Esta pesquisa promove uma discussão sobre os critérios de desempenho na internacionalização de serviços de design, a partir de um estudo exploratório sobre o desempenho de escritório de design, chamados na literatura de KIBS, knowledge intensive business services (MILES et al., 1995; DEN HERTOG, 2000; TOIVONEN, 2004, 2006; MULLER; DOLOREUX, 2007), que tem tido notável relevância como players no cenário internacional (ABECASSIS- MOEDAS, 2012; TOIVONEN, 2004, 2006; HALLDIN, 2010). A literatura tradicional sobre internacionalização, com suas diversas teorias, não contempla especificamente desempenho na internacionalização de empresas de serviços, e neste sentido, foi necessária a validação dos critérios de avaliação de desempenho em internacionalização de serviços com especialistas. Determina-se como objetivo geral avaliar o desempenho de escritórios de design em seu processo de internacionalização e assim realizou-se um estudo qualitativo com seis especialistas de mercado e nove incubados da incubadora Start Line no segundo semestre de 2016. Verifica-se que indicadores comportamentais são determinantes na avaliação do processo de internacionalização de escritórios de design, e que empresas born global tem mais rapidez na sua expansão internacional, bem como uma rentabilidade superior em pouco tempo de atividade. Recomenda-se a validação destes indicadores com KIBS de outros ramos de atividade, pois é um setor carente de literatura sobre internacionalização. / This research promotes a discussion about performance criteria in the internationalization of design services, based on an exploratory study about incubated design offices, a service that in the literature is known as, knowledge intensive business services or KIBS (MILES et al, 1995), which have had relevance in the international scenario (ABECASSIS-MOEDAS, 2012; TOIVONEN, 2004, 2006, HALLDIN, 2010). Traditional internationalization literature, with its various theories, does not specifically study performance in the internationalization of service companies, and in this sense, it was necessary to validate the performance evaluation criteria in internationalization of services with specialists. The main objective of this research is to evaluate performance of design offices in its internationalization process,and thus a qualitative study was carried out with six market specialists and nine incubators from the Start Line incubator in the second half of 2016. It has been found that behavioral indicators are decisive in the evaluation of the internationalization process of design offices, and that born global companies are faster in its international expansion, as well as having superior profitability in a short time of activity. It is recommended to validate these indicators with KIBS from other branches of activity, since it is a sector lacking literature on internationalization.

A expatriação é um processo corrente na condução dos negócios internacionais, auxiliando na interface e no alinhamento de políticas e práticas da Gestão de Recursos Humanos (GRH) com a estratégia empresarial, tendo, pois, importância na sua expansão global. A principal contribuição do presente estudo é explorar o processo de expatriação na perspectiva estratégica, destacando a importância de seu planejamento, a fim de contribuir para a consecução dos objetivos globais da organização. Defende-se que a internacionalização de uma empresa requer a presença de expatriados, sobretudo no início deste processo; estando a expatriação, portanto, relacionada com a maturidade da internacionalização da organização. Objetiva-se, portanto, analisar a influência da expatriação na estratégia de internacionalização de empresas portuguesas e brasileiras, por meio de um estudo de casos múltiplos. Ela se constitui em estudo qualitativo, no qual a coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de um roteiro semiestruturado, contemplando 30 entrevistas. Na análise de dados, foi utilizado o software Max-Qda (2007) para auxiliar a organização das categorias de análise, baseada na técnica de análise de conteúdo. As entrevistas e o referencial teórico foram a base para entender o desenvolvimento da GRH, possibilitando discorrer sobre cada etapa de amadurecimento da GRH, bem como identificar as principais políticas e práticas que fazem parte do processo de expatriação, o que também foi mapeado na concepção de três etapas relacionadas. Verificouse existirem diferenças no amadurecimento internacional e na gestão de expatriados das duas empresas investigadas, em função dos objetivos propostos para esse processo, sendo possível afirmar que, de modo geral, as empresas portuguesas pesquisadas estão mais internacionalizadas que as brasileiras estudadas. A empresa portuguesa Plástico entende que a expatriação já está incorporada em seu cotidiano, não sendo um processo glamouroso, fato presente na empresa brasileira Elétrica, na qual os expatriados são tratados como pessoas ‘escolhidas’ para representá-la. As configurações de empregados levantados no contexto internacional foram de temporário, expatriado, repatriado e impatriado, na empresa brasileira; e temporários/ equipe de apoio, expatriado e cidadão do mundo, na empresa portuguesa. Em ambas as empresas, a expatriação está atrelada ao amadurecimento internacional, mesmo que seja no início da internacionalização. Conforme houve o amadurecimento internacional da empresa portuguesa, os expatriados assumiram a configuração de expatriado permanente e de equipe de apoio, pois são