Multi-component induction resistivity and sonic measurements acquired in high-angle wells can be strongly influenced by shoulder-bed effects, anisotropy resulting from sand-shale laminations, and presence of mud-filtrate invasion. Understanding the corresponding biasing effects aids in the interpretation of resistivity and sonic measurements and subsequently leads to more accurate and reliable formation evaluation. This dissertation describes numerical simulation studies examining the effects on multi-component induction and sonic measurements in a variety of complex formation models. Subsequently, a joint inversion scheme is presented that combines resistivity and sonic measurements to estimate in situ petrophysical and elastic properties in the presence of mud-filtrate invasion. To facilitate the simulation study of multi-component induction logs, I develop a new finite-difference algorithm for the numerical simulation of frequency-domain electromagnetic borehole measurements. The algorithm~uses a coupled scalar-vector potential formulation for arbitrary three-dimensional inhomogeneous and electrically anisotropic media. Simulations show that shoulder-bed anisotropy: enhances shoulder-bed effects across sand layers; and impacts invasion sensitivities to significantly alter the assessment of invasion in terms of invaded- and virgin-zone resistivities, radial length, and front shape. For the simulation study of sonic logs, I develop a three-dimensional, finite-difference time-domain algorithm that models elastic wave propagation in a fluid-filled borehole. Simulations show that presence of anisotropy not only alters the degree of dispersion observed in flexural and Stoneley waves, but also alters their responses to invasion. In addition, presence of a dipping shoulder bed can significantly distort flexural dispersion, making it difficult to identify the low frequency asymptote corresponding to formation shear wave velocity. Lastly, I consider a radial one-dimensional model in the development of a joint resistivity and sonic inversion algorithm. This scheme simultaneously inverts array-induction apparent conductivities and sonic flexural and Stoneley dispersions for the rock's elastic moduli and water saturation in the presence of mud-filtrate invasion. Inversions are performed on numerically simulated data for a variety of models reflecting soft and hard rock formations with presence of water- and oil-based mud-filtrate invasion. Results show the estimated invasion profiles display excellent agreement with the true models, and the elastic moduli are estimated to within a few percent of the true values. / text

Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation and species invasions have been recognized as three of the leading threats to biodiversity. I examined the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on native and invasive plants in central Texas. During the last century, the density and abundance of woody plants has been increasing in the savannas of eastern Edwards Plateau. This process, known as woody plant encroachment, not only reduces the amount of open herbaceous habitat but also fragments that habitat creating smaller and more isolated patches. In three studies, I investigated the consequences of this habitat loss and fragmentation for plants which do not occur under the cover of woody plants including native grasses and forbs and the invasive Eurasian bunchgrass, Bothriochloa ischaemum (King Ranch Bluestem). In the first study, I show that woody plant encroachment reduces native herbaceous species richness (the number of species in a given area). Using a collection of historical aerial photographs, I demonstrate that current native herbaceous species richness was most strongly related to recent habitat amount, but to the degree of habitat fragmentation at least 50 years ago. In a second study, I show that the presence of B. ischaemum was negatively related to the degree of fragmentation in the surrounding landscape. Finally, I found that B. ischaemum had higher rates of germination and growth in experimental plots where the species commonly lost with woody plant encroachment were removed than in unmanipulated control plots. Together, this work suggests that woody plant encroachment is directly slowing the spread of an invasive species while indirectly facilitating its establishment. / text

Thromboxane A2 receptor (TP) has been shown to play important roles in multiple aspects of cancer development including regulation of tumor growth, survival and metastasis. Molecular mechanisms of TP mediated cancer cell invasion remain to be identified. TP agonist, I-BOP, significantly elevated several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) including MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9 and MMP-10 in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells overexpressing TPα (A549-TPα) or TPβ (A549-TPβ). Signaling pathways of I-BOP-induced MMP-1 expression were examined in further detail as a model system for MMPs induction. Signaling molecules involved in I-BOP-induced MMP-1 expression were identified by using specific inhibitors including small interfering (si)-RNAs of signaling molecules and promoter reporter assay. The results indicate that I-BOP-induced MMP-1 expression is mediated by protein kinase C (PKC), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-activator protein-1(AP-1) and ERK-CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) pathways. I-BOP-induced cellular invasiveness of A549-TPα cells was blocked by, GM6001, a general inhibitor of MMPs. Knockdown of MMP-1 and MMP-9 by their respective siRNA partially reduced I-BOP-stimulated A549-TPα cells invasion suggesting that other MMPs induced by I-BOP were also involved. Furthermore, secreted MMP-1 in conditioned media from I-BOP-treated A549-TPα cells (CM-I-BOP) autocrinely induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression. The induction of MCP-1 by MMP-1 in A549 cells was via activation of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) instead of commonly assumed PAR1. This conclusion was reached from the following findings: (1) expression of MCP-1 induced by trypsin, a PAR2 agonist, was inhibited by a PAR2 antagonist. (2) expression of MCP-1 induced by MMP-1 and by CM-I-BOP was blocked by a PAR2 antagonist but not by other PAR antagonists; (3) expression of MCP-1 induced by MMP-1 and by CM-I-BOP was attenuated significantly by pretreatment of cells with PAR2-siRNA. Finally, MCP-1 also can be induced by direct activation of TP in a SP1 involved mechanism. CM-I-BOP enhanced MCP-1-dependent migration of RAW 264.7 macrophages. Co-culture of A549 cells with RAW 264.7 macrophages induced expression of MMPs, VEGF and MCP-1 genes, and increased the invasive potential in A549 cells. My studies provide molecular mechanisms by which TP-mediated cancer cell invasion and suggest that TP is a potential anti-cancer drug target.

