The job of an auditor has still been quite a new one in the Czech Republic. It is connected with the transformation of our economy in the late 80s and early 90s. Despite its relatively short history the job's importance is going up. Just the external audit itself can lower the information inequality between the owner and the manager. Internal audit, on the other side, is a means of precaution how to prevent problems or solve them already before their coming into existence. My diploma work aimed at deeper insight into the problems of an auditor's job.

Целью работы является разработка методического инструментария и практических рекомендаций для повышения эффективности службы внутреннего аудита. В основе лежит разработка алгоритма проведения аудиторских проверок на основе внедрения автоматизированных процессов и увеличения роли сторонних подразделений и авторской методики определения экономической эффективности внутреннего аудита на базе введения индивидуального коэффициента как для оценки отдельных составляющих бизнеса, так и в целом. Разработанный инструментарий развивает методические основы и принципы проведения внутреннего аудита, что позволяет улучшить финансовое положение и повысить точность определения инвестиционной привлекательности предприятий. / The purpose of the work is to develop methodical tools and practical recommendations to improve the efficiency of the internal audit service. It is based on the development of an audit algorithm based on the introduction of automated processes and an increase in the role of third-party departments and the author's methodology for determining the economic efficiency of internal audit based on the introduction of an individual coefficient both for evaluating individual components of the business and as a whole. The developed tools develop the methodological foundations and principles of internal audit, which makes it possible to improve the financial situation and increase the accuracy of determining the investment attractiveness of enterprises.

This research report examines the cost and benefits of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) on South African companies who have had to comply due to them or their holding companies being listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) as well as voluntary adaptors of the code. This report further seeks to identify best practices implemented by these companies.

This research report examines the cost and benefits of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) on South African companies who have had to comply due to them or their holding companies being listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) as well as voluntary adaptors of the code. This report further seeks to identify best practices implemented by these companies.

The goal of this thesis is to describe both of the types of audit in their historical context, show their legal regulation, and explain each step of the audit process. The last chapter compares both of the professions and focuses on their possible cooperation. First from the theoretical point of view with references to the ISA and then analyses the situation among Czech auditors.

Diploma thesis discusses questions about internal audit. I have focused on internal audit in the bank. I analyzed four czech banks if they had established internal audit section and Audit Comitee and how many internal auditors they employ. In the second practical part I described internal audit as a process. I demonstrated it on the internal audit of mortgage credit process.

Em razão da velocidade em que os negócios ocorrem e dos riscos que estão envolvidos, a auditoria interna das empresas necessita apresentar soluções para agregar valor ao trabalho realizado. Neste sentido, auditoria contínua vem sendo apresentada como uma solução para obter-se ganhos em eficiência, uma vez que utiliza a base tecnológica da empresa. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar de que modo se desenvolve o processo de implantação de auditoria contínua no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre e quais os resultados decorrentes dessa adoção. A metodologia de trabalho empregada foi o estudo de caso único e os dados foram obtidos por meio de observação participante, análise documental, questionário com os participantes da auditoria interna - objeto do estudo - e entrevista com o fornecedor do software ACL, escolhido como software para a extração dos dados. Os resultados demonstram que a empresa obteve as vantagens esperadas com a adoção de auditoria, contínua embora o processo seja gradual, apresente desafios e necessite de constantes investimentos por parte da equipe, que trabalha de forma multidisciplinar. / Given the speed at which trades take place and the risks that are involved, internal audit firms need to provide solutions to add value to the work performed. In this sense, continuous auditing has been presented as a solution to obtain efficiency gains, since it uses the technology base of the company. The objective of this paper is to present how the process develops the deployment continuous auditing in the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre and what the results arising from this adoption. The methodology employed was the single case study and data were collected through participant observation, document analysis, and questionnaire with the participants of the internal audit - object of study - and interviews with the software vendor ACL, chosen as software for data extraction. The results demonstrate that the company had expected with the adoption of continuous auditing, advantages although the process is gradual, present challenges and require continuing investments by the team, working in a multidisciplinaryway.

L'Audit Interne est une activité indépendante et objective qui contribue à la maîtrise des entreprises et à créer de la valeur ajoutée. À cet effet, l'auditeur interne s'assure: dela cohérence, de l'ambition et la faisabilité des objectifs, de l'optimisation des moyens utilisés pour leur atteinte, du respect des politiques; des procédures, des textes réglementaires, du respect des délégations de pouvoirs et enfin s'assure de la protection du patrimoine. L'audit interne détecte les problèmes, identifie leurs causes et fait des recommandations pour les solutionner. Au Maroc, plusieurs textes de lois ont prévu l'instauration de l'audit interne au sein des organisations marocaines. Or, malgré cela, l'audit interne ne joue pas efficacement son rôle : Pourquoi et comment ? / Internal Audit is an independent and objective activity that contributes to the control of companies and to create added value. For this purpose, the internal auditor shall ensure: consistency, ambition and the feasibility of the objectives, of the optimization of the means used for their infringement, compliance with policies; procedures, statutory instruments, compliance with the delegation of authority and finally ensures the protection of the heritage. Internal audit detects problems; identify their causes, and makes recommendations to solve them. In Morocco, several pieces of legislation have planned the establishment of the internal audit within the Moroccan organizations. However, despite this, the internal audit does not play effectively its role: why and how?