expatriados prontos para iniciar uma operação de uma nova unidade. Para a empresa brasileira, o amadurecimento internacional ocorreu no aprendizado dos repatriados (de melhorar as políticas e práticas para reter esses empregados) e de receber impatriados. Em relação à internacionalização, a empresa Plástico tem uma perspectiva global com uma perspectiva metanacional, enquanto a empresa Elétrica apresenta uma estrutura de multinacional, almejando ser uma corporação global, com algumas áreas estruturadas globalmente. A expatriação tem caráter dinâmico, inclusive pela movimentação internacional que muda rapidamente, influenciando as empresas de maneira tão fluída que, por vezes, nem as próprias empresas percebem as próprias mudanças. A quantidade de expatriação, no conceito corrente – empregado enviado por uma empresa para viver e trabalhar em outro país por dois ou mais anos (CALIGIURI, 2000) –, diminui conforme a empresa amadurece internacionalmente. A literatura existente sobre esse tema é limitada e não contempla a dinamicidade do processo. No atual cenário global, aumenta o número de pessoas que nascem em determinado país e são criadas e alfabetizadas em outro, configurando uma nova geração de empregados: aqueles que já são formados por diversas culturas e não pertencem a um único país ou a uma única cultura; são cidadãos do mundo, antes mesmo de entrarem nas organizações, cabendo, pois, a essas organizações repensarem a concepção de expatriado. / Expatriation is a common process in the conduct of international business, assisting in the interface and alignment of policies and practices of Human Resource Management (HRM) with the business strategy, and therefore important in its global expansion. The main contribution of this study is to explore the expatriation process in a strategic perspective, emphasizing the importance of its planning in order to contribute to achieving the overall objectives of the organization. It is argued that the internationalization of a company requires the presence of expatriates, especially at the beginning of this process; hence, expatriation is related to the maturity of the organization's internationalization. The objective, therefore, is to analyze the influence of expatriation in the strategy of internationalization of Portuguese and Brazilian companies, from a comparative case study point of view. It is constituted by a qualitative study, in which data was collected through semi-structured interviews, totaling 30 people interviewed. Also, we used the software Max- Qda (2007) in the data analysis to assist in the organization of categories of analysis based on the content analysis technique. Finally, the interviews and the theoretical framework were the basis for understanding the development of HRM, being possible to explain each maturation stage of HRM and to raise the main policies and practices that are part of the expatriation process, which is also mapped in the design of three related steps. In few words, there are differences in the international maturity and the management of expatriates of both companies analyzed, largely because of the objectives of the latter process, being possible to say that, in general, the Portuguese companies analyzed are more internationalized than the Brazilian ones. The Portuguese company Plástico understands that expatriation is already incorporated into their daily lives and it is not a glamorous process. In other perspective, this process is glamorized in the Brazilian company Elétrica, in which expatriates are treated as 'chosen' people to represent it. The settings of employees raised in the international context were temporary employee, expatriate, repatriate and impatriate, concerning the Brazilian company; and temporary/support staff, expatriate and citizen of the world, concerning the Portuguese company. In both cases, expatriation is strongly linked to international maturation, even if it is in the beginning of the process. According to the progress of international maturation, expatriates took the configuration of permanent expatriate and support staff, since they were ready to start an operation of a new unit. For the Brazilian company, the international maturation occurred in the learning of returnees (to improve policies and practices to retain these employees) and receiving impatriates. Regarding the internationalization, Plástico has a global approach with meta-national perspective while, on the other hand, Elétrica has a multinational structure, aiming to be a global corporation with some areas globally structured. The expatriation has a dynamic character, partially because of the international movement rapidly changing, influencing companies in a fluid way that sometimes even the companies do not perceive their changes. The amount of expatriation, in the current concept - employee sent by a company to live and work in another country for two or more years (CALIGIURI, 2000) - decreases as the company internationally matures. The existing literature on this topic is limited and do not consider the dynamics of the process. In the current global scenario, the number of people born in a particular country and created or literate in another increases, setting a new generation of employees: those who are already formed by different cultures and do not belong to a single country or a single culture. These employees are citizens of the world even before entering the organizations, leaving these organizations to rethink the concept of expatriate.

