本研究以内容分析法分析台灣公共電視與TVBS新聞台晚間新聞中國際新聞的數量、編排、資訊娛樂化與馴化策略的呈現，共分析公共電視140則，TVBS新聞台80則，合共221則國際新聞。 本研究發現：1）台灣電子媒體的國際新聞在内容上依然以嚴肅的政治與經濟主題為主。然而，資訊娛樂化的主題在台灣電子媒體中依然佔相當的比例。2）商業電視台較公營電視台更常以資訊娛樂為主題與以娛樂性角度報導國際新聞。而根據本研究所發展出來的「内在資訊娛樂化指數」，商業電視台之資訊娛樂化程度較公共電視高。3）引用西方媒體如CNN與BBC的國際新聞之「内在資訊娛樂化指數」較低，而引用非西方媒體或沒有引用外國媒體的國際新聞「内在資訊娛樂化指數」則最高。4）本研究發現台灣電視國際新聞中落後國家較的資訊娛樂化程度較已發展國家與發展中國家為低。5）本研究也發現在外在資訊娛樂化的部分，台灣電子媒體在視覺包裝的使用較不常見。 本研究結果同時也指出台灣電子媒體之國際新聞的地域角度中較重視國外新聞。在馴化策略的使用中不管是地圖的使用或影響的説明都偏低，研究同時也發現在本地消息來源的使用上，台灣電子媒體均以名人與專家為主。比較公營電視台與商業電視台則發現公營電視台較重視國際新聞中本地消息來源之聲音。 / Employing content analysis, this study examines the quantity, format, infotainment phenomena and domestication strategies of international news in two Taiwan television stations. This study analyzes a total number of 221 international news, consisting 140 international news from Taiwan Public Broadcast Station, and 80 from TVBS News Channel. From this study, it is concluded that: 1) political related topic dominate Taiwan international news, however infotainment topic such as human interest, entertainment, and sports news also occupied a large part of international news in Taiwan; 2) commercial station are more vulnerable to infotainment both in news topic and news perspective than public station, and according to the “Internal Infotainment Index” developed in this study, commercial station shows a higher degree of infotainment than public station; 3) news material that comes from Western sources such as CNN and BBC shown less degree of infotainment than news material that comes from non-Western sources or original news; 4) news of developed countries and developing countries have higher degree of infotainment than less developed countries; 5) visual package such as background music and animation are not often employ in international news in Taiwan. This study also concluded that international news in Taiwan emphasizes in foreign event. The usage of map and influence as linkage of domestic audience and international news are rare. This study also found that both stations are more likely to refer to or cite local celebrities and professionals to emphasis the importance of certain international affairs; however public station is stress more on voice of local public than the commercial station in international news.

There has been significant academic criticism of the international news coverage of Africa, but little or no first-hand research on the forces that create this news. This thesis draws on 51 semi-structured interviews and ethnographic work with practicing foreign correspondents in Sudan, Kenya and Uganda to explore the question: how can we explain and theorise the production of international news on East Africa? The thesis argues that Pierre Bourdieu’s Field Theory, and its analytical toolbox of ‘field’, ‘capital’ and ‘habitus’, can be meaningfully used to examine international journalistic practice. Field theory has been widely and productively used to understand domestic news production, but it has not yet been employed to empirically investigate journalistic production in the global sphere. The analysis is presented in three sections, each of which focuses on a different ‘layer’ of the international news system: the global field, where newswires compete for clients and capital; the national field ‘back home’ where traditional, nation based news outlets are based; and, finally, the local and immediate site where foreign correspondents work. Each of these layers is explored through an in depth case study of a major news producer/group of producers working in East Africa. The first and most substantial section examines the global journalistic field, and the position and practices of the Reuters newswire within this field. The second examines the foreign correspondents who report on Africa for print outlets in the UK. The final section presents two case studies of correspondents at work, negotiating a local news ecology: the election violence in Kenyan (2007-8), and the international coverage of the Darfur crisis. The discussion explores the fluidity between these three layers. Each analysis section stands alone as an investigations of major news producers in Africa today, and the forces that influence their work. Together, they build the argument that field theory is a useful approach to conceptualising the contemporary global news system, and examining journalistic practices within this. The main strengths of the theory lie in its notion of habitus; the extent to which it can incorporate and explain change; and its ability to link macro level phenomenon with micro level practice. The theory is ideally suited to capture and study the way in which foreign correspondents negotiate a complex and fluid global news system.

