A presente tese versa sobre a cooperação internacional em saúde como um mecanismo de fortalecimento do direito humano à saúde, de forma específica no bloco regional da União das Nações Sul-Americanas (Unasul). Desde 1945, quando a Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) é criada, a cooperação internacional se fundamenta como propósito e postulado jurídico para o alcance dos direitos humanos. Ainda assim, à luz da Teoria das Relações Internacionais, os Estados podem se relacionar de maneira conflituosa ou de maneira cooperativa. As formas mais extremas dessas duas possibilidades são a guerra e a integração. Artigo 1º - Os propósitos das Nações Unidas são: (...)3. Conseguir uma cooperação internacional para resolver os problemas internacionais de caráter econômico, social, cultural ou humanitário, e para promover e estimular o respeito aos direitos humanos e as liberdades fundamentais para todos, sem distinção de raça, sexo, língua ou religião (...). No caso desta pesquisa, a hipótese aplica-se na assertiva de que a cooperação internacional em saúde entre os países membros da Unasul - bloco regional de integração política - contribui para o fortalecimento do direito à saúde. No contexto dessa tese, compreendemos que o fortalecimento se dá com a adoção de mecanismos e processos de garantia do direito à saúde, tais como a criação de órgãos e instituições especializados no tema, a adoção de resoluções, de recomendações e demais instrumentos jurídicos que reconheçam a saúde como um direito, e que orientem e apoiem os países na formulação de políticas públicas em saúde. O fortalecimento do direito à saúde via cooperação, no contexto do bloco regional, ocorrerá na medida em que (i) se desenvolvam as relações entre esses países através do intercâmbio de experiências e da propositura de metas e estratégias comuns para o enfrentamento de problemas de saúde; (ii) proporcione uma compreensão e reconhecimento conjunto quanto à saúde como direito humano; e (iii) se estabeleçam órgãos e instituições especializados no tema. / This thesis deals with international health cooperation as a mechanism for strengthening the human right to health, specifically in the regional bloc of the Union of South American Nations (Unasur). Since 1945, when the United Nations (UN) was created, international cooperation is founded as purpose and legal postulate for the achievement of human rights 1. Still, in the light of International Relations Theory (DE LOMBAERDE; VAN LANGENHOVE, 2013), States may relate in a confrontational or cooperative way. The most extreme forms of these two possibilities are war and integration. Article 1 - The purpose of the United Nations are: (...) 3. To achieve international cooperation to solve international problems of economic, social, cultural or humanitarian law caracter, and to promote and encourage respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion (...). In the case of this research, the hypothesis applies in the statement that international cooperation in health among the Member countries of Unasur - regional bloc of political integration - contributes to the strengthening of the right to health. In the context of this thesis, one understands that strengthening is with the adoption of mechanisms and processes to guarantee the right to health, such as the creation of specialized bodies and institutions on the subject, the adoption of resolutions, recommendations and other instruments recognize legal health as a right, and to guide and support the countries in the formulation of public health policies. The strengthening of the right to health via cooperation, in the context of the regional bloc, shall occur to the extent that (i) relations among these countries are developed through the exchange of experiences and the bringing of common goals and strategies for dealing with health problems; (ii) an understanding and recognition set as to health as a human right is provided; and (iii) specialized bodies and institutions on the subject are established.