O mundo está ganhando novos contornos a partir da crescente globalização, do avanço dos meios de comunicação, da mobilidade dos meios de produção e da redução das barreiras nacionais em todas as áreas. A economia globalizada da atualidade, e que ganhou notoriedade no século XX, impacta diretamente no sistema acadêmico internacional, pressionando as universidades a se adaptarem frente a essas novas circunstâncias, no entanto, segundo Miura (2006, p.2) somente nas últimas décadas, a internacionalização do ensino superior tem ganhado força nas discussões acadêmicas, tendo em vista os impactos da globalização na educação. De Witt (1998), destaca que a internacionalização é um processo e ao mesmo tempo uma resposta à globalização, mas não deve ser confundida com a globalização por ela mesma. Internacionalização inclui tanto aspectos locais como internacionais, ou seja, elementos interculturais e por isso, a formulação de estratégias e de políticas de internacionalização para nortear o planejamento da estruturação organizacional e apoio às ações como reforma curricular, pesquisas conjuntas, acordos internacionais, intercâmbio de estudantes e professores são pontos cruciais que definirão um processo sustentável de internacionalização da instituição. A pesquisa realizada para esse trabalho foi do tipo qualitativa, de natureza exploratória, utilizando como estratégia o estudo de caso e baseandose nos roteiros de entrevistas propostos por Miura (2006). A análise dos resultados apresentados nesse estudo de caso da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia revelou que o processo de internacionalização da UFU iniciou-se por ações isoladas em unidades da faculdade de engenharia no início da década de 1980 e que, apesar do processo de internacionalização nessa IES ser bastante recente muitas ações já foram realizadas, especialmente nos últimos anos com a criação da Assessoria de Relações Internacionais e Interinstitucionais ASDRI, o que levou a um aumento expressivo no número de acordos internacionais assinados e por conseqüência o aumento da mobilidade acadêmica, especialmente de alunos da graduação. A análise também sugere pontos importantes sobre as fragilidades e conseqüente ameaça para um processo sustentável de acordo com o círculo para a internacionalização proposto por Knight (1994). Na análise do modelo, foram percebidos pontos fortes (consciência e comprometimento); pontos em fase de desenvolvimento (análise do contexto, planejamento e operacionalização) e pontos frágeis (implementação, revisão, reforço e efeito da integração). Acredita-se que a definição de uma política formal explicitando o que é a internacionalização na sua missão e quais são as diretrizes para todas as unidades acadêmicas da UFU, possa direcionar esforços para que a internacionalização seja um processo auto-sustentável, contínuo e enraizado na cultura da instituição, fomentando o que Knight (1994) define com sendo a cultura que encoraja a internacionalização. / The world is winning new outlines starting from to growing globalization, the advancement of media, the mobility of the means of production and the reduction of national barriers in all areas. The global economy of the present time, and which won notoriety in the twentieth century, impacts directly on international academic system, universities are pressing ahead to adapt to these new circumstances, however, according to Miura (2006, p.2) \"only in recent decades, the internationalization of higher education has gained strength in academic discussions in view of the impacts of globalization in education. De Witt (1998), emphasizes that the internationalization is a process and at the same time an answer to globalization, but it should not be confused with globalization by itself. Internationalization includes as much local as international aspects, in other words, intercultural elements, and therefore, the formulation of strategies and policies to guide the planning for internationalization of the organizational structure and support for actions such as curriculum reform, joint research, international agreements, exchange of students and teachers are crucial points that define a sustainable process of internationalization of the institution. The research accomplished for that work was of the qualitative type, of exploratory nature, using as strategy the case study and basing on the itineraries of interviews proposed by Miura (2006). The analysis of the results presented in this case study of the Federal University of Uberlandia showed that the process of internationalization of UFU has been initiated