Background: The sleep patients receive in hospitals is not optimal and is disturbed by a variety of factors. Sleep is a fundamental part of the human body and is a state the allows for recovery and memory storage. Sleep disorders contribute to a range of complications in the cardiovascular system, endocrine functions, immune system, and nervous system. Aim: The aim was to highlight factors that affect patient’s sleep during hospital stays. Method: A general literature review that includes an analysis of ten articles and a compilation of their findings. The articles were retrieved from the CINAHL and PubMed databases. Results: Identification of sleepdisturbing moments in hospitals is important due to the crucial role sleep plays in the body. Four categories emerged from the analysis, which were:noise, light, temperature and medical- and nursing interventions. The result showed that similar factors were experienced as sleep-disturbing in several hospitals in different countries. Conclusion/Implication: Sleep disorders contributes to physiological and psychological health problems for persons.Nurses require education and knowledge about sleep to provide persons with more adequate person-centered care / Bakgrund: Sömnen patienter får på sjukhus är inte optimal och störs av enrad olika faktorer. Sömn är en basal del av det mänskliga livet och är etttillstånd som tillåter återhämtning och lagring av minnen. Sömnbesvärbidrar till en rad komplikationer på exempelvis kardiovaskulära systemet,endokrina funktioner, immunsystemet och nervsystemet. Syfte: Syftet varatt belysa faktorer som påverkar patienters sömn under sjukhusvistelsen.Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie med analys av tio artiklar och ensammanställning av dem. Artiklarna hämtades från databaserna CINAHLoch PubMed. Resultat: Identifiering av sömnstörande moment på sjukhusvar viktigt på grund av den viktiga rollen sömn hade för kroppen. Uranalysen uppkom fyra kategorier. Kategorier som framkom var: ljud, ljus,temperaturer samt medicinska- och omvårdandsinterventioner. Resultatetvisade att liknande faktorer upplevdes som sömnstörande vid ett flertalsjukhus inom flera olika länder. Konklusion/implikation Sömnbesvärbidrar till fysiologisk och psykologisk ohälsa för patienter. Sjuksköterskorbehöver utbildning samt kunskap om sömnen för att ge patienter en meradekvat personcentrerad vård

Background: Patients who are going through a surgical intervention, almost always have some form of anxiety related to this. Pharmacological interventions are routinely used for treatment of preoperative anxiety. Although there are different forms of strategies and nursing interventions that can be used by the nurse anaesthesia to meet patients with preoperative anxiety. Purpose: To describe non-pharmacological nursing interventions utilized by nurse anesthetist to alleviate patients’ pre-operative anxiety. Design/Method: A literature review was performed. 23 studies with quantative method met the inclusion criteria and was included in the review. Result: A number of non-pharmacological nursing interventions reduces the preoperative anxiety in patients undergoing surgical intervention. The findings display interventions that all have a significant effect on preoperative anxiety: acupuncture, massage, aromatherapy, relaxation exercises, music therapy, supporting conversation, pre-recorded information, oral information and written information and education. Common for all these interventions is that they are all performed when the care-relationship according to Fundamentals of Care is established.  No research was found to illustrate any difference between men and women in how the preoperative anxiety is affected by these nursing interventions. Conclusion: Non-pharmacological nursing interventions prior to surgery alleviate the pre-operative anxiety in patients. By using relatively simple and inexpensive measures, individually adapted to the patient’s requirements, the preoperative anxiety can be relieved. There is a lack in knowledge regarding differences between how nursing interventions affects the pre-operative anxiety in men versus in women. / Bakgrund: Patienter som ska genomgå ett kirurgiskt ingrepp känner nästan alltid oro inför detta. Rutinmässigt används oftast farmakologisk behandling för att dämpa preoperativ oro. Det finns olika strategier och omvårdnadsåtgärder som anestesisjuksköterskan kan använda för att bemöta patienter med preoperativ oro.  Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva vilka icke-farmakologiska omvårdnadsåtgärder som används av anestesisjuksköterskor för att lindra patienters preoperativa oro.  Metod: En litteraturstudie med systematisk ansats användes. 23 studier med kvantitativ metod mötte urvalskriterierna och inkluderades i studien. Huvudresultat: Ett flertal icke-farmakologiska omvårdnadsåtgärder minskar den preoperativa oron hos patienter som ska genomgå kirurgi. Resultatet visar interventioner som alla har signifikant effekt på den preoperativa oron; akupunktur, massage, aromterapi, avslappningsövningar, musikterapi, stödjande samtal, inspelad information, muntlig respektive skriftlig information och undervisning. Gemensamt för dessa interventioner är att de alla utförs när vårdrelationen enligt Fundamentals of Care är etablerad. Ingen forskning hittades som belyser eventuella skillnader mellan kvinnor respektive män i hur den preoperativa oron påverkas av omvårdnadsåtgärder. Slutsats: Icke-farmakologiska omvårdnadsåtgärder i anslutning till operation lindrar patienters preoperativa oro. Genom relativt enkla och billiga åtgärder anpassade efter individens önskemål kan den preoperativa oron minskas. Det saknas aktuell kunskap om skillnader i hur omvårdnadsåtgärder påverkar kvinnor respektive mäns preoperativa oro.

