A Internet das Coisas, ou Internet of Things (IoT), representa um novo paradigma de integração de várias tecnologias e soluções de comunicação e encontra aplicações em muitos domínios diferentes, tais como ambientes inteligentes (residencial e comercial), automação industrial, saúde, agricultura de alta precisão, gerenciamento inteligente de energia (smart grids, conservação de energia em edifícios), transporte e logística, setor automotivo em geral, cidades inteligentes e muitas outras áreas. A realização da visão de IoT ainda necessita de mais investimentos em pesquisa e desenvolvimento devido à sua novidade e complexidade. Além das questões técnicas, a adoção em larga escala também é dificultada pela falta de clareza dos fatores determinantes na decisão de adoção destas tecnologias. A questão- problema que esse trabalho de pesquisa busca elucidar é o desafio da adoção de inovações baseadas na Internet das Coisas, mais especificamente fatores que afetam a decisão de adoção. O tema adoção de inovação é relevante para quem desenvolve a inovação e deseja que ela seja adotada e para quem tem que decidir se adota ou não uma inovação. Como a taxa de adoção é influenciada por fatores e decisões tanto do lado de quem fornece quando do lado de quem adota uma determinada inovação tecnológica, o trabalho se baseia em estudos que buscam integrar as diversas variáveis afim de refletir a natureza sistêmica deste processo. O modelo proposto pode ser aplicado tanto para quem adota quanto para quem fornece a inovação, integrando questões externas e internas à empresa, bem como questões da tecnologia IoT em si e do fornecedor. A pesquisa utiliza o modelo proposto em três estudos de caso com o objetivo de identificar e analisar os fatores de decisão de adoção da Internet das Coisas nas respectivas empresas, e apresenta sugestões de como aplicar o modelo na avaliação e eventual seleção de inovações tecnológicas, tanto do ponto de vista de quem fornece quanto de quem adota a inovação. / The Internet of things (IoT) represents a new paradigm of integration of various technologies and communication solutions, and finds applications in many different domains, such as intelligent environments (residential and commercial), industrial automation, health, high precision agriculture, intelligent power management (smart grids, energy conservation in buildings), transport and logistics, the automotive industry in general, smart cities and many other areas. The realization of the vision of IoT still requires more investment in research and development because of its novelty and complexity. Beyond the technical issues, large-scale adoption is also hampered by the lack of clarity of the determining factors in the decision of adoption of these technologies. The problem this research seeks to elucidate is the challenge of adopting innovations based on the Internet of things, more specifically factors that affect the adoption decision. The theme adoption of innovation is relevant to those who develop an innovation and want it to be adopted as well as for those who have to decide whether to adopt an innovation or not. As the adoption rate is influenced by factors and decisions that lie both on the side of the supplier as well as the adopter of a particular technological innovation, this work is based on studies that seek to integrate variables from both sides in order to reflect the systemic nature of this process. The proposed model can be applied to both suppliers and adopters of the technological innovation, integrating factors that are external and internal to the company, as well as factors of the IoT technology and factors of the supplier. This research used the proposed model in three case studies in order to identify and analyze the factors of decision of adoption of the Internet of things in each company, and offers suggestions of how to apply the model in the evaluation and eventual selection of technological innovations, both from the point of view of suppliers as well as adopters of the innovation.

The thesis deals with the description of possibilities of using the Internet of Things in supply chain management and explores the use of the Internet of Things in the supply chain management among Czech companies. The theoretical part deals with the possibilities of using the Internet of Tings in the supply chain management as well as the developing standards and technologies, which make it possible to use these possibilities. The theoretical part further includes the challenges and risks of the Internet of Things that need to be dealt with when implementing it and the further anticipated development in this area. A survey based on the findings of the theoretical part of the thesis revealed the awareness of Czech businesses about the Internet of Things and how they plan to use it. The practical part of the thesis contains the evaluation of the hypotheses formulated on the basis of the results of this survey and discussion of the facts.

This report is about how an Internet of Things (IoT) optimization can be done with Machine learning (ML). The IoT- devices in this report are sensors in containers that read how full the containers are. The report contains a case from Sogeti. Were a client can use this optimization to get better routes for their garbage truck, with this solution the garbage trucks will only go to full containers and be able to skip empty or close to empty containers. This will result in less fuel costs and a better environment. This solution can be used for every industry that needs a route optimization. To do this there must first be understanding for what IoT is and what is possible to do with it then there need to be understanding about ML. The report cover these parts and tell how the method Design science (DS) is being used to produce this solution and some information about the method. This project also works agile with iterations under the implementation stage in DS. On the ML part there is an argumentation of a comparison of witch algorithm should be used. There are two candidates: Hill- Climbing and K-means Cluster. For this solution K-means cluster will be the one being used. K-means clustering is an unsupervised algorithm that doesn’t need practice data, it pairs data that are very similar and builds clusters. It will do this with full containers and build clusters with the ones that have similar coordinates so the full containers are close to each other. When this is done the clusters exports to a database and then there is a brief description on how its possible to make a map that makes a route between the containers in the cluster.

