Masters of Science - Msc (Physiotherapy) / Extrinsic factors like terrain, hard running surfaces or incorrect shoes have been known to be contributing factors to injury, and intrinsic factors such as poor flexibility, mal-alignment anthropometry, previous injury and running experience have been identified in playing a role too. Little is known about the factors associated with injuries among marathon runners in Eldoret, Kenya. It is therefore important to identify the possible risk factors associated with running injuries in order to prevent further injury and severe long-term complications

Title: Motivating factors influencing consumers’ Brand preferences for mobile phones: University of Gavle students Level: Final assignment for Master degree in Business Administration (MBA) Authors: Chinedu Ekemba and Emurla Emin Ali Supervisor: Professor Ehsanul Huda Chowdhury Examiner: Professor Maria Fregidou-Malama Date: 2017- June Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the motivating factors that influence University Gavle students to prefer a particular Mobile phone brand. Method: A qualitative study is carried out based on primary data; the primary data was collected through semi-structured interview with twenty of University of Gavle Students by the use of face to face interview. Result & Conclusion: The study finds out that, the role of word of mouth as extrinsic factors serves as the highest motivating factor, while prestige serves as intrinsic factors of motivation. Thus, word of mouth and quality are the highest motivating factors that influence University of Gavle students to prefer a particular mobile phone brand. This finding of this research will help mobile phone marketers and managers to develop strategy on how to capture Swedish consumers to prefer their companies brand products. Suggestion for future research: Future research could be done by considering different or more widely target groups instead of students of University of Gavle. Different perspectives can be combined in future research thus, further research can be conducted by more broadly with a variety of age groups and in a wider area. Also, further research could include comparison between mobile phone brand types and may consider different type of products. This will give understanding of the different segments in mobile phone market, and to determine if these different segments can cause any variety and change of motivating factors. Additionally, further research could be conducted in the long time period, thus can be explored in detail benefiting from the longitudinal study and could be include observations to understand long-term variables on mobile phone market and effects of motivating factors. Hence, this could bring more effective conceptualization of influencing factors of smartphone buying consumers and helps to achieve a more in-depth research. More so, the same study can be conducted with a combination of different Universities in Sweden. And also, same research can be carried out using quantitative research method for future research. Contribution of the Study: This study contributes with knowledge on which motivating factors influence customers brand preferences, and how these factors affect their purchase decision.

Fewer students apply for and finish the teacher programs in Sweden, and manyteachers leave their job. Swedish schools are in need of more teachers, but theteaching profession is today portrayed as unattractive. This research aims toinvestigate what factors that motivate some students to become teachers and whatfactors that motivate some teachers, ESL teachers in first hand, to work as teachers,mainly in secondary schools in Malmoe. Three secondary teachers who teach ESL inMalmoe were interviewed and expressed their thoughts about the positive aspects ofthe teaching job, why they wanted to become and why they work as ESL teachers, andwhat goals they have in relation to their profession. The research showed that the ESLteachers teach because they feel passionate about the subject they teach and becausethey enjoy working with children and teenagers. They find the job fun and rewarding,and think that it is challenging, especially when working in a city like Malmoe. Itseems as teachers often put the pupils first and do not focus on external rewards, suchas salary. Teacher motivation has an impact on student motivation and it is thereforeimportant that teachers remain motivated within their profession.