The degree to which biotic interactions influence invasion success may partly depend on the evolutionary relationship between invaders and native species. In particular, since host-use by enemies such as invertebrate herbivores and fungal pathogens tends to be phylogenetically conserved, exotic plants that have close native relatives in the invaded range should be more likely to interact with enemies. In this thesis, I explore this idea using a series of experiments and field surveys at nested taxonomic levels. My results indicate that exotics from multiple plant families experience lower damage if their average phylogenetic distance from locally co-occurring native family members is higher. I then demonstrate that within the Asteraceae, foliar and capitular damage are lower on exotic compared to native species. Both damage types had a relatively large phylogenetic component, but did not decline with phylogenetic distance to native or exotic confamilials. Finally, I show that communities with versus without close relatives are unlikely to differ in resistance to the novel invader, Solidago virgaurea: biotic resistance imposed by competitors, generalist vertebrates, and specialist invertebrates resulted in similar patterns of damage and mortality regardless of the presence of congeneric natives. In some cases, effects of biota were positive: growth of S. virgaurea seedlings in soils collected near congeneric natives was enhanced more than in soils from communities where congenerics were absent. Overall, these results suggest that biotic interactions between exotic and native species can be phylogenetically structured, although trends based on distance measures tend to be weak. In some cases, damage does decline with phylogenetic distance to native species; however this trend is unlikely to be a strong force limiting invasion or structuring plant communities. These results have significant implications for current theories of invasion biology including the "Enemy Release Hypothesis" and "Darwin's Naturalization Hypothesis", as well as for community phylogenetics.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: see item for full text / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: sien item vir volteks

Cronobacter species cause serious infections such as meningitis and enteritis in newborns and neonates, with the major vehicle being contaminated powdered infant formula. The main objectives of this study were i) to identify potential virulence factors, such as enterotoxin production; ii) characterize the gene(s) involved in adhesion and invasion of the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC); and iii) determine whether strains from clinical, food, and environmental sources differ in their ability to produce surface-attached bacterial aggregates, known as biofilms. Random transposon mutagenesis was used on strains demonstrating the best adherence and invasion to blood- brain barrier cell lines (BBB). Isogenic mutants were then screened for increased or decreased adherence and invasion. Screening of the transposon library identified one isogenic mutant of a clinical strain which lost the ability to adhere to BBB cells. The transposon rescue revealed the insertion site to be within a diguanylate cyclase (DGC) gene. The major function of DGC in many Gram-negative bacteria is to synthesize cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP), a secondary bacterial metabolite known for regulating biofilm formation, motility, and virulence or aspects of microbial pathogenicity. Based on the findings of this study, DGC appears to play an important role in Cronobacter species’ ability to produce biofilms and may also have a role of the pathogenicity in the microorganism.

