Bakgrund: Kronisk njursvikt innebär att njurens funktioner gradvis minskar och blir nedsatta över tid, vilket kräver dialysbehandling i flera omgångar. Några av symtomen som kan uppstå i samband med kronisk njursvikt är bland annat klåda. Uremisk klåda kan besväras av både fysiskt och psykiskt då det bidrar till sår, ökad trötthet, försämrad livskvalitet. Lidande och obehag som orsakade av uremisk klåda kan ytterligare leda till depression och ångest. Det är därför viktigt att sjuksköterskor kan bemöta och hjälpa patienter som lider av uremisk klåda att lindra symtomen. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors omvårdnadsåtgärder för att lindra uremisk klåda vid kronisk njursvikt Metod: Litteraturöversikten med tolv vetenskapliga artiklar. Databaserna PubMed och CINALH complete användes. Artiklarna analyserades med hjälp av Fribergs analysmodell. Resultat: I resultatet framkom fem teman; (1) Aromaterapi, (2) Termisk terapi, (3) Akupressur, (4) Krämer och (5) Övriga metoder. Dessa fem teman har visat vara effektiva för att lindra uremisk klåda. Slutsats: Sammanfattningsvis har aromaterapi, termisk terapi, akupressur, krämer och övriga omvårdnadsåtgärder visat sig verkande lindrande på uremisk klåda. Genom att tillämpa dessa omvårdnadsåtgärder kan det ytterligare bidra till bättre sömnkvalitet samt livskvalitet för patienterna som lider av uremisk klåda. Dessutom är omvårdnadsåtgärder kostnadseffektiva alternativ gentemot medicinska behandlingen. / Background: Chronic kidney failure means that the kidney's functions gradually decrease and become impaired over time, which requires dialysis treatment several rounds. Some of the symptoms that can occur in connection with chronic kidney failure is itching. Uremic itching can be troublesome both physically and psychologically as it contributes to ulcers, increased fatigue and reduced quality of life. Pain and discomfort caused by uremic pruritus can further lead to depression and anxiety. Therefore, it is necessary that nurses can address and help patients that are suffering from uremic pruritus to relieve the symptoms. Aim: The aim was to describe nurses care measure to treat pruritus in patients with chronic kidney failure. Method: The litterature review based on twelve scientific articles. The databases Pubmed and CINALH complete were used. The scientific articles were analyzed using Friberg´s model. Results: The results showed five themes; (1) Aromatherapy, (2) Thermal therapy, (3) Acupressure, (4) Creams and (5) Other methods. These five themes have been shown to be effective in relieving uremic pruritus. Conclusion: In conclusion, aromatherapy, thermal therapy, acupressure, creams and other methods have been shown to be working in treating uremic pruritus. By applying these nursing interventions can it further contribute to better quality of sleep and quality of life for patients that are suffering from uremic pruritus. Furthermore, are nursing interventions cost-effective alternatives to medical treatment.