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To study the impact of environmental changes in a coastal marine ecosystem, it is necessary to use indicator species. It is crucial to understand the foraging performances that proceed from environmental changes. The aim of my thesis was to examine the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the foraging activity of the little penguins (Eudyptula minor). The thermocline allowed birds to approach optimal behaviour. However, the thermocline is an unstable element. I did not find any effect of individual characteristics on their foraging behaviour and success. My work suggests that environmental conditions are major factors that will influence the behaviour of little penguins, allowing me to conclude that little penguins are good ecological indicators.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:30:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6200.pdf: 5255167 bytes, checksum: 58a3b70b1973c81a294f1b3d39c5e6a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-21 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Macrophytes constitute the set of plants that evolutionarily returned to live in aquatic environments. They are widely distributed in the world and are characterized by a type of vegetation with high rates of primary production. Decomposition rates of these plants are influenced by biotic (i.e. decomposition community) and abiotic (i.e. temperature, dissolved oxygen, ion concentration) factors. Thus, were analyzed during the in vitro decomposition of three aquatic macrophytes with different habits of life (Eichhornia azurea, Eleocharis sp. e Salvinia auriculata): the carbon balance and the mass loss, the activities of the enzymes cellulase (C1 and Cx), xylanase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase and its influences on the decomposition of lignocellulosic compounds; and temporal variations of pH, conductivity, degree of aromatization and the content of C:N:P in the dissolved fraction of the chamber of decomposition at different temperatures and under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. For this, chambers of decomposition were prepared with dried plants in a sample of water from the dam of the Beija-Flor (municipality of Luís Antônio, SP - Brazil) fragments. Incubations were kept under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and 4 temperatures (15, 20, 25 e 30 oC). A first-order kinetic model was adopted to describe and compare the kinetics of decomposition of macrophytes. The result analysis concluded that due to heterogeneity of debris, decomposition had biphasic pattern of mass loss, with labile/soluble fraction (COPls ≈ 15.4; 10.6 and 10.7 % for E. azurea, Eleocharis sp. and S. auriculata, respectively) and refractory ( CO ≈ 84.2; 89.4 and 89.0% for E. azurea, Eleocharis sp. and S. auriculata, respectively). Soluble/labile fraction showed mass loss coefficients higher (1.4; 2.0 and 1.0 dia-1 for E. azurea, Eleocharis sp. and S. auriculata, respectively) than the refractory fraction (0.0009; 0.0034 and 0.0014 dia-1 for E. azurea, Eleocharis sp. and S. auriculata, respectively). Both extrinsic factors (i.e. temperature and dissolved oxygen) as well the chemical composition of the plant influenced the decomposition process. Extrinsic fatoress, however, acted so as to lead to decomposition, accepting the hypothesis tested. The habit of life not directly influenced the mass loss. / A decomposição exerce importante papel no funcionamento dos sistemas aquáticos, possibilitando a ciclagem de nutrientes e de matéria orgânica nesses ambientes. Macrófitas aquáticas podem constituir importante fonte de entrada de energia nestes ecossistemas, representando até 50% do aporte de carbono orgânico. A velocidade da decomposição bem como o tipo e a quantidade de elementos liberados destas plantas são influenciadas por fatores bióticos e abióticos. Foram analisados durante a decomposição in vitro de três macrófitas aquáticas de hábitos diferentes (Eichhornia azurea, Eleocharis sp. e Salvinia auriculata): o balanço de carbono e a perda de massa, as atividades das enzimas celulase (C1 e Cx), xilanase, peroxidase e polifenol e suas influências na decomposição dos compostos lignocelulósicos; bem como as variações temporais de pH, condutividade, grau de aromatização e o teor de C:N:P na fração dissolvida em câmaras de decomposição sob diferentes condições de temperatura e disponibilidade de oxigênio. Para tanto, câmaras de decomposição foram preparadas com fragmentos secos das plantas com água da represa do Beija-Flor (município de Luís Antônio, SP Brasil). As incubações foram mantidas sob aerobiose e anaerobiose e em 4 temperaturas (15, 20, 25 e 30 oC). Um modelo cinético de primeira ordem foi adotado para descrever e comparar a cinética da decomposição das macrófitas. A análise dos resultados permitiu concluir que os detritos apresentaram-se gê áb / ú ( CO ≈ 15 4; 10 6 10 7 % E. azurea, Eleocharis sp. e S. auriculata ) á ( CO ≈ 84 2; 89 4 89 0% E. azurea, Eleocharis sp. e S. auriculata, respectivamente). As decomposições tiveram padrão bifásico de perda de massa uma vez que a fração lábil/solúvel apresentou coeficientes de perda de massa mais elevados (1,4; 2,0 e 1,0 dia-1 para E. azurea, Eleocharis sp. e S. auriculata, respectivamente) do que a fração refratária (0,0009; 0,0034 e 0,0014 dia-1 para E. azurea, Eleocharis sp. e S. auriculata, respectivamente). Tanto fatores extrínsecos (i.e. temperatura e oxigênio dissolvido) como a composição química da planta influenciaram no processo de decomposição. Os fatoress extrínsecos, porém, atuaram de maneira a conduzir a decomposição, aceitando a hipótese testada. O hábito de vida não influenciou diretamente na perda de massa.

