Notre thèse analyse la protection internationale des droits de l'homme dans des «zones grises», définies comme des zones géographiques où l’État, souverain sur son territoire, ne peut ou ne veut pas exercer un contrôle effectif. Or, une fois l’État n'a plus de contrôle sur une partie de son territoire, les mécanismes de contrôle des droits de l'homme deviennent paralysés. La question principale à laquelle notre étude vise à répondre est la question de savoir si et comment le droit international des droits de l'homme peut s'appliquer de façon effective dans des zones hors du contrôle effectif de l’État, premier garant des droits de l'homme dans son territoire. La Première Partie a pour objectif d'analyser la question de l'applicabilité du droit international des droits de l'homme et de répondre aux questions relatives à son applicabilité ratione loci, ratione materiae et ratione personae. Les conclusions clarifient si cette branche du droit international continue de s'appliquer dans les «zones grises» et quelles sont les obligations qui lient les États, notamment en répondant à la question, connexe, de savoir à quels autres sujets les obligations relatives aux droits de l'homme sont opposables. La Deuxième Partie examine les questions relatives à la mise en œuvre des normes du droit international des droits de l'homme, c'est-à-dire la question de la responsabilité internationale pour violations des droits de l'homme et le défi de l'engagement de la responsabilité dans les mécanismes de contrôle. Notre thèse soutient que le droit international des droits de l'homme est capable d'imposer son applicabilité et sa mise en œuvre dans une telle situation imparfaite. / The present thesis analyzes the international protection of human rights in "grey zones", defined as geographical areas where the State, sovereign of its territory, is unable or unwilling to exercise effective control. However, once the State has no more control over a part of its territory, human rights monitoring mechanisms become paralyzed. The main question to which the present study aims to answer is whether and how international human rights law can effectively apply in areas out of the effective control of the State, primary guarantor of human rights in its territory. The First Part aims to analyze the question of the applicability of international human rights law and to answer to the questions related to its applicability ratione loci, ratione materiae and ratione personae. The conclusions clarify whether this branch of international law continues to apply in the "grey zones" and which are the obligations binding States while answering to the related question to which other subjects human rights obligations are opposable. The Second Part examines the questions related to the implementation of the norms of international human rights law, i.e. the question of international responsibility for human rights violations and the challenge of the engagement of the responsibility in control mechanisms. The present thesis claims that international human rights law is able to impose its applicability and its implementation in such an imperfect situation.

Submitted by Morgana Silva (morgana_linhares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-16T12:20:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1919980 bytes, checksum: aa03b296bb2b18e12b45124d49521d30 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-16T12:20:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1919980 bytes, checksum: aa03b296bb2b18e12b45124d49521d30 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-27 / The universalism vs. relativism dichotomy should not be perceived as a mere doctrinal issue. It means major obstacle to the effective protection of the human being in the international and internal orders. On one hand, the universal abstraction of human rights suffers severe critical, on the other hand, culture is dangerously positioned as an immutable element. It important to overcome this scenario and build the perception of common human rights. Even against this environment of disintegration, that rise of culture as an argument cannot put aside the protection of human life. The solution to the criticism of universalism and for strengthening the discourse of human rights relativism is the construction of a common core of human rights based on the prevalence of human rights. This research shows that it is so. Common is the space in which one of us are or wish to be part of. In the space of human rights, the common core was built by the main treaties of international law that form the so-called protection systems of the human being. It is very high level, because it goes beyond state borders. It was seat as essential assumptions the differential nature of the norms of international human rights law to ensure the international legal personality of the human person, beyond that, establishes the supremacy of international law over national law. Also, the foundation of the creation of the common core of human rights is in the primacy of human rights, defended as part of the ius cogens norm. The basis of the concept of common is the concept of policy in Hanna Arendt’s works. Therefore, the analysis of political activity in constructing common human rights toke place in international and domestic spaces. In international jurisdiction, the courts of human rights represent advances in constructing the hard core of human rights, although some structural aspects still deserve strong critics. In the Brazilian internal order, chaos around these matters