人類進入21 世紀，原本應是強調多元、協調、和平、進步的氛圍，但竟然就 在連第一個十年的一半都尚未結束，就爆發了即使是戰亂頻繁的20 世紀也難 得一見的大規模戰爭─伊拉克戰爭；當然，伊拉克戰爭有著基督教世界與回教 世界對抗的歷史遠因，也有著美國遭受911 恐怖攻擊的近因，但其所造成的影 響可能會牽動21 世紀。 伊拉克戰爭自然是眾所矚目的重大國際新聞事件，過去一向遭質疑國際觀不夠 的台灣媒體並沒有在報導此重大新聞中缺席，甚至，許多媒體還派出記者親赴 戰區傳回第一手新聞，加上新傳播科技的助力，從統計分析來看，台灣主要報 紙媒體在報導21 世紀頭一場戰爭中的表現，較過去為醒目。但本研究分析國 內3 大主要報紙媒體有關伊拉克戰爭的報導，並在相同的基礎上對比美國專業 新聞標竿與輿論領導品牌Washington Post，再納入事件行銷概念，希望能以更佳的高度、廣度、和深度上，探究國內報紙媒體報導國際重大新聞事件的作為。 / As it ushered in the 21st century, the world was supposed to enter an atmosphere that focused on peace, diversity, harmony and progress. However, in less than half of the first decade of the century, the United States waged a war on Iraq. The large scale of the war was even rarely seen in the 20th century that was frequently troubled by wars and turmoil. Of course, the centuries-old conflict between Christianity and Islam is one reason, while the terrorists attacks on the United States on Sept. 11, 2001 is another. The Iraq war could have a profound impact on the rest of the 21st century. The Iraq war received the attention of the media worldwide, including those in Taiwan that had often been criticized for the lack of sufficient international news coverage. Many media outlets even assigned reporters to the war zone in Iraq for the first-hand reporting with the use of new technologies. Statistics collected for this paper show that major newspapers in Taiwan have provided improved coverage for the first war in the 21st century than previous wars. This paper’s analysis focuses on Iraq war-related reports in three major Chinese-language newspapers in Taiwan and compares them with those reports in the Washington Post, a leading and influential U.S. newspaper. To provide a wide-scope and in-depth analysis, this paper also aims to discuss the role of the concept of event marketing in the coverage of major international events by news media in Taiwan.

This study investigates the values that the print media place on human lives in an international context. This was conducted by examining the coverage of death in international news. Although the research literature shows a number of studies that examined the coverage of death, this particular study differs from previous studies because all such previous research has had either a narrow focus or shortcomings in their research methods. In this context, this study is a comprehensive evaluation of how newspapers cover death in foreign news. By focussing on quality newspapers in Germany and Australia, namely the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, the Süddeutsche, The Australian and the Sydney Morning Herald, the study identified the differences in the coverage of death in these newspapers. In particular the study examined whether these newspapers gave preference in any form to reports of death from countries that were culturally similar as opposed to countries that were culturally dissimilar countries. The study further examined and highlighted the basis on which journalists in Germany and Australia made news decisions about whether or not to cover foreign events that included death and what criteria informed their news decisions. By applying a cultural framework developed especially for the purpose of examining international news, the study found clear evidence that journalists primarily look for a cultural connection to their own country in making news judgments in regard to foreign news coverage. The framework used in this study was based on the following four cultural dimensions: world views, value systems, systems of social organisation and systems of symbolic representation. In this regard, an event in which a large number of people have died, but which is located in a country that does not have many links along these dimensions with the newspaper’s home country will not necessarily rate very highly. In contrast, an event involving a few dead people would rate highly if the event occurred in a country with which the newspaper’s home country has many links along the four dimensions. In this regard, issues such as news fatigue, also called compassion fatigue, can be overcome by a cultural connection to another country. Differences in how German and Australian quality newspapers treated stories about foreign death, both in the use of language and the use of photographs, were also examined in detail. In this regard, Australian newspapers were found to display relatively more tabloid characteristics than German newspapers, with clear differences in the language used when describing death. Differences in the use of graphic photographs were not as clear, though distinctions could still be made to a certain degree across national lines. In general, journalists’ approaches to how they treated death could also be traced back to some distinct cultural differences between Germany and Australia.