Abstract      Refugee children living in refugee camps are a vulnerable population at a high risk of developing mental health problems, behavioural issues, and being exposed to violence or trauma. However, not all children that experience these stressors of displacement develop negative outcomes. Some children adapt to the circumstances and build resilience against the challenges. Because the number of refugee children has risen, the importance of studying the subject and finding protective factors are critical. Therefore the aim of this study was to look into circumstances and interventions that promote mental well-being and resilience in refugee children in the context of a refugee camp, from a holistic perspective. Considering UN global goals the results of this study can be used in expanding resilience-building interventions in order to promote mental well-being around the world, particularly in developing countries.  A qualitative approach was taken through semi-structured interviews to gather data. Two participants working as practitioners in a resilience-building project in the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan were selected through a snowball selection. Through the theories of ecology of child development and the model of the seven Cs of resilience, this study identified resilience-building in several levels, including personal, family and community. Having knowledge about the strengths and development potential of oneself, close family relations, a supportive community and peer groups help children to  build resilience and overcome challenges. The study also found that in order to understand resilience-building in children a holistic approach is required. There are strong links between children, their families, their communities, and their psychosocial well-being. / Abstrakt  Flyktingbarn som bor i flyktingläger är en utsatt grupp som löper stor risk att utveckla psykiska störningar, beteendeproblem och utsättas för våld eller trauma. Trots alla stressorer med att vara flykting anpassar sig en del barn till omständigheterna och visar motståndskraft. Eftersom antalet flyktingbarn har ökat runt om i världen är vikten av att studera ämnet och hitta skyddsfaktorer som leder till motståndskraft avgörande för barnens välmående. Därför var syftet med denna studie att fokusera på omständigheter och interventioner som främjar flyktingbarns psykiska välbefinnande och motståndskraft i kontexten av ett flyktingläger, ur ett holistiskt perspektiv. Med tanke på FN:s globala mål kan resultaten av denna studie användas för att utöka motståndsbyggande interventioner för att främja mentalt välbefinnande hos barn runt om i världen, särskilt i utvecklingsländerna.  En kvalitativ metod genom semistrukturerade intervjuer användes för att samla in data. Två deltagare som arbetade i ett motståndsbyggande projekt (resilience-building project) i flyktinglägret Al-Zaatari i Jordanien valdes ut genom ett snöbollsurval. Genom teorierna om socialekologi för barnens utveckling och modellen sju C om motståndskraft identifierade denna studie att motståndsbyggande hos barn sker på flera nivåer, inklusive personlig, familj och i samhällsnivå. Att ha kunskap om sina styrkor och utvecklingspotentialer, att ha nära familjerelationer och stödjande samhällen och kamratgrupper hjälper barnen att bygga motståndskraft och övervinna utmaningar. Studien fann också att för att förstå motståndsbyggande hos barn krävs ett holistiskt förhållningssätt. Det finns starka kopplingar mellan barn, deras familjer och deras samhällen, och psykosocialt välbefinnande. För att hjälpa barn bygga motståndskraft är därför en dynamisk process nödvändig. / خلاصه کودکان پناهنده ای که در کمپ های پناهندگان زندگی می کنند، جمعیتی آسیب پذیر هستند که در معرض خطر بالای ابتلا به مشکلات سلامت روانی، مسائل رفتاری، و قرار گرفتن در معرض خشونت یا تروما قرار دارند. با این حال، همه کودکانی که این عوامل استرس زای جابجایی را تجربه می کنند، پیامدهای منفی ندارند. برخی از کودکان با شرایط سازگار می شوند و در برابر چالش ها انعطاف پذیری می کنند. از آنجا که تعداد کودکان پناهنده افزایش یافته است، اهمیت تحقیق کردن موضوع و یافتن عوامل محافظتی بسیار مهم است. بنابراین هدف این تحقیق بررسی شرایط و مداخلاتی بود که بهزیستی روانی و تاب‌آوری را در کودکان پناهنده در چارچوب یک اردوگاه پناهندگان، از منظر کل نگر ارتقا می‌دهد. با توجه به اهداف جهانی سازمان ملل، نتایج این مطالعه می‌تواند در گسترش مداخلات تاب‌آوری به  منظور ارتقای بهزیستی روانی در سراسر جهان به‌ ویژه در کشورهای در حال توسعه استفاده شود. برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها، روش کیفی از طریق مصاحبه‌های نیمه ساختاریافته اتخاذ شده  است. دو شرکت کننده که به عنوان کارآموز در یک پروژه انعطاف پذیری در اردوگاه پناهندگان زعتری در اردن کار می کردند از طریق نمونه گیری گلوله برفی انتخاب شدند. این مطالعه از طریق تئوری‌های بوم‌شناسی رشد کودک و مدل هفت C تاب‌آوری، تاب‌آوری‌ سازی را در سطوح مختلفی از جمله فردی، خانوادگی و اجتماعی شناسایی کرده است .داشتن دانش در مورد نقاط قوت و محتمل رشد خود، روابط نزدیک خانوادگی، جامعه حامی و گروه های همسالان به کودکان کمک می کند تا تاب آوری را ایجاد کنند و بر چالش ها غلبه کنند. این تحقیق همچنین نشان داد که برای تاب‌آوری در کودکان به یک رویکرد جامع نگر نیاز است. پیوندهای محکمی بین کودکان، خانواده‌ها، جوامع و رفاه روانی اجتماعی آنها وجود دارد.