is the main conclusion. Qualitative and quantitative methodologies were applied and, especially, the inductive, deductive, hypothetical-deductive methods of approach and typological method of procedure. / A dicotomia relativismo x universalismo não deve ser percebida como mera questão doutrinária. Ela significa grande obstáculo à efetiva proteção da pessoa humana na ordem internacional e nas ordens internas. Por um lado, a abstração universalista dos direitos humanos sofre severas críticas, por outro, a cultura se posiciona perigosamente como elemento imutável. É preciso superar esta questão e construir a percepção de direitos humanos comuns. Mesmo diante do ambiente de desintegração não se vislumbra argumento que consiga justificar a não proteção da vida humana. A solução para as críticas ao universalismo e para o fortalecimento do discurso de relativização dos direitos humanos está na construção de um núcleo comum de direitos humanos fundamentada na prevalência dos direitos humanos. É o que demonstra a pesquisa. O comum corresponde ao espaço no qual todos são parte ou desejam ser parte. No espaço dos direitos humanos, o núcleo comum foi construído pelos principais tratados de Direito Internacional que formam os denominados sistemas de proteção internacional da pessoa humana. Trata-se de graduação elevadíssima, porque ultrapassa as fronteiras estatais. Foram assentados como pressupostos essenciais o caráter diferenciado das normas de direito internacional dos direitos humanos que asseguram a personalidade jurídica internacional da pessoa humana, além disso, estabelece-se a primazia do direito internacional sobre os direitos nacionais. Além disso, o fundamento da criação do núcleo comum de direitos humanos está na primazia dos direitos humanos, defendida como norma componente do ius cogens. A base do conceito de comum está no conceito de política de Hanna Arendt. Portanto, a análise da atuação política de construção dos direitos humanos comuns foi feita no plano internacional e no plano interno. Na jurisdição internacional, as cortes de direitos humanos representam os avanços na construção do referido núcleo, embora alguns aspectos estruturais ainda mereçam fortes críticas. Na ordem interna brasileira, o caos em torno da matéria é a principal conclusão. Foram aplicadas as metodologias qualitativas e quantitativas, bem como, com destaque, os métodos de abordagem indutivo, dedutivo, hipotético-dedutivo e método de procedimento tipológico.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:27:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotalRoberto.pdf: 1152127 bytes, checksum: 939161730b7d69bbac1666f633017c2e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present study illuminates the effectiveness of the right to primary education in Angola, analyzing the period from 2002 to 2010. Being written from the viewpoint of international human rights law, it seeks to answer to basic questions: First, what are exactly Angola´s international duties with regard to the implementation right to primary education? Secondly, has Angola fulfilled them adequately? For answering the first question, the study identifies the international human rights treaties Angola has ratified or adhered to and maps the obligations that can be derived from the right to primary education. The hypothesis is that Angola has compliance problems and possibly is violating specific duties. There, in order to answer the second question, the study goes beyond the discussion of bibliography available, analyzing official data and alternative sources. As it is shown, Angola has in deed serious problems to implement effectively its international obligation, however, it cannot be stated that is has violated them. This is primarily due to serious efforts to progressively implement the right to education in a rather complicated as well as complex setting. / O tema em discussão pesquisa a eficácia do Direito à Educação Básica em Angola período de 2002 a 2010 analisando os desafios e problemas à luz do Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos. Deste modo, foram levantadas duas perguntas que o presente estudo aspira responder. Primeiro, pergunta-se, sob a perspectiva do Direito Internacional Público, quais exatamente os deveres que decorrem dos tratados de direitos humanos aceites por Angola em relação à garantia do direito à educação básica? Segundo, após a identifição destes deveres, coloca-se a questão, se ou até que ponto o Estado angolano está a efetivá-los? Portanto, a presente pesquisa parte do fato de que Angola aceitou, por meio da raticação de tratados de direitos humanos ou adesão a eles, uma série de obrigações internacionais no que se refere especificamente à garantia do direito à educação básica bem como da hipótese que o Estado tem dificuldades do seu cumprimento, talvez até às vezes violando alguns dos seus deveres decorrendo do Direito Internacional Público. Em função dos dados bibliográficos e, sobretudo, documentais, foi possível concluir que nossa primeira hipótese é confrimada, uma vez que Angola aderiu uma série de tratados internacionais, mas não confirmamos a segunda, uma vez que o Estado angolano está cumprir os seus deveres, mas com falhas na elaboração e implementação das políticas publicas para setor educativo, o que não significa que esteja a violar o Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos. O tema em discussão pesquisa a eficácia do Direito à Educação Básica em Angola período de 2002 a 2010 analisando os desafios e problemas à luz do Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos. Deste modo, foram levantadas duas perguntas que o presente estudo aspira responder. Primeiro, pergunta-se, sob a perspectiva do Direito Internacional Público, quais exatamente os deveres que decorrem dos tratados de direitos humanos aceites por Angola em relação à garantia do direito à educação básica? Segundo, após a identifição destes deveres, coloca-se a questão, se ou até que ponto o Estado angolano está a efetivá-los? Portanto, a presente pesquisa parte do fato de que Angola aceitou, por meio da raticação de tratados de direitos humanos ou adesão a eles, uma série de obrigações internacionais no que se refere especificamente à garantia do direito à educação básica bem como da hipótese que o Estado tem dificuldades do seu cumprimento, talvez até às vezes violando alguns dos seus deveres decorrendo do Direito Internacional Público. Em função dos dados bibliográficos e, sobretudo, documentais, foi possível concluir que nossa primeira hipótese é confrimada, uma vez que Angola aderiu uma série de tratados internacionais, mas não confirmamos a segunda, uma vez que o Estado angolano está cumprir os seus deveres, mas com falhas na elaboração e implementação das políticas publicas para setor educativo, o que não significa que esteja a violar o Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos.

The Rohingya population of Myanmar have been called one of the most persecuted ethnic minorities on earth. Beyond the systemic discrimination and ongoing violations of basic human rights, Tatmadaw operations against Rohingya communities in Rakhine State in recent years have amounted to ethnic cleansing, if not genocide. Reports of widespread sexual violence by security forces have garnered significant international attention, increasing our collective awareness of how rape is used as a weapon of war. In light of Canada’s Special Envoy to Myanmar’s report recommending that investigation take place to establish an evidence base for future prosecutions, it is critical that sexual and gender-based violence crimes be adequately factored into documentation strategies. This strategy will send a message that abuses upon women’s bodies are no longer regarded as mere inevitable ‘spoils of war’, but instead belong among the gravest of crimes, worthy of international resources and expertise to address. In order to minimize further intrusion into the lives of Rohingya survivors, it is necessary to consider the various possible justice mechanisms that may be used, and the different methods and standards of documentation that may be required for each. While early documentation efforts are encouraged so that relevant evidence is not lost, these considerations call for careful research, planning and ethical reflection. In order to contribute to this process, this thesis explores how law may operate to bring about justice for sexual and gender-based violence, and provides guidance on how to document evidence to be used for this purpose. At the same time, it recognizes that the form of justice international criminal trials can offer is inherently limited in scope. It further explores how “justice”, a contested concept, is not always defined or achieved through the punishment of perpetrators alone. It therefore draws on critiques of international criminal justice to imagine other ways that justice might manifest, and then identifies the methods of documentation possible to facilitate these efforts. / Graduate / 2019-09-07

Recently, the interaction between International Human Rights Law (IHRL) and International Humanitarian Law (IHL) has been significantly developed by the jurisprudence of the Inter- American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR). This article analyzes this recent trend from the cases of the Santo Domingo Massacreand Afro communities displaced from the Cacarica River Basin (Operation Genesis) of this tribunal to assert its competence not only to use IHL to interpret the Inter-American human rights instruments but, at the same time, to approach a direct use of humanitarian standards, which creates a gray area between the interpretation and application of such area of Law. In doing so, the Court resorts to the lex specialis if the IHL norm is the most specialized for the case, and uses IHL to a limited extent, only to expand the content of human rights, but not to judge on possible violations of IHL, which results in a methodology of pick and choose of IHL provisions. / Recientemente, la interacción entre el Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos (DIDH) y el Derecho Internacional Humanitario (DIH) ha sido desarrollada significativamente en la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (Corte IDH). Este artículo analiza la tendencia reciente de los casos Masacre de Santo Domingo y Comunidades Afrodescendientes desplazadas de la cuenca del río Cacarica (Operación Génesis) de este tribunal para afirmar su competencia no solo para utilizar el DIH al interpretar los instrumentos interamericanos de derechos humanos, pero, al mismo tiempo, para aproximarse a la utilización directa de las normas humanitarias, lo que genera una zona gris entre la interpretación y aplicación de esta área del Derecho. Al hacerlo, la Corte recurre a la lex specialis si la norma del DIH es la más especializada para el caso; y utiliza el DIH hasta cierto límite, solamente para expandir el contenido de los derechos humanos, pero no para juzgar posibles violaciones del DIH, lo que resulta en una metodología de pick and choose (selectiva) de las normas del DIH.

