Legislation in various jurisdictions alters the common law right to control access to one???s land by allowing the imposition of rights of access in favour of one landowner over the land of another. The relevant legislation can be divided into two categories. The first-generation legislation (s 88K, Conveyancing Act 1919 (NSW) and s 180, Property Law Act 1974 (Qld)) permits the creation of easements over servient land to facilitate the development of dominant land. The second-generation legislation (the Access to Neighbouring Land Act of New South Wales, Tasmania and the United Kingdom) permits the creation of temporary rights of access over servient land to facilitate work on dominant land. This thesis examines the extent to which this change in the law can be justified by three modes of ethical discourse: right-based, duty-based, and goal-based reasoning. An examination of the first-generation legislation and the cases in which it has been applied suggests that a form of goal-based reasoning can be used to justify its enactment. The legislation is needed to facilitate the efficient use of land where the existence of a bilateral monopoly and the possibility of strategic bargaining puts at risk the conclusion of a mutually beneficial agreement regarding access. A review of the second-generation legislation and the law reform reports and parliamentary debate that preceded its enactment indicates that the legislation can be justified by a form of duty-based reasoning. The legislation is needed to bring about a proper social ordering by imposing access rights where this would be consistent with the ideal of good neighbourliness. The thesis concludes that although these goal-based and duty-based discourses make an arguable case for the enactment of both generations of the legislation, neither of them, in an unadulterated form, provides a conclusive justification. Rather, an eclectic approach that draws on both discourses is required. It proposes that the legislation???s compensation provisions be amended to reflect the commingling of the ideas of efficiency, a properly ordered society and intensive land use, and to allow the servient owner to share in the benefits generated by the imposition of access.

Legislation in various jurisdictions alters the common law right to control access to one???s land by allowing the imposition of rights of access in favour of one landowner over the land of another. The relevant legislation can be divided into two categories. The first-generation legislation (s 88K, Conveyancing Act 1919 (NSW) and s 180, Property Law Act 1974 (Qld)) permits the creation of easements over servient land to facilitate the development of dominant land. The second-generation legislation (the Access to Neighbouring Land Act of New South Wales, Tasmania and the United Kingdom) permits the creation of temporary rights of access over servient land to facilitate work on dominant land. This thesis examines the extent to which this change in the law can be justified by three modes of ethical discourse: right-based, duty-based, and goal-based reasoning. An examination of the first-generation legislation and the cases in which it has been applied suggests that a form of goal-based reasoning can be used to justify its enactment. The legislation is needed to facilitate the efficient use of land where the existence of a bilateral monopoly and the possibility of strategic bargaining puts at risk the conclusion of a mutually beneficial agreement regarding access. A review of the second-generation legislation and the law reform reports and parliamentary debate that preceded its enactment indicates that the legislation can be justified by a form of duty-based reasoning. The legislation is needed to bring about a proper social ordering by imposing access rights where this would be consistent with the ideal of good neighbourliness. The thesis concludes that although these goal-based and duty-based discourses make an arguable case for the enactment of both generations of the legislation, neither of them, in an unadulterated form, provides a conclusive justification. Rather, an eclectic approach that draws on both discourses is required. It proposes that the legislation???s compensation provisions be amended to reflect the commingling of the ideas of efficiency, a properly ordered society and intensive land use, and to allow the servient owner to share in the benefits generated by the imposition of access.