Contexto: O Programa de Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (PACS) existe há mais de 20 anos no Brasil, tendo lugar de destaque no cenário mundial por sua larga escala e integração com equipes da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). Apesar da dimensão do PACS e da ESF no Brasil, há poucos estudos avaliando o seu impacto. Em Luanda, Angola, o PACS, inspirado no modelo brasileiro, começou a ser implantado em 2007. O suporte técnico do Brasil foi solicitado para apoiar o processo, o que gerou um projeto de cooperação envolvendo instituições brasileiras e angolanas. Objetivos: Sumarizar a evidência conhecida da efetividade do Agente Comunitário de Saúde (ACS) no Brasil e avaliar a implantação de um programa da mesma natureza em Angola por meio de um processo de cooperação técnica Brasil-Angola. Métodos: Uma revisão sistemática da literatura foi realizada, usando o sistema GRADE para avaliação do nível de evidência. Para a análise da implantação do PACS de Luanda, foi feito estudo de caso com técnicas principalmente qualitativas: análise documental, registros das fichas dos ACS, observação direta, nove entrevistas com gestores e seis grupos focais com ACS. Resultados: Na revisão sistemática, foram incluídos 23 estudos, 14 (61%) dos quais avaliaram o ACS no contexto do PACS/ESF. Quanto ao desfecho, 13 estudos (56%) focaram em saúde materno-infantil, sete (30%) em doenças infecciosas, seis (26%) em problemas crônicos e dois (9%) na redução de iniquidades. O delineamento foi transversal ou de comparação antes e depois em 65% dos estudos. Apesar da baixa qualidade da evidência para a maioria dos desfechos, encontramos benefício do ACS (nível de evidência moderado) para frequência de pesagem em crianças, prevalência de amamentação (total, predominante e exclusiva) e introdução tardia da mamadeira. Quanto ao PACS de Luanda, 2548 ACS foram formados até junho de 2009, com 261.357 famílias cadastradas, representando 60% da cobertura prevista. Por meio de dados qualitativos, houve associação do PACS com melhora na saúde materno-infantil e com aumento da procura de serviços de saúde. Apesar disso, o programa enfrenta dificuldades que ameaçam a sua sustentabilidade: falta de remuneração regular e vínculo administrativo do ACS; necessidade de formação adequada, supervisão contínua e estratégias de avaliação; e pouca capacidade de resposta do serviço de saúde. Conclusões: Existe evidência, embora geralmente com qualidade limitada, mostrando efeito benéfico de intervenções do ACS no Brasil, especialmente para desfechos relacionados à saúde materno-infantil. Dada a dimensão do investimento brasileiro em ACS, investigar o benefício associado a esse profissional desponta como tema prioritário de pesquisa, o que também estimula o papel do Brasil na cooperação com Angola e outros países. O Brasil tem potencial de contribuir para a implantação do PACS em Angola, compartilhando a sua própria experiência com ACS no contexto do SUS e fornecendo suporte técnico a partir das demandas apresentadas, principalmente na avaliação do programa. Além disso, os aprendizados da cooperação são uma oportunidade para o Brasil repensar seus próprios desafios. No contexto geral, a intensificação das estratégias de avaliação desponta como necessidade urgente no âmbito da estruturação dos sistemas de saúde. / Context: The Communnity Health Workers Program (CHWP) exists for more than 20 years in Brazil, and is being acknowledged internationally for its large scale and integration with Family Health Strategy (FHS) teams. Despite massive investment in Community Health Workers (CHWs) expansion, there are few studies documenting their impact in Brazil. In Luanda, Angola, a CHWP inspired in the Brazilian model is being deployed since 2007. Brazil‟s technical support was demanded from the beginning of the implementation process, originating a cooperation project involving various Brazilian and Angolan institutions. Objectives: To summarize available evidence of the effectiveness of CHWs in Brazil, and to evaluate the implementation of a similar program in Angola, by means of technical cooperation with Brazil. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted, using GRADE to assess the level of evidence. For the analysis of CHWP implementation in Luanda, we chose the case study design, using mainly qualitative techniques: documental analysis, data from CHWs‟ reports, direct observation, nine interviews with program coordinators and six focal groups with CHWs. Results: In the systematic review, 23 studies were included, 14 (61%) of which assessed the CHW linked to PACS/FHS. Concerning outcomes, 13 studies (56%) focused on maternal and child health, seven (30%) on infectious diseases, six (26%) on chronic health problems, and two (9%) on inequities reduction. Design was cross-sectional or before and after comparison in 65% of studies. Despite the low quality of evidence for the majority of outcomes, we found significant beneficial effect with CHWs (moderate evidence level) for frequency of weighing children, prevalence of breastfeeding (overall, predominant and exclusive) and late introduction of bottle-feeding. As for the analysis of program implementation in Luanda, 2548 CHWs were trained, with 261,357 families registered by June 2009, which represents 60% of planned coverage. According to qualitative data, CHWP was associated with improvements in maternal and child health and with increase in the demand for health assistance. Nevertheless, the program faces important difficulties that could prevent its sustainability: lack of regular payments and stable contracts for CHWs; need for formal training, continuous supervision and evaluation strategy; and reduced health service capacity. Conclusions: With the systematic review, we could conclude that there is evidence, in spite of its overall limited quality, showing beneficial effect of CHW interventions, especially those related to maternal and child health. Given the scale of the Brazilian investment in CHWs, investigating their specific contribution is a priority in the health research agenda, further stimulating the role Brazil can play in the cooperation with Angola and other countries, by sharing the experience with CHWs in the context of Brazil‟s universal health system, and by providing technical support, according to the needs arising in the implementation process, especially in program evaluation. At the same time, learning from Angola, Brazil has the opportunity to reflect on its own policies and challenges. In general, intensification of evaluation strategies is highlighted as an urgent need within the context of health systems‟ strengthening. / Telemedicina