財務再保險係屬於新興的風險移轉方式之一，除了可以移轉傳統再保險之核保風險外，更可以將保險公司有很多無法以傳統再保險獲得分散的風險，如時間風險、投資風險等財務風險移轉出去。財務再保險可以增加保險公司的盈餘及提升經理人的績效，同時能減少潛在的危險暴露，避免準備金提存不足的問題，並且可以增加保險公司的承保能量，資助新契約的成長，兼具風險管理與財務規劃的新興工具。 相對的，財務再保險的實施，也延伸出相關的問題，如財務再保險係為融資借貸關係，而非實質危險轉移；因為準備金提存不足，無法支付未來重大的損失；為了掩飾盈虧，而誤導投資大眾。HIH與AIG集團涉及以財務再保險契約粉飾財務報表的行為，顯示財務再保險契約所造成的監理漏洞，另一方面，保險公司若不注重其企業本身營運的風險管理，而是以財務再保險契約尋求穩定公司收益的財務揭露，對於保險公司的長期經營並不是一件好事，同時對於投資人、監理機關的管理亦影響甚鉅。 除了監理機關對於財務再保險應加以規範外，保險公司內部之內部控制與內部稽核在企業中亦扮演重要角色。本研究就HIH與AIG集團兩個案之財務再保險問題，收集截至2005年HIH相關人員被澳洲保險監理機關起訴之起訴理由，與AIG被美國監理機關起訴人員的相關資料，分析這些被起訴原因之內部控制缺失，強調財務再保險內部控制與內部稽核的重要性，最後，針對保險公司實施財務再保險提出建議，同時對保險監理機關監管財務再保險也提出建議，希望對國內保險業者實施財務再保險有所助益，同時，也作為保險監理機關監管財務再保險的參考。 / Financial reinsurance is one of the alternative risk transfer arrangements. Unlike the traditional reinsurance arrangement where only the underwriting risk is transferred, other risks such as time risk and investment risk may also be transferred through such arrangement. Financial reinsurance increases an insurance company’s earning and the managers’ performance, and hence decreases the exposures of reserve inadequacy. Additionally, it is also a new tool for risk management and financial planning for its positive impact on new business growth through the enhancement on the company’s underwriting capability. On the other side, the use of financial reinsurance also leads to some problems. Specifically, when it is structured as a financial lease without any physical transfer of risks and used to window-dress poor financial performance in order to mislead the investors. Two international insurance companies, namely HIH (Health International Holdings) and AIG (American International Group), have tried to use the financial reinsurance arrangements to window-dress their financial statements in order to deceive the regulators. From a long term perspective, financial reinsurance arrangements used for stabilizing the financial results instead of enhancing risk management would certainly be detrimental to investors and insurance regulators. Besides the regulators who need to set up the regulations on financial reinsurance, the internal controls and internal auditing functions within insurance company also play an important role in terms of supervision. This thesis focused on two real life cases related to HIH and AIG by studying their problems with financial reinsurance and colleting the people being prosecuted by Australia regulator (APRA) and SEC as of the end of 2005, the internal control weaknesses caused by them and finally emphasizing the important of internal controls and internal audit function. Lastly, after studies these two cases, recommendations are made to insurance companies and local regulator on how to manage the use of financial reinsurance. Hopefully these suggestions would be helpful to them.

Kokybės siekimas šiandien aktualus ne tik įstaigoms, gaminančioms produktus ar teikiančioms paslaugas, bet ir švietimo įstaigoms. Lietuvoje švietimo kokybe susirūpinta atkūrus nepriklausomybę. Tačiau švietimo kokybės įvertinimas problematiškas dėl šių pagrindinių priežasčių – kokybės sąvokų gausos, įvairumo ir dėl to, kad dalis rezultatų paaiškėja po tam tikro laiko (pvz. integracija į darbo rinką). Lietuvos švietimo sistemoje kokybės siekiama decentralizuojant švietimo sistemą, diegiant strateginį valdymą, švietimo vadybą, mokyklų įsivertinimo ir įvertinimo sistemą (vidaus ir išorės auditą). Ši reforma apima tris etapus: 1992-1997 m. – švietimą reglamentuojančiose dokumentuose užsimenama apie švietimo kokybę; 1998-2002 m. – kuriama vidaus audito metodika, eksperimentuojama; 2003-2012 m. – vidaus auditas tampa privalomas mokykloms; tobulinama metodika. Apibendrintai vidaus auditą galima apibrėžti taip: tai objektyvi priemonė, kurios tikslas – skatinti švietimo kokybę išnagrinėjant mokyklos veiklos aspektus (privalumus, trūkumus, problemas), rengti veiklos tobulinimo planus. Magistro darbo tikslas – teoriškai ir empiriškai pagrįsti vidaus audito, kaip kokybės valdymo instrumento, panaudojimą mokyklose. Teoriškai VA – mokyklos valdymo dalis: vadybos funkcijų, strateginio valdymo aspektu atlieka kontrolės funkciją, kurios metu gautieji rezultatai – veiklos tobulinimo planų kūrimo šaltinis. Siekiant empiriškai atskleisti VA panaudojimą mokyklose, atliktas tyrimas ( anoniminė... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Today the quality aspiration is relevant not only for the companies which produce products or offer service, but also for education institutions. In Lithuania the issue of education quality was raised after the recreation of independency. But the evaluation of education quality is problematical because of the following major reasons such as abundance and variety of quality concepts and because the part of audit results comes out only after particular period of time (e.g. integration to labor market). In Lithuania the quality in education system is aimed with the help of education system decentralization, instillation of strategic administration, education management and the system of self evaluation and assessment at schools (internal and external audit). This reform is comprised of three stages: 1992-1997 y. – education quality is mentioned in the documents which regulate education; 1998-2002 y. – internal audit methodology is created, experiments are carried out; 2003-2012 y. – internal audit becomes obligatory at schools, the methodology is being improved. In general, internal audit can be defined as the objective means the aim of which is to promote education quality in order to explore the school activity aspects (advantages, disadvantages, problems) and prepare the plans of activity improvement. The aim of this work is to prove theoretically and empirically the use of internal audit as the instrument of education quality control at schools. Theoretically IA is a... [to full text]