Problem behaviours amongst adolescent learners continue to affect the goals of effective education. The current study sought to investigate adolescents’ perspectives of discipline problems at a secondary school in Gauteng. A mixed method research design was followed during which questionnaires, focus groups and interviews directed the empirical investigation. The findings revealed two areas for addressing and improving the discipline problems of the secondary school, namely improving extrinsic factors and improving the current discipline system. Based on the findings, it was suggested that the school encourage greater parent involvement and improve parent-teacher communication. Creating a positive school identity and developing teachers further was proposed. An improved discipline system based on a positive learning approach was recommended. This included clarifying the discipline system to all role players, standardising discipline procedures throughout the school and improving follow up procedures regarding learner discipline. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

Problem behaviours amongst adolescent learners continue to affect the goals of effective education. The current study sought to investigate adolescents’ perspectives of discipline problems at a secondary school in Gauteng. A mixed method research design was followed during which questionnaires, focus groups and interviews directed the empirical investigation. The findings revealed two areas for addressing and improving the discipline problems of the secondary school, namely improving extrinsic factors and improving the current discipline system. Based on the findings, it was suggested that the school encourage greater parent involvement and improve parent-teacher communication. Creating a positive school identity and developing teachers further was proposed. An improved discipline system based on a positive learning approach was recommended. This included clarifying the discipline system to all role players, standardising discipline procedures throughout the school and improving follow up procedures regarding learner discipline. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

Pour étudier l'impact des changements environnementaux dans un écosystème marin côtier, il est nécessaire d'utiliser des espèces indicatrices. Il est essentiel de distinguer les performances de recherche de nourriture qui résultent des changements de l’environnement. L'objectif de ma thèse était d'étudier l'influence des facteurs intrinsèques et extrinsèques sur l'activité de recherche alimentaire des manchots pygmée (Eudyptula minor). J'ai démontré que la thermocline a permis aux oiseaux d'approcher le comportement optimal. Cependant, la thermocline est un élément instable. Je n'ai trouvé aucun effet des caractéristiques des individus sur le comportement et le succès. Mon travail suggère que les conditions environnementales sont les principaux facteurs qui influencent le comportement des manchots pygmée qui sont donc de bons indicateurs. / To study the impact of environmental changes in a coastal marine ecosystem, it is necessary to use indicator species. It is crucial to understand the foraging performances that proceed from environmental changes. The aim of my thesis was to examine the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the foraging activity of the little penguins (Eudyptula minor). The thermocline allowed birds to approach optimal behaviour. However, the thermocline is an unstable element. I did not find any effect of individual characteristics on their foraging behaviour and success. My work suggests that environmental conditions are major factors that will influence the behaviour of little penguins, allowing me to conclude that little penguins are good ecological indicators.