This thesis examines why courts in the United States of America (US), India and South Africa refer to foreign law in death penalty cases. To gain an understanding of what drives the apex courts of the US, India and South Africa to cite foreign law when considering domestic death penalty issues, this thesis proposes a three-part matrix to both assess the relevant case law and to analyse the academic literature on cross-citation. Firstly, it will be demonstrated that judges in national courts cross-cite comparative law out of a primary interest in constitutional interpretation. Cross-citation is used in this manner to assist judges in their domestic interpretative tasks. Secondly, it will be illustrated how courts that engage in the citation of foreign law also seek guidance from other jurisdictions as to the content of shared values, such as what type of punishment does not fundamentally and unlawfully violate the right to human dignity. Finally, this thesis assesses to what degree courts from the three selected jurisdictions are additionally referencing or applying a customary international law norm when citing foreign sources. The argument is made that the domestic courts under examination engage with comparative law in the context of a broader transnational normative project, taking the international human rights framework that developed after the Second World War as a key reference point. In doing so, this thesis argues that these courts are at times recognising and developing emerging customary norms, and at other times giving effect to and enforcing applicable international human rights law.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:06:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 anapaula.pdf: 5926588 bytes, checksum: 440bf9c4222b3522012031c9818d5fcf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation consists in a report of experience on the construction of the interpretation of the Concertino para Piano e Orquestra de Cordas by Ronaldo Miranda. It was organized in three chapters. The first chapter is an historical frame about the composer and his historical context. The second chapter consists in the history of the peace and a survey on aspects of musical analysis. The third chapter is a study that brings thoughts from the researcher in a participant observation experience of the piece s performance / Este trabalho consiste em um conjunto de estudos que funcionam como relatos de uma experiência de construção da interpretação do Concertino para Piano e Orquestra de Cordas de Ronaldo Miranda. Foi organizado em três capítulos sendo o primeiro uma moldura histórica tratando sobre o compositor. Do segundo capítulo consta um histórico da peça e um levantamento de aspectos de análise musical. O terceiro capítulo é um estudo que traz reflexões da pesquisadora, a partir de uma experiência de observação participante na execução da peça

Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2016-06-22T12:17:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Nelson Gularte Ramos Neto.pdf: 1875450 bytes, checksum: aefa85140e6c8f1d72866563bad627c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T12:17:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Nelson Gularte Ramos Neto.pdf: 1875450 bytes, checksum: aefa85140e6c8f1d72866563bad627c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-22

A discussão acerca da judicialização de políticas públicas ganhou um espaço cada vez maior no cenário jurídico nacional. À medida que as demandas judiciais se multiplicam, vai se firmando um entendimento que se identifica como doutrina brasileira do controle judicial de políticas públicas. Os autores que formam esse posicionamento majoritário concordam com a legitimidade do Judiciário para exercer a referida função de controle e apresentam os fundamentos que devem embasar a decisão judicial nos casos concretos. Para esses casos difíceis, a doutrina brasileira propõe uma decisão com base no princípio da proporcionalidade na forma pela qual foi idealizado por Robert Alexy, tendo em vista que as controvérsias devem ser resolvidas pela ponderação de princípios. Incentiva-se, com apoio na teoria neoconstitucionalista, o protagonismo do juiz na tarefa de controle. As políticas públicas ambientais, quando judicializadas, encontram decisões bastante diversificadas, muitas delas antagônicas, resultantes da aplicação do princípio da proporcionalidade ou de raciocínios silogísticos como a subsunção. A análise das decisões permite verificar uma inconsistência na sua fundamentação. Por sua vez, o estudo mais acurado das propostas da doutrina brasileira do controle judicial de políticas públicas demonstra a maneira