本研究以中天新聞台作為台灣電視新聞頻道國際新聞節目製播策略的初探性研究個案，以內容分析法分析其國際新聞節目「文茜的世界周報」的節目內容規劃與呈現，並深度訪談中天電視台製播部視覺中心經理、新聞部節目專案中心主任及撰述委員，探究節目的定位與角色、人員及資源配置暨節目製播流程、製作技巧與創意及節目未來規劃願景。進一步訪問三位產學界的專家學者，了解理想國際新聞節目應具備的條件、國際新聞節目製播困境與突破的方法，同時針對「文茜的世界周報」製播成效加以評估。 研究發現中天新聞台政策性支持「文茜的世界周報」製播，節目由獨立運作的節目專案中心負責製作，因此享有的人力與資源相較其它新聞台豐富。節目從命名、片頭配樂、場景與鏡面設計皆突顯主持人強烈的個人風格，分析性與故事性的文稿，成為節目的定位與特色。未來規劃開發新的題材與議題，同時深化新聞專題的深度與廣度，以提升觀眾對國際情勢的了解。 根據內容分析結果顯示，報導區域以中國大陸最多，其次是歐盟、北美、東南亞與東北亞。報導主題以經濟新聞與政治新聞最多，其次為社會和文教新聞。陳述類型則以純淨新聞與新聞訊息彙整的新聞提要為主。 產學界專家學者則認為理想的國際新聞節目應提供文化與地理接近性的新聞議題，並培養本地記者實地採訪，賦予國際新聞在地觀點，深入解析事件脈絡與意涵。然而國際新聞節目製播往往受限於收視率壓力，故電視台經營者應調整國際新聞長期被邊緣化的角色，並尋求企業界支持贊助節目製播經費，製作量質兼具的國際新聞。最後，產學界專家學者認為「文茜的世界周報」節目風格鮮明，可增加觀眾對國際新聞的興趣，但主持人與撰述記者的個人詮釋框架，應維持新聞公正客觀，硬性與軟性新聞應各佔一定的比例，亦可試圖將硬性新聞與觀眾生活連結，達到雅俗共賞的目標。 / This case study on CTITV is to investigate the international news program production strategies of 24-7 news channels in Taiwan. Based on the content analysis and the in-depth interview with the visual design manager, the special programming center director and the reporter in CTITV, we explored the orientation and function of the program, “Sisy’s World News”, the allocation of the personnel and resources, the production process, the news production techniques and creativity, and the vision of the development of this program. Moreover, we interviewed three professionals and practitioners in journalism so as to elaborate the elements of the ideal international news program, the alternatives for the predicament of international news production and the evaluation on “Sisy’s World News”. The result of the study discovered that CTITV has been supportive to its international news production. Hence, the international news program, “Sisy’s World News”, is independently operated by the special programming center which capitalizes the comparatively rich personnel and resources of international news. This international news program has been distinguished from its name, insightful news scripts, audio and visual presentations which comprehensively manifest the host’s unique personal style. In the future, the director and the reporters are going to enrich the contents and topics to broaden the audience’s horizons. According to the result of content analysis, the program focused on Mainland China, European Union, North America, Southeast Asia and Northeast Asia. The theme was mostly related to business, politics, society, culture and education. Straight news and the news headlines which summarized the weekly news from the international press were the primary approaches of the presentation. The professionals indicated that the ideal international news program should provide the issues with cultural and geographical proximity for the audience. More importantly, the reporters should get more chances covering the news in person to interpret the news by their own observations and perspectives. However, rating is always the restriction of the international news production. The administrators should break the myth of rating and find more budget supporters for the better quantity and quality of the international news programs. Additionally, the proportion of the hard and soft news should be near equal. The host and the reporters in “Sisy’s World News” should be objective and cautious about the interpretations of the news and try to make the hard news relevant and interesting to the audience as well.