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This final column of the series is focused on how school and district teams can continue the forward motion toward positive student outcomes using data via continuous improvement cycles. We draw on the work of technical assistance providers and researchers from the National Implementation Research Network (NIRN; https://nirn.fpg.unc.edu) and the Center on Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS; https://www.pbis.org/). The key takeaway of this series is to describe how implementation of EBPs in schools can be enhanced when implementation teams “invest in the systems to support their implementation” (Kittelman et al., 2020, p. 96).

The world’s demand for energy has steadily increased in recent years, driven by economic and population growth, coupled with the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, using fossil fuels to meet the energy demand has led to various environmental and social problems, including air pollution, climate change, and geopolitical conflicts. As a result, there has been a growing interest in shifting from fossil energy to green energy sources, which offer a cleaner, and often more cost-effective alternative. This essay will explore the opportunities and challenges of transitioning from fossil energy to renewable energy, with a focus on the economic, environmental, and social implications of this shift, throughout the current state of renewable energy technologies and their potential for widespread adoption, as well as the political and regulatory frameworks that facilitate or hinder this transition. The essay also provides an empirical literature overview of the costs and benefits of transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy, including the impact on the environment and employment. I argue that while the transition to renewable energy will not be easy, it is necessary to ensure a sustainable future for our planet and future generations