The Swedish Transportation Administration started an initiative to create a new e-infrastructure for the railroad sector in Sweden. The purpose is to follow the movement of railroad vehicles on the railway tracks and enhance logistics aspects of the transportation of goods by train. The Swedish initiative works as a pilot project for the railroad sector in the EU and if successful the e-infrastructure could be rolled out in the entire EU. It is a rare opportunity to be a part from the beginning of the creation of such a potential large scale e-infrastructure. The aim of this thesis is to provide advice early in the development process to aid in the success of the design and creation on the e-infrastructure. In the doing of this we will need to evaluate the areas: (1) the current state of the e-infrastructure, (2) the usefulness of the EPCGlobal standard for this e-infrastructure and (3) the usefulness on established e-infrastructures design principles. As a result of the thesis we have provided advice to enhance the design and implementation of the e-infrastructure, also advice is given on how to make the EPCGlobal standard’s more compatibility with the transportation sector. We have found the design principles by Hanseth & Lyytinen (2004) and Eriksson & Ågerfalk (2010) useful for the evaluation of the e-infrastructure. We also advocate that new design principles should be created to encompass the new concept of Internet of Things in e-infrastructures.

MediaSense is an EU funded platform that is an implementation of an Internet-of-Things framework. This project adds two fundamental functions to it, namely, a new lookup service based on a peer-to-peer Distributed Hash Table (DHT) called Chord and a reliable communication protocol based on UDP (RUDP). The lookup service makes the use of a central server, that can be a single point of failure or get compromised, unnessecary. Reliable UDP transmits data from the very first packet onwards and avoids any connection management as itis packet based. The methodology for both functions was to develop a simulation environment, compatible to MediaSense, at its initiation, at which point its functionality can be tested and measurements can betaken. The resulting DHT simulation environment enables there to be deep insight into and a control of the state and action of the DHT. The resulting graphs show the performance properties of both the DHT and RUDP. In conclusion, the MediaSense platform has been extended by means of two usable functionalities and which also leaves space for further development such as for security enhancements and performance increases. / MediaSense

When public Wi-Fi networks are being used, it can be hard to know who else that is using the same network or is monitoring the traffic that is traveling across the network. If the network is public and unencrypted anyone can monitor the traffic and to use these networks for work can be very risky. This is a big problem that needs a solution because the information that travels across the public network might have organizational secrets or sensitive personal information that shouldn’t be read by outsiders. One way to significantly increase the security while using these public networks is by configuring and setting up a VPN-tunnel, all traffic will then be sent encrypted. But nowadays many computers and mobile phones runs applications in the background that are actively asking for updates. It can for example be news apps, mail clients or instant messaging services like WhatsApp or Telegram. Since the apps is pushing for updates in the background there is a big risk that these programs are asking for updates and therefore transmit and receives information unencrypted over the public network before they have been able to set up their VPN-tunnel. People might be unaware about this problem and this research can be used to explain the problem and offer a solution to it and that is the reason why this research is important. This research tries to solve the problem and find answers to the research questions, “How to design and implement an affordable intermediate device that offers the user secure access to Internet on public Wi-Fi networks?" and “What are the design principles of that method?”. The proposed solution to solve this problem was to design and implement a new intermediate device, which was called EzMole, in between the public Wi-Fi and the users’ personal devices. The new device will operate and secure the users’ devices from potential malicious users on the public Wi-Fi while the VPN-tunnel is being established. It will also create a new encrypted wireless network that will be used to connect the personal devices to EzMole, for example mobile phone or laptop. The methodology that was used to design and develop the new EzMole-device was the Design Science Research Methodology. It includes six steps that was used during three phases of the project that worked in an iterative process with development, testing and evaluation until the device met the initial requirements of a successful device. There were tests for both functionality and security to make sure that it worked in the right way and that it didn’t have any known security weaknesses or flaws. This was very important since EzMole will be and represent an Internet-of-Things(IoT)-device and therefore the security had a big focus. After the tests, it was time to evaluate it against the initial requirements and the new device lived up to 9/12 requirements and was therefore classified as successful. The research contributes with a universal solution for the research problem and it gives answers to the research questions and in the meantime, reduces the gap in the literature. It also contributes with providing a new piece of hardware that will can help people to connect to the Internet in a more secure way when they are using public Wi-Fi networks.