pela qual a teoria é dependente da discricionariedade judicial, a mais marcante característica do positivismo jurídico. O mesmo problema está presente na teoria de Robert Alexy. Pretende-se comprovar que os vícios de justificação encontrados nos precedentes jurisprudenciais são resultados de problemas paradigmáticos, tal qual o poder discricionário do juiz para o positivismo normativista, bem como o método e a filosofia da consciência para a metafísica moderna. A teoria da decisão judicial necessita de uma ruptura paradigmática tanto no campo do Direito como no da filosofia, de modo que possa absorver a invasão da filosofia pela linguagem operada pelo giro ontológico-linguístico e a busca pela legitimidade que é marca do paradigma pós-positivista, diante das inegáveis vinculações existentes entre a filosofia e o Direito. A fim de construir uma teoria da decisão adequada a esses propósitos, busca-se no Direito como conceito interpretativo de Ronald Dworkin, à luz das contribuições proporcionadas pela hermenêutica filosófica e a crítica hermenêutica do Direito, a possibilidade de edificar uma decisão antidiscricionária. O controle judicial de políticas públicas ambientais deve ser pautado pela existência de um argumento de princípio, além de uma justificação decisória que consagre a integridade e coerência na aplicação do Direito. / The discussion about public policies judicialization won an increasingly larger space in the national legal setting. As the lawsuits multiply, there is an agreement that is identified as Brazilian doctrine of judicial review of public policies. Authors who make up this majority position agree with the legitimacy of the judiciary to exercise this control function and feature the arguments that must base the court decision in a particular case. For those hard cases, the Brazilian doctrine proposes a decision based on the principle of proportionality in the way it was designed by Robert Alexy, given that disputes should be resolved by weighting principles. Is encouraged, supported in new constitutionalism theory, the role of the judge in the control task. Environmental policies, when judicialized, are quite diverse decisions, many of them antagonistic, resulting from the application of the principle of proportionality or syllogistic reasoning as subsumption. The analysis of decisions allows you to check an inconsistency in its reasoning. In turn, the closer study of the proposals of the Brazilian doctrine of the judicial review of public policies demonstrates the way in which the theory is dependent on judicial discretion, the most striking feature of normative positivism. The same problem is present in the theory of Robert Alexy. It is intended to prove the vices of justification found in the precedents are the result of paradigmatic problems, like the discretionary power of the judge to the normative positivism, as well as the method and philosophy of consciousness for modern metaphysics. The theory of judicial decision requires a paradigmatic rupture both in the field of law and in philosophy, so that it can absorb the invasion of philosophy by language operated by the ontological-linguistic turn and the search for legitimacy that marks the post-positivist paradigm in the face of undeniable existing links between philosophy and law. In order to construct a theory of proper decision for these purposes, looking at the Law as an interpretative concept like Ronald Dworkin, in the light of the contributions provided by the philosophical hermeneutics and the hermeneutical criticism of the law, the possibility of building a non-discretionary decision. The judicial review of environmental policies must be guided by the existence of an argument of principle, as well as a decision-making justification to devote integrity and consistency in the application of law.

An overview is given of the difficulties surrounding the concurrent jurisdiction of the Labour Court and High Court The main categories of the jurisdictional dispute are identified and systemised. The main branches are those of statutory overlap and interpretation of statutes. Statutory overlap concerns matters remaining from the industrial court era, urgent applications, delict and law of contract. Statutory interpretation mainly involves the interpretation of provisions in the Bill of Rights of the Constitution. An overview of the principles of jurisdiction with respect to the different courts, as well as a brief historical review of the development of such jurisdiction is given. Particular attention is given to the role of fundamental rights in the Constitution. Broad principles are identified whereby the difficulties may be addressed.