by isolated actions in units of the college of engineering the beginning of the 1980s and that despite the process of internationalization that EIS be very many recent actions have been undertaken, especially in recent years with the creation of the International Consultantship Relationships - ASDRI, which led to a significant increase in the number of international agreements signed and therefore the increased academic mobility, especially of graduate students. The analysis also suggests important points about the weaknesses and the consequent threat to a sustainable process in accordance with the circle for the internationalization proposed by Knight (1994). In analyzing the model, were perceived strengths (conscience and commitment); points in development (analysis of the context, planning and operation) and weak points (implementation, review, and strengthening effect of integration). It is believed that the definition of a formal policy detailing what is to internationalization in their mission and what are the guidelines for all academic units of the UFU, can guide efforts for the internationalization process is a self-sustainable, continuous and embedded in culture of the institution, promoting what Knight (1994) defines as being the \"culture that encourages the internationalization.\"

Atualmente, o conhecimento, a técnica e a inovação tornaram-se fatores críticos para o desenvolvimento de vantagens competitivas. O fator tecnológico, com suas rápidas taxas de propagação e obsolescência, apresenta um desafio ímpar para a gestão de uma empresa. Nesse contexto, as empresas utilizam sua função de pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) como forma de tomar conhecimento do ambiente tecnológico global, de suas mudanças e tendências, das inovações em desenvolvimento de produtos e dos impactos destas em relação ao seu negócio. Ao mesmo tempo, com a internacionalização, as empresas ficaram aptas a desenvolver, produzir e comercializar seus produtos em diferentes localidades, o que resultou em um aumento da complexidade gerencial. Assim, o desenvolvimento global de produtos passou a ser um fator-chave para o sucesso da estratégia organizacional, tornando-se imperativo coordenar os avanços tecnológicos globais com as necessidades dos mercados. Todas essas mudanças obrigaram as empresas multinacionais, inclusive as brasileiras, a ampliarem suas fronteiras tecnológicas de ação, pesquisando e desenvolvendo globalmente produtos e processos, tanto para um mercado mundial quanto para cada mercado local. Focando no processo de desenvolvimento de produtos, este trabalho estuda casos desse tipo de internacionalização em seis empresas multinacionais brasileiras. Os resultados mostraram que, em apenas dois caso, essa internacionalização do desenvolvimento de produto ocorreu por decisão da empresa. Em três outros, houve a internacionalização derivada de competências pré-existentes nas empresas, e, no último não houve internacionalização do desenvolvimento. / Nowadays, the knowledge, the technique and the innovation have become critical factors for the development of competitive advantages. The technological factor, with its rapid rate of propagation and obsolescence, represents a challenge for the management of firms. In this context, firms must be aware of the global technological environment, its changes and tendencies, innovations regarding the development of products and also the impacts of those in the firms\' business. At the same time, with the internationalization firms become capable to develop, manufacture and commercialize in different locations increasing the complexity of management. So, the global development of products becomes a key-factor for the success of the organizational strategy, because it has become crucial to coordinate the global technological advancements to the markets\' needs. All these changes lead multinationals, including the Brazilian ones, to extend its technological borders to global research, and to develop products and processes for local and global markets. Researching the process of product development, this dissertation presents a multiple case study of internationalization of the product development on Brazilian multinationals, aiming to answer the following question: how did the process of internationalization of firms motivate the internationalization of the product development? The results shown that for one multinational occurred the internationalization, for four others, this internationalization was \"incidental\" and for the last one there were no internationalization whatsoever.