Smärta är ett vanligt förekommande symtom inom prehospital akutsjukvård och ambulanspersonal möter dagligen patienter som är påverkade av smärta och ångest. Det visarpå att behovet av smärtlindring är centralt inom prehospital akutsjukvård. Obehandlad smärta kan påverka patienten negativt både på kort och lång sikt och kan orsaka onödigt lidande för patienten. Den farmakologiska smärtlindringen i ambulanssjukvården är begränsad till ett fåtal preparat och då kan icke-farmakologiska åtgärder vara aktuella att använda för att lindra patientens smärta.Syftet var att beskriva omvårdnadsåtgärder inom prehospital akutsjukvård som kan lindra patientens upplevelse av smärta. Metoden i denna studie var litteraturöversikt med systematisk ansats,15 vetenskapliga artiklarinkluderades. De inkluderade artiklarna hämtades från databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Integrerad analys användes för att sammanställa och presentera resultatet.Resultatet visade att direkta åtgärder som att invänta effekt av läkemedel, beröring, värme, musik samt förflyttning och immobilisering gav smärtlindrande effekt. Kommunikation som omvårdnadsåtgärd i form av lugnande samtal, icke-verbal kommunikation samt att ge information till patienten kunde minska smärtupplevelsen. Ambulanspersonalens vårdande hållning genom att skapa tillit och förtroende i vårdmötet samt ett professionellt förhållningssätt kunde också lindra smärtupplevelsen.Slutsatsen är att icke-farmakologiska omvårdnadsåtgärder kan vara användbara åtgärder för att lindra patientens upplevelse av smärta. Det ställer krav på ambulanspersonalen att identifiera behovet av smärtlindring hos patienten samt välja en lämplig omvårdnadsåtgärd för att lindra smärtan. / Being diagnosed with a cognitive disorder was described as coming as a shock and was experienced as a threat to human dignity, but also as the beginning of a process towards acceptance. The people described things like memory deterioration, difficulty with orientation and coping with everyday tasks, but also that they used strategies to deal with it. For some people, the present and the future became chaotic, where the shame of not remembering or functioning as before together with other people's stigmatized view of the disease made life difficult to manage. Others expressed that they were satisfied with life and experienced health, despite illness. People with cognitive disease experience that everyone goes through their own disease course and no two people and illnesses are the same. Despite life-changing conditions, there were people who experienced health and well-being despite illness. The sense of coherens affected the person's ability to deal with the existential, psychological, physical and social stresses the person encountered. Therefore, a specifically designed support is needed that is based on knowledge and understanding of what it means to live with a cognitive disorder.

We all take the natural environment we encounter during childhood as the norm against which we measure environmental degradation later in our lives. With each ensuing generation, the amount of environmental degradation increases, but each generation in its youth takes that degraded condition as the non degraded condition - as the normal experience. This psychological phenomenon is called environmental generational amnesia, and has just recently been stated as one of the most pressing psychological problems of our lifetime. More meaningful and frequent interactions with the natural environment can clarify the confusion about what Nature really is and strengthen our relationship to it, which in turn could encourage us to preserve natural environments for the coming generations. In this way, being in Nature and appreciating it could prevent environmental generational amnesia. The BA-project Towards Recollection aims to raise the question about environmental degradation as a result of environmental generational amnesia and explore how Nature in an urbanscape could be highlighted through a group of architectural interventions and the sensory experiences of Nature, to work as a tool on our journey towards recollection and in the prevention of one of the most pressing psychological problems of our lifetime.