The study used quantitative content analysis to compare the international news content about Africa and the rest of the world in selected daily and weekly newspapers in Malawi and explored the extent to which economic factors, as represented by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), influence news flows about Africa into Malawi. The results showed dominance of the categories of war/international conflict and politics. International news agencies were the principal sources of news items for all the four papers. Though there were differences among the newspapers in the amount of space allocated to various categories such differences were minor. The study established that GDP is not a determinant of the amount of coverage a country receives. / Communication Science / M.A. (International Communication)

This comparative study conducted within the framework of world system theory aimed to analyse the international flow of news regarding the 2003 Iraq War in online newspapers representative of centre, semi-peripheral and peripheral countries. Two of the newspapers represent centre nations directly involved in the war. Overall, the findings confirmed that the extensive war coverage of the newspapers can in part be attributed to the status of the USA and the UK as centre nations. The findings furthermore indicate the importance of both event and context-related factors as filters in the selection of items for news coverage of the war. Distinct differences emerged in the coverage of newspapers from the three spheres of the world system. These differences can be ascribed to the attitudes of the newspapers towards the war, the use of sources in the war coverage, the propaganda strategies deployed and the framing of the events / Communication Science / M. A. (Internal Communication)

This dissertation examines the flow of economic news in Africa, in order to investigate the potential existence of regional hierarchies in international news flow. The research was based on a framework of theories on international news flow. A quantitative and qualitative content analysis of a sample of news articles published in Africa Investor, African Business and Business in Africa during 2007 and 2008 was analysed. The quantitative results showed that South Africa received the highest level of coverage and was covered to a greater extent than any other African country. The qualitative results indicated that there was clear evidence of regional hierarchy in the coverage of African countries: South Africa received extensive coverage probably due to the fact that it is the largest, most advanced and influential economy in the continent. The study showed that inequality in news coverage is not only a global issue, but also a regional one. / Communication Science / M.A. (International Communication)

The diploma thesis "Analysis of the Czech and American News Coverage of the 2008 Presidential Elections in the U.S. and American President" examined if American press, represented by The New Your Times, is influencing the coverage of presidential candidates in Czech press, which is represented by Mladá fronta DNES and Hospodářské noviny. The examination is based on the example of presidential race in 2008 in USA. The aim of the research is if there are signs of international two-step flow in Czech press. The second part of the research is focused on so called honeymoon effect in Czech press on the example of news Coverage of President Barack Obama in his first term in office. The quantitative content analysis showed that there are similar features in the coverage of presidential race in Czech and American press. The investigation also showed that Czech press is more positive in the coverage of Barrack Obama at the beginning of his first term in office and this positivity declined in the second year.