Bakgrund: Ätstörningar är en samling diagnoser som skapar stort lidande hos de drabbade. De ätstörningar som finns är Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimi Nervosa, hetsätningsstörning, Pica, Rumination syndrom och undvikande/restriktiv ätstörning.År 2019 hade 14 miljoner personer en ätstörning i världen, däremot finns ett stort mörkertal. För en del drabbade kan ätstörningen bli livshotande och vid behandling ska människans olika aspekter beaktas. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsåtgärder vid vård av vuxna patienter med en ätstörning inom slutenvården. Metod: En kvalitativ litteraturöversikt med en induktiv ansats. Sökningen gjordes i databaserna CINAHL och Medline på artiklar publicerade mellan år 2013 och 2023. Totalt tio resultatartiklar analyserades. Resultat: Ett centralt resultat i litteraturöversikten var att bygga en vårdrelation. Sjuksköterskorna bygga en vårdrelation genom verbal kommunikation, lyssna på patienterna samt att vara närvarande. Genom att se patienten som en hel människa var det enklare att bygga envårdrelation med patienterna. Sjuksköterskorna gav stöd till patienterna. Saker sjuksköterskorna gjorde för att stödja patienterna var att uppmuntra patienterna, att skapa strategier för självhjälp, att främja fysisk hälsa, att ge patienterna tid samt att involvera anhöriga. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskor behöver anpassa vården efter patientens behov och önskningar, det sker genom att arbeta personcentrerat. Genom att involvera, individualisera, motivera och stödja patienter kan vården effektiviseras. / Background: Eating disorders is a collection of diagnoses that cause a lot of sufferingfor the affected person. The eating disorders that exist are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimi Nervosa, Binge eating disorder, Rumination syndrome and avoidant/restrictive eating disorder. In 2019, the incidence of an eating disorder was estimated at 14 million cases worldwide, however, there is a large number of unrecorded cases regarding the prevalence of eating disorders. For some affected, the eating disorder can be life-threatening and in treatment, the different aspects of the human being must be taken into account. Aim: To describe the nurse´s nursing interventions in care of adult patients with an eating disorder in inpatient care. Method: A qualitative literature review with an inductive approach. The search was conducted in the CINAHL and Medline databases for articles published between 2013 and 2023. A total off ten result articles were analyzed. Result: A central finding in the literature review was to bulid a care relationships. The nurses build a care relationship through verbal communication, listen to the patient and to be present. By seeing the patient as a whole person, it was easier to establish a care relationships with the patients. Things nurses did to support patients were to encourage patients, creating self-help strategies, promote physical health, give patients time and involve relatives. Conclusion: Nurses need to adapt care to the patient's needs and desires by working in a person-centered way. By involving, individualizing, motivating and supporting patients, care can be made more effective.

Anxiety is a high-prevalence disorder, and it is often treated by medication which can be costly, has side effects, and is not available for everyone in need. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) such as mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) are great alternatives to treat anxiety. Both MBIs are not only more accessible but have no side effects as well. To establish whether MBIs can become a main treatment for anxiety, the associated neural correlates and changes should be investigated further. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate whether neural correlates of MBIs are mainly caused by emotional or attentional neural mechanisms, or if both are involved. There were five studies selected and included according to a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results suggest that MBIs are in fact effective in alleviating anxiety symptoms by enhancing both emotion and attention regulation. However, several of the included studies came with limitations such as having no significance in p-values, no control groups, and small samples. Thus, further research is needed to draw a conclusion on whether MBIs are the best alternative for the alleviation and treatment of anxiety.

This study aims to explore the working methods used by service providers in Germany when working with women affected by sex trafficking, as well as connected challenges and how these can be tackled. The authors used a qualitative research approach, semi-structured interviews were used as a data collection tool. The participants of the study consisted of four service providers working with women affected by sex trafficking in Germany. The collected empirical data was analysed with the ecological systems theory. The collected data was divided into three themes: methods and interventions, challenges, and tackling challenges and desired changes. These themes represented the most important information collected within this study.  These findings illustrate trust-building as the most important method to effectively work with women affected by sex trafficking. Besides that, one of the key challenges identified was lack of awareness and misconceptions on the issue of sex trafficking.

Students who display reading difficulties/disabilities at the end of third grade are less likely to succeed in content areas and graduate from high school than their reading-proficient peers. Literature suggests that students in rural school districts lag behind their suburban peers in terms of their reading levels and accessibility to resources. Furthermore, students from low socioeconomic status (SES) households and those who have disabilities exhibit greater learning loss during the summer break. This exploratory study examined the effects of two parent-implemented computer-based reading programs on the reading skills of 20 students at-risk for reading failure during a summer break. Parental and students’ perceptions regarding the effectiveness and desirability of the programs were elicited. Results suggested that both programs facilitated gains in phonemic awareness and phonics. Furthermore, students in the Funnix group exhibited large gains in vocabulary and oral reading fluency, and the students in the PLATO group exhibited large gains in comprehension. Most of the students indicated they liked the programs and the programs helped them read. Similarly, most of the parents agreed that the programs were useful, and they were comfortable using the programs. A description of the computer programs, results, implications, and limitations of the study are discussed.

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