This literature review investigates nursing interventions to reduce decibel levels in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The secondary purpose of this review was to evaluate if the interventions to reduce noise in the NICU had different outcomes for normal weight premature infants and infants afflicted with neonatal abstinence syndrome. The data bases for completing this review were Google Scholar, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL Plus), PubMed, and Elton B. Stephens Co. (EBSCO). The key search words included ‘NICU and decibels', ‘reducing decibels', ‘neonatal abstinence syndrome' ‘decibels', ‘preterm infants' and 'normal weight preterm infant*'. The inclusion criteria were research articles from 2008 to 2020, articles with a focus on normal weight premature infants and normal weight infants determined to be addicted to a recreational or illicit substance after birth. The results yielded 8 articles meeting inclusion criteria and screened for relevance to the topic. Data indicated there is a need for further research into using multiple interventions. One intervention alone can currently not reduce decibel levels to the recommended level. Conclusions: Currently the research states private rooms reduce decibel levels the most out of the other intervention listed in the study. Further research with long-term neuro-cognitive data collection over a longer period of time and larger sample sizes is needed to evaluate the use of interventions to reduce high level, decibel noise found in the NICU.

Work-related stress can be recognized as a widespread phenomenon that influences individuals, organizations, and society. Stress and work-related stress are complex issues that involve and are influenced by different factors at different levels. This exploratory study aimed to get a deeper understanding of operational managers' perceived assumptions regarding work-related stress for nurse assistants who work in elderly home care in different municipalities. Additionally, this thesis attempted to identify the municipalities’ organizational and individual interventions and investigate how they evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions. Applying the qualitative method with deductive reasoning and using semi-structured interviews (N=5) resulted in two core categories “multiple dimensions of stress and stress interventions” and “lack of effective tools”. The operational managers expressed that there is continuous a challenge to getting more budget from government to implement more effective interventions, however, they claimed that individuals' lifestyles and situations can not be ignored. Moreover, analyzing respondents’ interviews indicated that there is a lack of effective tools to evaluate organizational effectiveness. Finally, according to all respondents, municipalities do not have regular leadership training for unit managers or healthy workshops for nurse assistants to promote healthy working conditions. This study highlighted the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in investigating work-related studies including political power relations and economic contexts.

Animals and social work is an emerging field, and there is a troubling lack of research that has been conducted that attempts to document or explore the experiences of the animals involved in these practices. This dissertation explores the experiences of dogs working alongside social workers, using a mixed methods approach focussing on qualitative data. Data was gathered using critical ethnographic methodology involving interviews with social workers, dog owners and service users. Extensive observational field notes were taken during the use of an emerging research-creation digital method with the dogs and sensor data technologies. This research addresses three questions: (1), How can the experiences of dogs in social work be documented? (2), Why is it important to document these experiences? (3), How are dogs experiencing their involvement in social work practice? (4), What knowledge do the social workers who work with dogs have about involving these animals in social work? The data in this study isanalyzed through a critical post-humanist lens informed by decolonial Indigenous knowledges. Important themes that emerged were interspecies relationships, dog personalities and behaviourswhile working, workplaces and responsibilities, needs and benefits, training, and use of technology in research with OTH animals. Based on the innovative findings of this study, it can be determined that partial experiences of OTH animals involved in social work practice can and should be documented and explored to understand the high levels of responsibility, professionalism, and expectations that working dogs in the field are subject to. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This dissertation uses a mixed-methods approach to explore the experiences of dogs involved in social work practice. The research addresses four questions: (1), How can the experiences of dogs in social work be documented? (2), Why is it important to document these experiences? (3), How are dogs experiencing their involvement in social work practice? (4), What knowledge do the social workers who work with dogs have about involving these animals in social work? Based on the findings, it can be determined that partial experiences of dogs involved in social work practice can and should be documented and explored to understandthe responsibility, professionalism, and expectations that working dogs are subject to.