Thesis advisor: Betty Leask / Universities around the world are increasingly adopting internationalization strategies, which call attention to intentionality in using the curriculum and strategic regional networks as ways to achieve university agendas. Internationalization of the curriculum (IoC) endeavors are typically led by a select group of individuals within a single university, and often struggle to gain diverse wide-spread support within the university community (Leask, 2013). However, university networks, which demand interconnectivity, have been argued to “constitute the core of internationalisation,” and present varied academic opportunities for engagement that expand channels of information sharing and knowledge creation (de Wit & Callan, 1995, p.89). Therefore, university networks have unexplored potential in providing unique learning opportunities for member institutions’ faculty and staff in internationalizing their curricula, while advancing their institution’s internationalization agenda. Through a framework of network theories, professional learning theory, and an internationalization of the curriculum conceptual framework, this study investigated faculty and staff engagement with one network, and how their engagement has influenced conceptualizations of internationalization of the curriculum. Drawing from semi-structured interviews with fourteen members of faculty and staff from two of five universities in a European university network, the results demonstrate that this network supports faculty and staff in contextualizing and conceptualizing internationalization. The analysis points to the differences in conceptualizations of IoC, depending on the level of faculty and staff engagement with the network. The diverse representation of faculty and staff at network events created significant interactions where individuals were able to validate and share their experiences and expertise related to internationalizing curriculum, as well as critically examine their own approaches and university policies. Faculty and staff engagement with the network resulted in mature conceptualizations of internationalizing curriculum, and contributed to a greater adaptability to working in changing, intercultural environments. The study suggests that engagement in this network is conducive to the internationalization of one’s academic Self, and to fostering a greater sense of regional camaraderie (Sanderson, 2008). Finally, the results of this study demonstrate one university network’s ability to engage an increasing mass of reflective faculty and staff that are aware of internationalization and its implications for their learning environments. The contributions of this study are significant for university leaders, scholars, and practitioners, and especially those working in the nuanced intersection of internationalizing curricula and university networks. / Thesis (MA) — Boston College, 2020. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Educational Leadership and Higher Education.

Today, many companies are expanding rapidly from their existing geographical area and see internationalization as a necessity in order to continue to grow. On the other hand, there are different conditions that are imposed on companies in order for them to internationalize and are then considered to be international companies. Various factors can influence whether or not a company can be internationalized, so this study aims to investigate why companies failed with their internationalization strategy and internationalization process. The study is limited to examining small Swedish homework help companies and their approach to the internationalization process. The methodology of the study is of a qualitative nature and consists of a comparative case study with emphasis on interviews. The study's results indicate that small companies have not used any specific internationalization strategy. The respondents, on the other hand, highlight the majority of strategic choices that are in line with the study's theoretical perspective according to the Uppsala model's approach. This study concludes that small businesses failed with their internationalization because they did not enter the new market and understood its dynamics. Understanding a new market and correctly applying knowledge is important for successful internationalization. / Idag växer många företag snabbt ur sitt befintliga geografiska område och ser internationalisering som en nödvändighet för att kunna fortsätta växa. Det finns däremot olika villkor som ställs på företag för att de ska kunna internationalisera och sedan anses vara internationella företag. Varierade faktorer kan påverka huruvida ett företag kan internationaliseras eller inte, denna studie har därför som syfte att undersöka varför företag misslyckats med sin internationaliseringsstrategi och internationaliseringsprocess. Studien är avgränsad till att undersöka små svenska läxhjälpsföretag och deras tillvägagångssätt vid internationaliseringsprocessen. Studiens metodologi är av kvalitativ natur och utgörs av en komparativ fallstudie med tonvikt på intervjuer. Studiens resultat indikerar att småföretagen inte använts sig utav någon specifik internationaliseringsstrategi. Respondenterna belyser däremot flertalet strategiska val som är i linje med studiens teoretiska perspektiv enligt Uppsalamodellens tillvägagångssätt. Denna studie konkluderar att småföretagarna misslyckades med sin internationaliserings för att de inte satt sig in i den nya marknaden och förstått dess dynamik. Att förstå en ny marknad och rätt tillämpa kunskap är av vikt för framgångsrik internationalisering.