The market of IOT devices continues to grow at a rapid speed as well as constrained wireless sensor networks. Today, the main network paradigm is host centric where a users have to specify which host they want to receive their data from. Information-centric networking is a new paradigm for the future internet, which is based on named data instead of named hosts. With ICN, a user needs to send a request for a perticular data in order to retrieve it. When sent, any participant in the network, router or server, containing the data will respond to the request. In order to achieve low latency between data creation and its consumption, as well as being able to follow data which is sequentially produced at a fixed rate, an algortihm was developed. This algortihm calculates and determines when to send the next interest message towards the sensor. It uses a ‘one time subscription’ approach to send its interest message in advance of the creation of the data, thereby enabling a low latency from data creation to consumption. The result of this algorithm shows that a consumer can retrieve the data with minimum latency from its creation by the sensor over an extended period of time, without using a publish/subscribe system such as MQTT or similar which pushes their data towards their consumers. The performance evaluation carried out which analysed the Content Centric Network application on the sensor shows that the application has little impact on the overall round trip time in the network. Based on the results, this thesis concluded that the ICN paradigm, together with a ’one-time subscription’ model, can be a suitable option for communication within the IoT domain where consumers ask for sequentially produced data.

The Internet-of-Things is an open source architecture for enabling information sharing between globally connected devices, which existing system do not offer. However, the Internet-of-Things induces the single points of failure and long communication delay. Thus, the Sensible Things platform is proposed, which is a fully distributed system. So far, it has produced components to share sensor and actuator information on the Internet. In the past, manual work was problematic since physical access could be difficult on remote locations. There were also difficulties to detect if the devices were actually working properly. Therefore, the thesis mainly focuses on the functionality which is able to check status, update software automatically and restart the devices with new software. The thesis first analyzes the mechanism of the automatic updating and describes the methods for it. The automatic updates of demonstrator is implemented in My-Eclipse. Finally, this paper describes the evaluation of the automatic updating in Sensible Things platform.

The Internet of Things (IoT) enables opportunities to remotely sense and control objects via communication networks. We study services based on connected devices and the collaboration they generate between the ICT and the Health, Social Care and Wellbeing (HSCWB) industries. In HSCWB, IoT can support a change from episodic treatments of illness to preventive care and wellbeing solutions. The IoT can be a supporter in cost efficient and high quality health care. The objective is to achieve healthier life years and more efficiency in health and social care. Even if the potential of IoT in HSCWB has been proven in pilot projects and small-scale solutions, the benefits and opportunities for many actors are still unclear. There is a research gap in studying the roles and business opportunities for market-driven technology-based solutions enabled by connected devices. The research approach separates technological and business domains. On the technology side, the focus is on advances in connectivity for IoT. We present the technical details on a limitation to support IoT devices in cellular networks. We quantify the limitations in the Random Access Channel of the LTE air interface to support IoT devices. Moreover, we propose the adaptation of an access mechanism to enable massive number of simultaneous access attempt in cellular networks. On the business side, we identify and present how the conditions of the health and social care structure in Sweden affect the establishment of IoT solutions in HSCWB. We then show how these conditions have generated three distinctive development patterns—to innovate within the public sector, to develop solutions in the private care sector, or to target the wellbeing sector to avoid regulatory setbacks. Based on these patterns, we look closer into study cases to show how business opportunities have been addressed from a business network perspective. When deploying an IoT service, not all critical challenges can be appreciated at a single firm level. Therefore, we rely on a network-level business model framework to analyze emerging IoT services in HSCWB. The findings suggest that IoT components can improve an existing service by automating internal working processes, or they can enable new value propositions and convenience to end users. In general terms, the collaboration can be used (i) to improve the efficiency of existing services in health and social care without an original intention to change the service offering, or (ii) to create novelty and differentiation, without affecting the internal logics of existing HSCWB services. / <p>QC 20180828</p> / IoT Ecosystems (VINNOVA) / COIN-SWEAT / MTC2020 / M2MRISE

Medication prescriptions constitute an important type of clinical intervention. Medication adherence is the degree to which a patient consumes their medication as agreed upon with a prescriber. Despite many years of research, medication non-adherence continues to be a problem of note, partially due to its multi-faceted in nature. Numerous interventions have attempted to improve adherence but none have emerged as definitive. A significant sub-problem is the lack of consensus regarding definitions and measurement of adherence. Several recent reviews indicate that discrepancies in definitions, measurement techniques, and study methodologies make it impossible to draw strong conclusions via meta-analyses of the literature. Technological interventions aimed at improving adherence have been the subject of ongoing research. Due to the increasing prevalence of the Internet of Things, technology can be used to provide a continuous stream of data regarding a patient's behaviour. To date, several researchers have proposed interventions that leverage data from the Internet of Things, however none have established an acceptable means of analyzing and acting upon this wealth of data. This thesis introduces a computational definition for adherence that can be used to support continued development of technological adherence interventions. A central part of the proposed definition is a formal language for specifying prescriptions that uses fuzzy set theory to accommodate imprecise concepts commonly found in natural language medication prescriptions. A prescription specified in this language can be transformed into an evaluation function which can be used to score the adherence of a given medication taking behaviour. Additionally, the evaluator function is applied to the problem of scheduling medication administrations. A compiler for the proposed language was implemented and had its breadth of expression and clinical accuracy evaluated. The results indicate that the proposed computational definition of adherence is acceptable as a proof of concept and merits further works. / Graduate