Income tax is levied upon a taxpayer’s taxable income. Various steps are taken in order to arrive at the taxpayer’s taxable income. The starting point when calculating taxable income is determining the taxpayer’s ‘gross income’. ‘Gross income’ is defined in terms of section 1 of the Act. Various terms within the gross income definition are not clearly defined, except in the case of a ‘resident’. Even in the case of the definition of a ‘resident’, the aspect of ‘ordinarily resident’ is not defined and nor is the ‘place of effective management’. The following components fall within the definition of ‘gross income’: • The total amount in cash or otherwise; • received by or accrued to, or in favour of, a person; • from anywhere, in the case of a person who is a resident; • from a South African source (or deemed source), in the case of a non-resident; • other than receipts or accruals of a capital nature. The ‘total amount’ in ‘cash or otherwise’ is the first step when determining the taxable income of a taxpayer for a particular year of assessment. Gross income only arises if an amount is received or has accrued; this amount need not be in the form of money but must have a money value. The next component, ‘received by or accrued to’, is related to time and implies that a taxpayer should include amounts that have been ‘received by’, as well as amounts that have ‘accrued to’ him during the year of assessment. ‘Resident’ and ‘non-resident’ unlike the other components, are defined in terms of section 1 of the Income Tax Act. There are two rules used to determine whether natural persons are residents, these are: • To determine whether natural persons are ‘ordinarily resident’; or • where the natural person is not an ‘ordinarily resident’, the ‘physical presence test’ will be applied. ‘Source’ means origin and not place; it is therefore the ‘originating cause of the receipt of the money’. There is no single definition for the word ‘source’ as circumstances may differ in various cases. The facts of each case must be analysed in order to determine the actual source of income for that particular case. The last component of the definition of ‘gross income’ is the exclusion of ‘receipts and accruals of a capital nature’. The Act does not define the meaning of ‘capital nature’ but does indicate that receipts or accruals of a capital nature are, with certain exceptions, not included in ‘gross income’. Receipts or accruals that are not of a capital nature is known as ‘revenue’ and subjected to tax. This study is primarily aimed at an examination of court cases related to the various components falling within the definition of ‘gross income’.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_ney_castelo_branco_completa.pdf: 3379868 bytes, checksum: e5cc22f6ccc240e7d0bcc70290b6f2d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-18 / This dissertation aims to research scientific-dogmatic of demands conceming repeated theses, in other words, with the same legal reasoning. Therefore, from the historical conception of civil procedure, from its birth to the paradigm shift with the emergence of mass action, reflected about the best techniques that were able to make the mass right as a model process other than the individual and the collective. Introduced the notion of a process of practical results from the rereading of the procedure for different cases in order to occur a greater rationalization of the judgments. Also discussed was the use of judicial precedents and its variants as a means of unification of the jurisprudence, which denotes closer to family law in the Common Law. After the demonstration of such assumptions, concluded that it is possible to construct a particular dogmatic for mass actions, as crucial to ensure greater legal certainty in the solutions of similar cases. / Esta dissertação se propõe a uma investigação científico-dogmática das demandas relativas às teses repetidas, isto é, de mesma fundamentação jurídica. Para tanto, a partir da concepção histórica do processo civil, desde o seu nascimento até a mudança de paradigma com o surgimento das ações de massa, refletiu-se a respeito da descrição das melhores técnicas, tendo sido várias delas já inseridas em nossa legislação, para que assim se realize o direito de massa como um modelo de processo diferente do individual e do coletivo. Introduziu-se a noção de um processo de resultados práticos a partir da releitura do procedimento para casos diferenciados, de modo a ocorrer maior racionalização dos julgamentos. Também foi analisado o uso dos precedentes judiciais e suas variantes como meio de unificação da jurisprudência, o que denota maior aproximação ao direito de família do Common Law. A partir da demonstração de tais premissas, concluímos que é possível a construção de uma dogmática própria para as ações de massa, pois crucial para garantir maior segurança jurídica nas soluções de casos análogos.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_hugo_dias.pdf: 428127 bytes, checksum: 1ed10becc2266346853b96da5dcc9734 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-01 / The dissertation examines the theory Egológica Carlos Cossio, considering the developments proposed by the paradigm of complexity, in a proposal for transdisciplinarity to identify the legal phenomenon. The approach used employs the theme revealing method as a tool for interpreting the law. The work examines the formation of the theory egológica, understood from the analysis of human behavior as the center of legal effectiveness. Demonstrating that were developed in the field of cognitive psychology to understanding the parameters of the decision process of individuals / A dissertação examina a teoria Egológica de Carlos Cossio, considerando os desdobramentos propostos pelo paradigma de complexidade, em uma proposta de transdiciplinaridade para identificação do fenômeno jurídico. A abordagem realizada do tema emprega o método indiciário como ferramenta para interpretação do Direito. O trabalho examina a formação da teoria egológica compreendida a partir da análise da conduta humana como centro da efetividade jurídica, demonstrando que foram desenvolvidos parâmetros no campo da psicologia cognitiva para compreensão do processo de decisão dos indivíduos