Magister Legum - LLM / This mini-thesis is based on the presumption that the Danish cartoons and the anti-Muslim clip posted on YouTube as forms of expression, ridiculed the religious beliefs and practices of Muslims which in turn affected the exercise of religious freedom as it violated the dignity of the bearers of the right to freedom of religion and therefore a conflict between the right to freedom of religion and freedom of expression exists. The above incidence of conflict between the right to freedom of religion and freedom of expression involves infringing the freedom of religion of the Islamic community. Blasphemy in Islam is speech that is insulting to God, but during the course of Muslim history it has become increasingly linked with insult to the Prophet Muhammad. In Islam the depiction of the Prophet Muhammad in any way is strictly forbidden and is considered blasphemous.

This study explores conceptualizations of transnational corporate accountability in the responses of Canadian organizations to a crisis in global capitalism. Empirically this study focuses on discussion and debate concerning the involvement of Canadian retail companies in the Rana Plaza disaster, which killed over 1,100 Bangladeshi garment workers on 24 April 2013. Information was drawn from Canadian Parliamentary Committee sessions, documents published by Canadian retail companies, governmental departments and civil society organizations, and nine semi-structured interviews with individuals possessing professional knowledge about corporate governance in global supply chains. A critical discourse analysis method, theoretically informed by the corporate crime literature, Gramsci’s concept of hegemony and Foucault’s notion of knowledge and power, examined the economic, political, and legal assumptions that characterized discussions about transnational corporate crime and accountability. Overall, dominant voices reinforced neoliberal beliefs about the effectiveness of allowing corporations to develop and implement their own means of transnational regulation. Claims describing the social benefits of free markets and flexible regulatory regimes overshadowed concerns about the dangerous and exploitive practices inherent in the production of private capital, which effectively reproduced the (de)regulation of multinational corporations.

The child soldier problem is an escalating and growing phenomenon around the world. It is a complex issue as it involves a wide range of areas such as human rights, politics and cultures. A comprehensive legal framework is in place to protect children in armed conflicts, yet they are still being targeted, recruited and deployed in armed groups and organizations. The purpose of this study is to conduct an exhaustive examination of current international law, de lege lata, regarding child soldiers aged 15-18. The legal-dogmatic method will be used to identify the merits, but above all the shortcomings and problems of the legislation. The result shows that international law treats children differently in terms of age and when they are no longer considered child soldiers. The findings demonstrate the difficulties between the two frameworks of international humanitarian law and international human rights law in relation to child rights and protection issues. Furthermore, it has been discovered that the international law regarding child soldiers is outdated, contradictory and inconsistent, as society and warfare have changed since the adoption of the documents. The lack of legal sanctions against recruiters and enablers complicates the situation even further.