An increasingly popular way for global citizens to contribute to communities around the world is through international volunteering. In tandem with this growing trend, academic research in the field has increased to explore the goals, motivations, and impacts of international service on volunteers, host communities, and volunteer-sending organizations. One of the larger gaps in our understanding of global civic engagement though is the specifics of how and why, as well as the overall impact of international service on, host organizations that seek and/or accept international volunteers. Using an exploratory research design to collect and analyze survey data and open-ended email inquiry responses from almost 250 organizational representatives in 50+ countries, this dissertation expands the breadth and depth of knowledge on the relationship between host organizations and international volunteers. Findings include a broad and varied range of potential motivations for hosting international volunteers, from direct benefits to the host organization like leveraging organizational capacity to benefits extended to the broader community and volunteers themselves such as providing opportunities for cross-cultural interaction. In addition, host organization characteristics and opinions were compared between two global regions - Africa and Asia - and statistically significant relationships identified between characteristics and opinions of host organizations and their reported satisfaction with international volunteers. This study contributes new data on and from organizations that host international volunteers. Research findings also support and expand the field's understanding of international volunteer engagement as it relates specifically to organizational capacity and social capital theory.

La mondialisation et la quête vers la diversité au sein des multinationales confrontent celles-ci à un défi d’envergure : fournir un cadre propice au développement de talents venant du monde entier. L’internationalisation a un grand impact sur l’économie, en particulier, sur le secteur automobile. Celui-ci est encore très présent sur le marché domestique européen, mais dépendant du marché étranger – en termes de coûts de production, de clientèle et de fournisseurs. Cela en fait un terrain d’enquête particulièrement passionnant concernant le travail d’équipes multiculturelles. Le métier et la formation d’ingénieur, très importants dans le secteur technique, sont également analysés sous un angle culturel. Pour illustrer nos propos, nous utiliserons l’exemple du groupe BMW. Nous nous intéressons en particulier à cinq dimensions de la coopération d’équipes multiculturelles. La première est la motivation, la seconde l’intégration des membres de l’équipe. Ensuite, nous regardons quelles compétences sont nécessaires à un chef de groupe afin de diriger ce genre d’équipe. Finalement, la communication et surtout l’usage de la langue sont analysés. La langue joue un rôle particulier pour cette cotutelle. D’une part, le travail théorique tente de rendre compte au mieux des écoles de pensée françaises, allemandes et anglophones. D’autre part, le travail pratique est également effectué en français, allemand et anglais en vue des langues utilisées dans le travail quotidien de l’équipe. L’étude empirique effectuée à cet effet, vise à partager l’expérience d’équipes multiculturelles au sein du groupe. Cela permet d’établir un état des lieux de leurs conditions de travail et à en déduire des conseils pour d’autres équipes au sein de l’organisation pour le futur de l’entreprise ou l’intérêt d’autres acteurs travaillant dans un contexte culturel similaire. / The globalisation and the quest for diversity within multinational firms confront them to a big challenge : to provide a frame in order to develop talents from all over the world. The internationalisation has a big impact, especially, on the automotive sector. It is still very present on the domestic market, but also dependent on the foreign market – regarding costs of production, customers and suppliers. This makes it a fascinating field of study regarding work within multicultural teams. The profession and education as engineer, very important in technical domains, are also analysed from a cultural point of view. To illustrate our purpose we will use the example of the BMW Group. We are particularly interested in five dimensions of the work within multicultural teams. The first one is the motivation, the second one the integration of the team members. Then, we look at which competencies a team leader needs in order to manage this team. Finally, the communication and especially the use of the language are analysed. Thelanguage plays a particuliar role for this cotutelle. On the one hand, the theoretical work tries to describe the related French, German and English work. On the other hand, the applied work is also done in French, German and English regarding the languages used by the team in its daily work. The empirical study aims to share the experience of multicultural teams within thegroup. This helps to identify the status quo of their working conditions and to deduce advice for other teams within the organisation in the future.