The world has grown increasingly globalized and competitive which has made it crucial for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to look beyond their native market in order to thrive. Although internationalization is considered somewhat uncertain in the face of corporate unfamiliar environments, non-internationalization in a globalized economy can be an even more risky task because it can cause the company to lose competitiveness. The business environment of the world is changing from time to time and in recent times there have been several market turbulences. Market turbulence increases the ambiguity and risk of a company's business process, and it is important to maintain a link between corporate strategies and changes in the environment due to turbulence. The main purpose of conducting this study is to examine the internationalization process of SMEs operating in Sri Lanka and Sweden and the impact of recent market turbulence on those enterprises. The study will also discuss how those businesses have sought to manage these turbulent situations. This study, which aims to learn through multiple cases, focuses primarily on Sri Lankan and Swedish businesses engaged in the manufacturing sector. The study's theoretical framework is structured in such a way that it incorporates the theories contained in the internationalization process theory and the market turbulence. The theories applied to the study in the analysis of empirical findings are compared and the analysis and conclusion are made as a result of the study. The study concludes by comparing the recent market turbulence experienced by the Swedish and Sri Lankan SMEs. The study identified that this turbulence had a major impact on SMEs operating in Sri Lanka. Further, It was identified that these market turbulences have had a severe impact on the supply chains of both countries, mainly as a factor common to both markets.

In the recent couple of years, African countries have conducted a free tradeagreement which will affect the whole African continent. Providing the largestfree trade agreement in history so far in terms of participating countries.AfCFTA provides new conditions and enhancement, aiming for Africa tobecome one single market and boosting intra-African trade. Countries such asKenya, has during recent years made changes and reforms which has enhancedits business environment for companies operating there. In addition, this thesisaims to investigate how the new free trade agreement is affecting KenyanSMEs in the manufacturing sector today, and how it will affect them in thefuture when the free trade agreement is fully implemented. To receive a deeperunderstanding about the subject, a qualitative method and an abductiveapproach have been conducted. Moreover, the theoretical framework derivesfrom internationalization theories commonly used and which benefits from theterms that the free trade agreement holds. The conceptual framework assumesthat international marketers experience different market prerequisites, thus theview of the internationalization process differs from one market to another.Therefore, our empirical findings derive from a multi-case study, whichinvestigate Kenyan manufacturing SMEs possibilities and difficulties tointernationalize on the African continent. The analysis presents the theoreticalframework and the empirical findings in the contrast and relation to each other.Finally, the conclusion chapter provides insights in opportunities anddifficulties still remaining for the AfCFTA to be fully implemented and forKenyan manufacturing SMEs to fully utilize the agreement. Also, limitationsand suggestions for future research is conducted in the chapter. The result ofthis research stipulates that there are still difficulties for Kenyanmanufacturing SMEs to utilize the agreement and that the agreement requirestime to provide a fully functional single market for Africa.

This study takes a deep dive into the internationalization process of the NFL and explains the various steps involved. The study is based on classic theories of internationalization and theories of sports internationalization. The study is mainly made up of secondary data such as newspaper- and journal articles. The results of the study are that the NFL went through a stepwise process which can be connected to previous internationalization literature. However, the results of this study suggest that the process is not as linear as previous literature describes. The study also finds that adaptation plays a key role in sports internationalization. Finally, the thesis contributes to the sports internationalization area by adding more empirical knowledge about this particular branch of the internationalization literature.

The internationalization of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) has become vital as it enables them to enhance their business prospects and achieve organizational objectives. This is of utmost significance for the future growth of nations, regions, and the global economy, given the progressively significant role played by SMEs in contributing to economic development. However, SMEs face numerous challenges when it comes to internationalization, primarily due to their limited capabilities. As a result, only a minimal percentage of SMEs are able to expand their business into the international market. Despite the numerous barriers faced by SMEs, this research specifically focuses on three main barriers: lack of market knowledge, limited business networks, and challenges related to new product development. These factors are crucial when expanding a business into the international market. Therefore, this study aims to explore how SMEs can expand their business to the international market by overcoming these barriers through the effective utilization of social media. This empirical study adopts an exploratory approach and employs qualitative methodology with an inductive research approach. To gather data, this research conducted interviews with technology-based companies in Luleå. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted using an interview guide, and the collected data were analysed using the thematic method. The findings of the study highlight that social media can indeed be a successful influencer in the internationalization process of SMEs, particularly by utilizing business networking opportunities. Additionally, SMEs utilize social media as a secondary source for obtaining market information and engaging in new product development activities. However, the research also identifies hesitancy among technology-based SMEs when it comes to trusting the information obtained from social media platforms. Based on the findings of this study, several recommendations have been developed, primarily focusing on technology-based SMEs. These recommendations were derived from interviews conducted with companies located in Luleå and are intended to benefit SMEs operating in the tech industry as a whole.