nativa e plantada) na região de Santa Maria - RS, na cabeceira do Vacacaí Mirim. As variáveis monitoradas no período de dez/09 a fev/11 foram: precipitação inicdente (P), escoamento pelo tronco (Esct) e precipitação interna (Pi). A precipitação incidente foi monitorada em dois pluviômetros tipo cubas-basculantes e pela estação climatológica instalada na sub-bacia em 14/7/2010. A precipitação interna foi monitorada em três parcelas (área I, II e III) com dimensões de 12 m x 50 m, 21 m x 12 m e 10 m x 20 m, respectivamente. As estacas foram instaladas a 40 ou 60 cm do solo, sendo espaçadas de 1 m e em linha reta. Na área I (mata nativa), foram alocadas 101 estacas para disposição de 40 instrumentos, sendo que 20 permaneceram fixos e 20 foram rotacionados. Já nas áreas II (mata nativa) e III (eucalipto) foram alocadas 60 estacas para disposição de 20 coletores, sendo que a cada nova coleta eles eram realocados uma estaca a frente da anterior. O escoamento pelo tronco foi determinado com base em valores sugeridos em literatura e por meio de monitoramento do escoamento em três árvores escolhidas dentro de cada parcela e a interceptação foi calculada pela diferença entre P e a soma de Pi e Esct. Os resultados mostraram que a interceptação é uma componente fundamental do ciclo hidrológico e, em geral, subestimada pelos modelos hidrológicos. O maior valor de interceptação foi verificado para mata nativa e o maior Esct para eucalipto. O escoamento pelo tronco foi superior aos valores verificados por outros autores, revelando que essa variável não pode ser descartada no estudo da interceptação. Já as faixas de variação de precipitação interna e da interceptação ficaram próximas aquelas registradas em outros estudos. Os resultados parecem sugerir, ainda, que o parâmetro de lâmina adotado para o cálculo de interceptação com utilização do índice de área foliar está subestimado e deveria ser 0,4. A análise estatística do número de aparelhos utilizados e necessários para garantir 5 mm de erro de Pi em relação a sua média e 90% de confiança, mostrou que para vegetação do tipo eucalipto, o uso de 20 instrumentos rotacionáveis seriam suficientes em 95,45% das coletas realizadas. O que pode ser uma referência para trabalhos em que existe um padrão de semelhança de espécies. Já para mata nativa observou-se que, quando a vegetação apresenta baixa densidade e mesmo padrão de copa, diâmetro do caule e altura, o uso de 20 instrumentos rotacionáveis seria suficiente para garantir os requisitos estatísticos estipulados em 71,43% das coletas monitoradas. Quando a vegetação nativa é densa, com padrão variado de altura, diâmetro do caule e área da copa, percebeu-se a necessidade de um número mais elevado de equipamentos coletores de Pi. O uso de 40 instrumentos, (20 aparelhos rotacionáveis e 20 fixos), garantiu que em 60,98% das coletas monitoradas os requisitos estatísticos estipulados fossem assegurados.