Today, there is a general notion that water resources are best managed according to their river basins. River basin management may be approached from a wide variety of angles. This thesis focuses on information management, institutional arrangements and strategic policy support, with special reference to the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). The overall objective is to examine strategies, possibilities and hindrances for river basin management, with the ultimate goal of identifying key aspects to be considered - and prioritised - for “successful” European water management and WFD implementation. An assessment of the information management of three transboundary water regimes in Europe showed that a technical/scientific paradigm ap-pears to dominate in river basin accords. This is visible, for example, in the data collection, which is dominated by state and environmental impact information, and the use of passive channels for communicating with stakeholders and other interest groups. The studies addressing institutional arrangements for river basin management according to the WFD showed that the implementa-tion level of the directive is relatively low – both at national and international levels. For instance, competent authorities have not been established (strictly) according to the borders of the estab-lished River Basin District (RBDs). Further, in international RBDs, the ambitions and plans for cooperation vary considerably. Despite the general low implementation level, steps have still been taken in the “direction” of river basin management. At the national level, all examined countries have established RBDs according to river basins, and at the international level, joint river basin management plans will probably be coordinated for a majority of river basins shared by EU Member States. However, the same pattern could not be discerned for river basins extending outside the borders of the EU. In order to support strategic policy making on issues related to the implementation of the WFD, two assessments were made, one addressing international co-operation and water quality in the Baltic Sea Region, and one encompassing rankings of all the newly established RBDs based on a number of identical indicators. Although there is a need to refine these assessments, they may be regarded as simple – but yet robust – models for bench-marking. / QC 20100914

Background International cooperation became a wide-spread way of exchanging experience and ideas between organizations of the non-profit sector all over the world. The exchange of new ideas and experience on the international level can very often contain cases of policy transfer, which beyond all doubts can influence the participants of international cooperation. Aim The aim of the presented Master's thesis consists of the investigation and analysis of international project on violence prevention between Swedish and Ukrainian NGOs, assessing and verifying the representation in the project the particular case of policy transfer. Method In order to collect the empirical data, mixed qualitative methods were used in this thesis, which included the concept of triangulation used for the data collection. Result The conduction of the presented qualitative research gave an opportunity to uncover and examine the different roles played by Ukrainian and Swedish NGOs in the welfare systems of their respective countries. It also became possible to observe an occurrence of a particular form of cooperation between the two NGOs in the international cooperation project, which can be related to a particular type of policy transfer. Conclusions Due to the fact that the project analysed in this study is still ongoing, it is still too early to derive any final conclusion about its achievements and formulate an evaluation concerning the nature of the policy transfer process. So far the author of the presented thesis can see that the project on its current stage has an occurrence of lesson-drawing policy transfer.