<p>Vr&scaron;eno je istraživanje intestinalnih nematoda žutogrlog mi&scaron;a (<em>Apodemus flavicollis&nbsp; </em>Melchior, 1834) uzorkovanog sa 18 lokaliteta na teritoriji Srbije, južno od Save i Dunava, sa ciljem pro&scaron;irenja i upotpunjavanja saznanja o ovoj komponenti parazitofaune glodara u ovom delu Evrope. Fauna nematoda crevnog trakta je analizirana sa vi&scaron;e aspekata: kvantitativnog, aspekta zajednica, biolo&scaron;kog, aspekta biodiverziteta i aspekta polne strukture. Pored toga, ispitan je uticaj odabranih<br />spolja&scaron;njih i unutra&scaron;njih faktora na prevalencu i abundancu parazitske infekcije.</p><p>Zabeleženo je prisustvo devet vrsta intestinalnih nematoda, pri čemu je broj vrsta po lokalitetu varirao od 1 do 7. Ukupna prevalenca infekcije iznosila je 81,6%. Najče&scaron;će vrste u uzorku bile su <em>Heligmosomoides polygyrus </em>i&nbsp;<em> Syphacia stroma</em>, koje su<br />se odlikovale najvi&scaron;im prevalencama i intenzitetima infekcije. Distribucija nematoda unutar domaćina je bila agregirana. Broj vrsta po domaćinu varirao je od 1 do 5, ali su najzastupljenije bile infekcije jednom ili dvema vrstama. Najče&scaron;ća kombinacija<br />vrsta bila je&nbsp;<em> H. polygyrus-S. stroma;</em> međutim, odsustvo podataka iz ranijih istraživanja i adekvatnih polaznih modela sprečava dono&scaron;enje zaključaka o mogućim interakcijama i asocijacijama između vrsta.</p><p>Monoksene nematode su bile brojnije i imale veću prevalencu od heteroksenih nematoda, &scaron;to oslikava&nbsp; razlike u njihovim životnim ciklusima. Među monoksenim nematodama, geohelminti u užem smislu su se odlikovali najvećim prevalencama, a ageohelminti najvećom abundancom, u skladu sa životnim strategijama koje teže ka disperziji ili akumulaciji.&Scaron;enonov indeks diverziteta cele uzoračke populacije iznosio je 1,44 &scaron;to je visoka vrednost u odnosu na one iz drugih delova Evrope. Nije uočena značajna negativna korelacija između udaljenosti lokaliteta i vrednosti Sorensenovog indeksa,ukazujući da je prostorni faktor značajan u strukturiranju zajednica intestinalnih nematoda i na lokalnom nivou. Odnos polova je bio neravnomeran, uglavnom u korist ženki, u skladu sa podacima drugih autora. Ženke su ujedno bile krupnije od mužjaka, saglasno sa ranijim nalazima za parazitske nematode. Nadmorska visina nije uticala na abundancu intestinalnih nematoda. Pol domaćina je uticao na prevalencu dve vrste: prevalenca&nbsp; <em>S. stroma</em>&nbsp; je bila veća kod mužjaka, a prevalenca<em> Trichuris muris</em>&nbsp; kod ženki. Kao značajan faktor uticao je na abundancu samo kod vrste&nbsp;<em> Aonchotheca annulosa</em>; abundanca ove vrste bila je veća kod mužjaka. Rezultati sugeri&scaron;u da je uticaj pola domaćina na nivo parazitske infekcije izuzetno kompleksan fenomen.&nbsp; Prevalenca i abundanca infekcije intestinalnim nematodama je bila veća kod domaćina sa B hromozomima.&nbsp; Lokalitet je bio značajan faktor u variranju abundance nematoda. Uzrast i prisustvo drugih vrsta nematoda su&nbsp; takođe ispoljavali značajan efekat. Povećanje abundance nematoda sa uzrastom&nbsp; se vezuje za dužu izloženost starijih jedinki parazitima. Iako je registrovan uticaj abundance jedne vrste na abundancu druge, on ne predstavlja čvrst dokaz za postojanje interakcija između vrsta.</p> / <p>A study of intestinal nematode parasites was conducted on the yellow-necked mouse (<em>Apodemus flavicollis&nbsp;</em> Melchior, 1834) sampled from 18 sites from Serbia south of the Sava and Danube rivers. The aim of the study was to broaden and enrich the data on this category of rodent parasites in this part of Europe. The nematode fauna of the gastrointestinal tract was analysed from quantitative, community, biological, biodiversity and sex ratio aspects. In addition, selected extrinsic and intrinsic factors were tested for their influence on the prevalence and abundance of infection.</p><p>Nine species of&nbsp; intestinal nematodes were noted, 1 to 7 per site. Total sample prevalence was 81.6%. <em>Heligmosomoides polygyrus</em>&nbsp; and&nbsp; <em>Syphacia stroma</em> were the most common species, with the highest prevalence and intensity values. Nematodes were aggregated within their hosts. Infracommunity richness varied from 1 to 5, but infections with one or two species were most common. The most frequent<br />combination&nbsp; of species was <em>H. polygyrus-S. stroma</em>, but in absence of prior research and adequate null models, conclusions of possible interactions and associations between species could not be drawn.</p><p>Monoxenous nematodes were more abundant and prevalent than heteroxenous species, reflecting the differences in their life cycles. Of the monoxenous nematodes, geohelminths<em> sensu stricto</em> had the highest prevalence values, whereas ageohelminths were most abundant, with respect to their life strategies that favour either dispersal or accumulation. Shannon&rsquo;s diversity index for the total sample was 1.44, a high value compared to those from other European based studies. A significant negative correlation between site distance and Sorensen index values was not found, implying that spatial factors have an important role in structuring intestinal nematode communities on a local scale. Sex ratio was generally female-biased, in agreement with data from other authors. In addition, females were larger than males, congruent with previous findings for parasitic nematodes.</p><p>Elevation did not significantly influence intestinal nematode abundance. Host sex influenced the prevalence of two species: for <em>S. stroma</em> prevalence was higher in males, and for <em>Trichuris muris</em> in females. Influence of host sex on abundance was found only for <em>Aonchotheca annulosa</em>, with abundances of this parasite higher in male mice. The results suggest that the effectof host sex on parasite infection levels is a highly complex phenomenon.&nbsp; Infection prevalence and abundance was higher in hosts that carried B chromosomes. Site was a significant factor in explaining variations in nematode abundance. Hostage and presence of other nematode species&nbsp; also exibited effects.&nbsp; An increase in nematode abundance with host age&nbsp; is explained by prolonged exposure to parasites in older host individuals. Although results indicate that the abundance of one species influences the abundance of another, this is not firm evidence of the existence of species interactions.</p>