Stress is a global health issue and effective stress management techniques are much needed. Mindfulness meditation in the form of mindfulness-based interventions have been shown to be effective interventions for self-reported stress reduction. However, the effects of mindfulness meditation on the objective physiological markers of stress are less clear. Heart rate variability, the variation in time between each consecutive heartbeat has been shown to be such an objective physiological marker of stress. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate how mindfulness-based interventions affect heart rate variability to better understand the utility of mindfulness meditation as a stress management technique. A literature search was conducted on March 8th, 2022, with the databases Web of Science, Scopus, and MEDLINE EBSCO to identify randomized controlled trials that examined the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on heart rate variability. A total of 10 studies met the inclusion criteria with a total of 970 participants. The results from the systematic review were mixed and indicate inconsistencies across the literature. Thus, there are uncertainties on how mindfulness-based interventions affect heart rate variability. Although the systematic review was limited by a small sample of studies, it highlights that further research on how mindfulness-based interventions affect heart rate variability is needed to better understand the utility of mindfulness meditation as a stress management technique.

Begreppet akut coronart syndrom (ACS) används för tillstånd som orsakar syrebrist i hjärtmuskeln genom förträngning av kranskärlen. I Sverige sker ca 42 % av alla dödsfall hos både kvinnor och män till följd av hjärtkärlsjukdom. Riskfaktorer utgörs av kön, ålder och ärftlighet samt relateras till livsstils faktorer såsom rökning, förhöjda blodfetter, hypertoni, diabetes, stress och låg fysisk aktivitet. För personen som insjuknar i en hjärtinfarkt kan upplevelsen innebära en kris och sjuksköterskan har en central roll som rådgivare och vägledare för patienter under deras sjukhusvistelse och i eftervården.Syfte med denna litteratursammanställning var att beskriva sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsåtgärder som kan stödja patienter med ACS.Studien utgörs av en systematisk litteraturssammanställning och resulterade i sex kvalitativa och fem kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar.Resultatet belyser två teman som betydelsefulla omvårdnadsåtgärder sjuksköterskan kan stödja patienter med vid ACS. Dessa teman presenteras som information/utbildning och skapande av relationen mellan sjuksköterska och patient. Sjuksköterskans kompetens och professionalitet samt förmågan att möta patienten på ett bekräftande sätt leder till trygg relation mellan sjuksköterska och patient. En god relationen och information förefaller påverka patienten till att förstå och förbättra sin hälsa. Det är viktigt att få tid till att etablera en relation med patienten. Inom området bemötande och kommunikation ses flera framtida forskningsfrågor. / Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is used to describe conditions that causes lack of oxygen to the heartmuscle due to a stenosis in the coronary arteries. The death rate in coronary heart disease is 42% in Sweden in both females and males and is the most common course of death. Risk factors are gender, age and heredity as well as lifestyle factors as smoking, hyperlipidemia, hypertonia, diabetes, stress and low fysical activity. The person that experience a heart failure might get into a crisis and nurses has an important role as a guide and councillor during the stay in hospital and in the aftercare.The aim of this systematic litterature review was to describe nursing interventions to support the patients with ACS. The study includes six qualitative and five quantitative articles. The result highlights two themes as important nursing interventions to support patients with ACS. These themes are presented as information/education and the establishment of a nurse-patient relation. The nurse’s competence and professionality and her capacity to confirm the patient leads to a confident relation between the nurse and the patient. A good relation and information seems to affect the patients understanding of, and improving of his/hers health. It seems to be of importance to obtain time to enable the possibility to establish the relation with the patient. In the domain of how the patient is approached and communicated with, future research is recommended.

Child abuse and neglect affect children's mental health and well-being negatively. Despite their significance, these topics are often not discussed or addressed in school interventions and academic achievement. This systematic review aims to explore and describe different school interventions focusing on trauma to improve academic achievement and create safe environments for abused children. Three databases were searched, and four articles were selected for school-aged children who have experienced abuse or are in foster care. The selected articles were analyzed to identify the different interventions employed by schools to support these children. The review results indicate that trauma-informed school interventions are among the most effective approaches for achieving academic goals with abused children. These interventions often involve creating safe and supportive learning environments prioritizing the child's well-being and mental health. Nevertheless, it is essential to highlight the need for future research to evaluate the interventions mentioned and how they might be effective in different contexts and cultures.