Questo studio tratta dei rapporti della cooperazione internazionale per lo sviluppo che favorisce lo scambio tra culture. Si tratta di una ricerca socio-antropologica sull’orientamento cognitivo di entrambi gli attori della cooperazione: chi fornisce e chi riceve l’aiuto. Lo studio è realizzato su due fronti: in Mozambico, in un progetto di cooperazione, e in Italia con membri delle ONG. La tesi sostiene che la cooperazione non solo propone progetti atti a modificare una situazione nei PVS, ma unisce culture favorendo lo scambio di contenuti, opinioni divergenti, abitudini, ecc., trasformandoli in un continuo processo di ‘miscegenation’. La maggior parte delle ONG implementa progetti sul principio della sussidiarietà affrontando difficoltà per stimolare l’‘azione’ per apportare cambiamenti dal basso. La cooperazione è anche fautrice della fusione di culture che genera nuove correnti di pensiero, creando opinioni critiche nei confronti delle idee prevalenti, e provvede voce a movimenti sociali dal basso. In una macro-prospettiva, la globalizzazione continua ad avere un ruolo preponderante nei PVS: il Mozambico non è ancora decolonizzato. Il termine ‘sviluppo’ mantiene tuttora un pregiudizio evolutivo Eurocentrico, e non dovrebbe essere più associato alla crescita economica, e per ottenere un mondo equo non basta ‘empower’ i poveri, è necessario ‘disempower’ i ricchi. / This study addresses the relationships on international cooperation for development that put cultures into motion. This is a socio-anthropological research that outlines the cognitive orientation of both sides in the international cooperation: who provides and who receives Aid. The locus of the investigation is an international cooperation project in Mozambique, along with interviews with Italian NGOs practitioners. The thesis argues that international cooperation not only provides projects apt to change situation in developing countries, but unites cultures that mutually exchange meanings, disagreements, habits, etc., in a continuous process of cultural ‘miscegenation’. Although most NGOs propose bottom-up approach to development, usually projects start from the top, and they face difficulties to stimulate the agency to change from below. International cooperation also generates new lines of though, and usually gives voice to counter-current social movements. In a macro perspective, globalization continues to play a dominant role in the poorest countries, and Mozambique has not been fully decolonized yet. The meaning of the term Development still maintains an Eurocentric and evolutionary bias. However, development should not be anymore associated to economic growth and if we really want to achieve an equal world, there is also the need to ‘disempower’ the rich.

This thesis discusses the background, contents and airpolitical consequences of the so-called 'Horizontal Agreements ("HA"),' concluded by the European Union ("EU") with third countries to give effect to the European Court of Justice's ("Court"/"ECJ") decision of November 2002 in the 'Open Skies' cases brought by the European Commission ("EC"/"Commission") against certain EU Member States. / The Court's decision outlaws the nationality or 'ownership and control' clause in the bilateral ('Open Skies') agreements concluded with the United States by those Member States. As this clause is a standard provision in all bilateral air services agreements, the Court's decision actually obliges the Member States to amend those agreements and replace the said clauses by provisions which do not discriminate on the basis of nationality. / The Member States have in the meantime mandated the Commission to engage in such negotiations on their behalf on the basis of a jointly developed Model Horizontal Agreement ("MHA"), containing a non-discriminatory so-called Community clause and some other provisions on matters within the exclusive competence of the Community. / This research thus examines the legal and airpolitical implications of these Horizontal Agreements, which the Commission has concluded in the meantime and continues to propose to third countries. In this connection, attention is given to the scenario of the anticipated Horizontal Agreement negotiations between the EU and the Republic of Korea.

Abstract not available. / Thesis (LL.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.

The ICC, which came into force in 2002, was held up by human rights activists as a force that would transform a culture of impunity into a culture of accountability. However, after five years of activity, the evidence suggests that the Court's effect has been mixed. Its ability to achieve retributive justice, broader reconciliation and restorative justice, as well as to deter future offences and promote peace has been variable, at best. Despite the Court's claim that politics are not its job, political missteps and support are adversely affecting the work of a judicious Court. Using the cases of Uganda and Darfur, this paper argues that the most significant factors impacting the Court's ability to achieve the four aims outlined are its lack of enforcement capacity, lack of international political will, the result of geo-political interests and concerns over the norm of state sovereignty, and lack of attention to political context by the Court itself.