Cette thèse utilise une approche de type théorie ancrée, en constituant un corpus de 252 vidéos d’informations, diffusées par Al Jazeera English, Press TV English, Euronews English et France 24 English, sur les événements du Printemps Arabe, pour apporter des réponses aux trois questions suivantes : [QR1] : Comment les institutions dominantes de l’information ont elles affecté le flux de l’information internationale pendant les événements du Printemps Arabe ? [QR2] : Comment les événements du Printemps Arabe furent représentés sous forme de reportages ? Et [QR3] : Comment les contributions à l’information ont-elles été utilisées pour construire les reportages internationaux ? Les vidéos d’informations du corpus sont étudiées à travers une Analyse Critique du Discours. Par conséquent, l’analyse est complémentée par une recherche documentaire et par une recherche empirique, sous la forme d’interviews, sur les institutions dominantes de l’information du Printemps Arabe, comprenant les chaines d’information mentionnées précédemment ainsi que l’agence de presse AFP et l’agence UGC Crowdspark. De plus, les paysages de l’information et des médias du Bahreïn, de l’Egypte, de la Libye, de l’Arabie Saoudite, de la Syrie, de la Tunisie et du Yémen, entre 2011 et 2013, ont également été étudiés à partir de recherche documentaire. Il est apparu que tous ces pays avaient des lois strictes sur l’accès à l’information et la publication, tout particulièrement quand ces informations concernaient les autorités, la religion ou la sécurité du pays, amenant des actes de censure stricts et des menaces, qui ont eux-mêmes conduit à l’autocensure chez les acteurs de l’information locaux et internationaux. Cette recherche a montré que la plupart des événements du Printemps Arabe ont été représentés en utilisant des images des lieux des événements, avec une représentation internationale minime et avec des modèles de représentation de manifestations pacifiques lors des soulèvements en Egypte, en Syrie et au Yémen et des modèles de représentation d’émeutes violentes lors des soulèvement Bahreïnis et Tunisiens. Des modèles mettant en scène la destruction ou des explosions ont pu être observés dans les pays en proie à une quelconque forme de conflit, à savoir en Libye et en Syrie. Les images de mort et de souffrance étaient peu répandues et seulement prédominantes dans les informations représentant la mort de Gaddafi et l’attaque chimique dans le Ghouta. La majorité des interviews d’information ont donné voix aux acteurs importants des événements, par opposition aux experts sur le sujet. L’analyse critique du discours a permis de formuler des théories sur l’utilisation des différents contenus dans les informations internationales, à savoir : les interviews, le contenu amateur, les chiffres et les pourcentages, les citations et le contenu de télévision publique. / This thesis uses a grounded theory approach, by building a corpus of 252 news videos, broadcast by Al Jazeera English, Press TV English, Euronews English and France 24 English, on events of the Arab Spring, to answer three questions: [RQ1] how did the dominant institutions of information affect international news flow during the events of the Arab Spring? [RQ2] how were the events of the Arab Spring represented in form of news stories? And [RQ3] how was contributed material used to construct international news stories?The news videos from the corpus are analysed using Critical Discourse Analysis, therefore the discourse analysis is complemented by literature, and empirical research in form of interviews, on the dominant information institutions of the Arab Spring, including the aforementioned news channels as well as the news agency AFP and the UGC agency Crowdspark. Additionally, the information and media landscape of Bahrain, Egypt, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia and Yemen between 2011 and 2013 has also been studied using existing literature. It was found that all countries had strict laws against information access or publication, especially if the information was related to authorities, religion or security, leading to strict acts of censorship and threats, which further instilled self-censorship in local and international news actors.This research found that most events of the Arab Spring were represented using footage in the event location, with minimal international representatives and with frames of peaceful demonstrations during the uprisings of Egypt, Syria and Yemen, and frames of violent riots in the Bahraini and Tunisian uprisings. Frames featuring destruction or explosions were observed in countries that experienced some kind of conflict, namely, Libya and Syria. Images of death and suffering were minimal and only evident in news representing the death of Gaddafi and the Ghoutta chemical attack. Majority of news interviews gave a voice to relevant event actors, as opposed to topic experts. The critical discourse analysis produced theories on the usage of various content in international news, namely: interviews, amateur content, figures and percentages, quotes and state TV content.