Cette recherche doctorale s'inscrit dans un contexte d’importants changements dans le domaine du droit des personnes trans dans les Amériques, où un nombre croissant de juridictions ont récemment reconnu leur droit à la rectification du nom et de la mention de sexe sur une base auto déclarative. L'étude explore des hypothèses expliquant le contraste entre une telle avancée formelle et la marginalisation de cette population. À cette fin, les réformes juridiques qui ont eu lieu entre 2014 et 2019 au Brésil et au Québec ont été analysées. Il s’agit des deux plus grandes juridictions américaines - l'une au nord et l'autre au sud - régies par le civil law en matière de rectification du nom et de la mention du sexe. Dans la première partie de la thèse, il est présenté une rétrospective sur la question des identités trans au cours des quatre dernières décennies (Chapitre 1), ainsi que les réformes analysées dans la recherche, qui couvrent les débats juridiques qui ont eu lieu dans les deux juridictions lors de la suppression des exigences médicalisantes pour rectifier la mention du sexe des personnes transgenres (Chapitre 2). La deuxième partie du travail analyse ces réformes d'un point de vue critique, problématisant le fait que la pathologisation sert toujours de base à un standard de crédibilité distinct pour l'identité de genre des personnes trans et celle des personnes non-trans (Chapitre 3), indiquant le déficit démocratique observé dans les réformes (Chapitre 4). Le résultat de l'étude montre que le paradigme de justice sur lequel se fondent les réformes analysées est insuffisant pour surmonter la subordination subie par les personnes trans, exigeant que la grammaire des droits soit supplémentée par celle de la reconnaissance, en particulier en ce qui concerne les conditions symboliques et culturelles de la parité participative. La contribution de la recherche a été de démontrer le rôle que joue le Droit dans le maintien des inégalités sociales et son potentiel en tant qu'instrument d'émancipation sociale lorsque ses bases sont revues à la lumière des nouvelles connaissances scientifiques. Les résultats de la recherche démontrent qu'une telle révision est nécessaire pour mettre le droit interne en conformité avec les paradigmes éthico-moraux des sociétés pluralistes contemporaines, ainsi que pour que l'état civil continue à avoir sa place dans des sociétés comme la Brésilienne et la Québécoise. La recherche a aussi abordé certaines demandes non-réglées dans les deux juridictions, comme l'extension du droit à rectification aux enfants et adolescents trans et la pertinence même de la mention du sexe à des fins d'identification. En incorporant des discussions sur genre et identité, la recherche fourni le domaine du Droit avec des analyses critiques que peuvent contribuer aux stratégies pour contrer les mécanismes qui bloquent l'émancipation sociale de groupes historiquement subordonnés. / This Ph.D. research joins a context of substantial changes on trans people’s rights in the American continent, where an increasing number of jurisdictions now authorizes the rectification of trans people’s gender on their birth records and official documents through a self-declarative basis. The study explores the disparity between these legal improvements and the continued marginalization of trans people by analyzing the legal reforms on this topic recently approved in Brazil and Quebec. Its first part presents a last four-decade retrospective on trans people rights (Chapter 1), as well as the legal debates on both jurisdictions regarding the withdrawal of pathologizing requirements for name and sex mention rectification (Chapter 2). The second part analyzes these legal changes from a critical perspective, problematizing the fact that, despite the achievements, the medicalization continues to operate as a basis for an inequal standard on gender identity credibility for trans and non-trans subjects (Chapter 3), partly explained by the democratic deficit seen in those reforms (Chapter 4). It sought to demonstrate that the paradigm of justice on which such reforms are based is inadequate to overcome trans people social subordination, requiring a grammar of rights to be supplemented by one of recognition, particularly on the conditions for participatory parity. The research shows the role of Law in upkeeping social inequalities while also revealing its potential as an instrument of social emancipation once its foundations are reviewed in the light of new scientific knowledge. It also establishes that such a review is not only necessary to make domestic law compatible with the ethical-moral paradigms of our existing pluralist societies, but it is also crucial to preserve the prominent role of civil registry both in Brazil and Quebec. The comparative analysis also approaches areas that remain unsettled in both jurisdictions, such as the legal rectification by trans children and youth and the very appropriateness of sex mention for identification purposes. It provides the legal field with a critical analysis that can guide actions and strategies aimed at overcoming mechanisms that block social emancipation for subordinated groups. / Esta pesquisa de doutorado se insere em um contexto de rápidas e importantes mudanças ocorridas no campo do direito das pessoas trans no continente americano nos últimos anos, onde um crescente número de jurisdições passou a autorizar a retificação registral de pessoas trans sob uma base autodeclarativa. O estudo explorou hipóteses que poderiam explicar o contraste entre tal avanço formal e a persistência da marginalização dessa população, o que se verifica tanto em países do sul quanto do norte global. Para tanto, foram analisadas reformas legais ocorridas entre 2014 e 2019 no Brasil e no Quebec, as duas maiores jurisdições americanas – uma do norte e outra do sul – regidas pela civil law no que se refere a retificação do nome e da menção de sexo no registro civil. Na primeira parte do trabalho, é apresentada uma retrospectiva sobre a questão das identidades trans nas últimas quatro décadas (Capítulo 1), bem como as reformas objeto de análise da pesquisa, que cobrem os debates jurídicos ocorridos em ambas as jurisdições quando da retirada dos requisitos patologizantes para a retificação da menção de sexo de pessoas trans (Capítulo 2). A segunda parte do trabalho analisa tais reformas a partir de uma perspectiva crítica, problematizando o fato de que a patologização ainda serve de fundamento para a existência de standards de credibilidade distintos sobre a identidade de gênero de pessoas trans e não trans (Capítulo 3), apontando-se para o déficit democrático verificado nas reformas (Capítulo 4). O resultado do estudo sugere que o paradigma de Justiça nos quais as reformas analisadas se fundam é inadequado para superar a subalternização sofrida pelas pessoas trans, exigindo que a gramática da luta por direitos seja complementada por uma da luta por reconhecimento, em particular no que tange às condições simbólico-culturais para a paridade participativa. A contribuição desta pesquisa foi a de demonstrar o papel que o Direito desempenha na manutenção das desigualdades sociais e sua potencialidade como instrumento de transformação e emancipação social desde que suas bases fundacionais sejam revistas à luz dos novos conhecimentos científicos. Os resultados demonstram que tal revisão é necessária para compatibilizar o Direito interno aos paradigmas ético-morais das sociedades pluralistas contemporâneas, bem como para que instituições como o registro civil conservem sua relevância em sociedades como a brasileira e a quebequense. A análise comparada das reformas legais também permitiu tratar de disputas que permanecem em aberto em ambas as jurisdições, como a extensão do direito às crianças e adolescentes trans e a própria pertinência do uso da menção de sexo para fins de identificação civil, buscando subsidiar o campo jurídico com análises críticas que, ao incorporarem problemáticas de gênero, possam orientar ações e estratégias voltadas à superação de mecanismos que bloqueiam a emancipação social de grupos historicamente subalternizados.

The purpose of this thesis is to prove the existence of the right to adequate healthcare through a critical analysis of the law of obligations, constitutional law and international law framed in the wider focal point of South African medical law. The Constitution only makes provision for the right to access to health care. Conclusively this thesis will have to establish a link between a minimum standard in health care and the Constitution. It is submitted that the most efficacious method of establishing this link is with the duty of care, which is intrinsically linked to the doctor-patient relationship. If a critical analysis of the doctor-patient relationship can establish a clear link between the duty of care and state liability then such a link can successfully be applied to the Constitution. If this link is transposed onto the Constitution, a critical evaluation of the rights in the Bill of Rights will then reveal the most applicable right that can house the right to an adequate standard of health care. Such an analysis is only part of the solution however. In order to make this right effective, the international body of medical laws must be critically analysed and juxtaposed against this adequate standard. This carries the dual purpose of adding normative content as well as determining the current state of South Africa’s obligations under international human rights law, and to what extent those obligations have been discharged. Finally, and most significantly, the right to adequate healthcare, as it was forged in the international legal analysis, will be transposed onto the current South African jurisprudence of socio-economic rights. This practical application will then be reflected onto the new National Health Care Insurance to show conclusively that the current governmental approach of effecting health care is wholly inoperable and will ultimately result in significant harm and extensive human rights violations. This is based on the government only considering access to health care sufficient to discharge its duties and being totally incapable of effectively managing its resources. The core outcome for this thesis is to prove the existence of the right to adequate healthcare. Secondary outcomes are tracing the history of medicine to illustrate the creation and evolution of the doctor-patient relationship, a critical analysis of the application of medical ethics to South African law of obligations, a critical analysis of the Constitution and its fundamentals, an exhaustive evaluation of South Africa’s duties and accomplishments under its international obligations and effectively applying the right to adequate healthcare which is diametrically opposed to the current course South Africa is taking to provide health care. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Public Law / unrestricted