Ziel einer Definition der Resektabilität von Pankreaskarzinomen ist die Beschreibung von Kriterien, welche eine potentielle R0-Resektion ermöglichen. Wenngleich es zur Frage der Resektion bei positiven regionären Lymphknoten keine kontrollierten Studien gibt, ist weltweit die Resektion bei regionären Lymphknotenmetastasen Standard. Positive interaortokavale Lymphknoten stellen trotz Klassifikation als Fernmetastasen (M1) keine absolute Kontraindikation zur Resektion dar. Die mesenteriko-portale Venenresektion bei Verdacht auf Tumorinfiltration ist ein sicheres Verfahren. Sie hat keinen negativen Einfluss auf Morbidität, Mortalität und Überleben. Die En-bloc-Resektion der Arteria hepatica und der Arteria mesenterica superior wird sehr kontrovers diskutiert und sollte nur in Einzelfällen erwogen werden. Bei den meist fortgeschrittenen Karzinomen des Pankreaskorpus und -schwanzes kann durch eine En-bloc-Resektion des Truncus coeliacus eine höhere R0-Resektionsrate erreicht werden. / Pancreatic Cancer: Criteria and Limits of Resectability The aim of defining the resectability of pancreatic cancer is to determine the indication for potential R0 resection. Despite the absence of controlled trials, tumor resection in patients with regional lymph node involvement is a standard procedure worldwide. The involvement of interaortocaval lymph nodes is not an absolute contraindication for resection, although they are classified as distant metastasis (M1). Major pancreatic surgery can be safely combined with en-bloc resection of mesenteric, portal and splenic veins. Postoperative morbidity and mortality and long-term survival in patients with vein resection are comparable with those of patients without vein resection. The role of arterial en-bloc resection of the hepatic artery and the superior mesenteric artery is highly controversial and should be considered only in selected patients. For patients with locally advanced cancer of the body and tail of the pancreas distal pancreatectomy with en-bloc celiac axis resection offers an improved R0 resection rate. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Les tumeurs sont caractérisées par une croissance exacerbée ainsi qu’une capacité à pouvoir se disséminer dans l’organisme. Ces deux aspects sont assurés en partie par une expression et une sécrétion soutenues de protéases. Plus particulièrement, une expression importante et une délocalisation de la protéase à cystéine cathepsine B corrèle avec les pouvoirs métastatiques de plusieurs types de tumeurs. La cathepsine B est une protéase lysosomale dont le rôle majeur est de dégrader les protéines en fin de vie. Dans les cancers colorectaux, l’épithélium colique possède une importante activité cathepsine B dès l’apparition d’adénomes précoces, mais aussi dans des tumeurs avancées et métastatiques. Par ailleurs, une expression et une activité importante de cette enzyme sont des indices de mauvais pronostics de survie chez les patients atteints de cancers colorectaux. Le but de ce travail a été d’évaluer l’importance de la cathepsine B dans les processus tumorigéniques de lignées cancéreuses colorectales. Pour cela, nous avons analysé les statuts d’expression, de sécrétion et d’activité de la cathepsine B dans les cellules normales HIEC comparativement à sept lignées cancéreuses colorectales humaines. La cathepsine B est sécrétée par les lignées cancéreuses et par les cellules HIEC qui expriment néanmoins de hauts niveaux de cathepsine B intracellulaire et sécrètent la forme non-active de la cathepsine B. Par ailleurs, nous avons employé la technique d’interférence à ARN ciblant spécifiquement les transcrits de la cathepsine B dans deux lignées cancéreuses colorectales afin d’en évaluer l’impact sur leurs capacités de croissance et d’invasion. Le ciblage de la cathepsine B réduit de manière modeste la croissance sur plastique de ces deux lignées cancéreuses ; cependant, leur potentiel à former des colonies en indépendance d’ancrage ainsi que leur capacité à migrer et envahir la matrice extracellulaire sont drastiquement affectés par la baisse de cathepsine B. En parallèle, le ciblage pharmacologique des formes actives et sécrétées de la cathepsine B réduit les pouvoirs d’invasion des cellules cancéreuses sans interférer avec leur capacité à former des colonies en indépendance d’ancrage. De plus, nous avons pu montrer que le ciblage moléculaire de la cathepsine B dans les deux lignées cancéreuses réduit de manière importante leurs capacités tumorigéniques chez la souris. L’analyse biochimique des tumeurs sous-exprimant la cathepsine B révèle des niveaux plus importants de l’inhibiteur du cycle cellulaire p27[indice supérieur Kip1] ainsi qu’une réduction de la cycline B. Enfin, nous avons montré que la cathepsine B a la capacité de cliver directement l’inhibiteur p27[indice supérieur Kip1], contribuant ainsi à sa dérégulation dans le cancer colorectal. De plus, la génération d’un mutant de p27[indice supérieur kip1] non clivable par cette enzyme permet d’augmenter de manière significative la stabilité de l’inhibiteur. En résumé, l’ensemble de ces travaux montre que la cathepsine B est un acteur important dans les caractères tumoraux des cellules cancéreuses colorectales et que son ciblage moléculaire et/ou pharmacologique pourrait être une approche valide pour réduire l’expansion de ces tumeurs chez l’humain.

Résumé: La majorité des femmes ayant un cancer du sein en stade précoce sont traitées par radiothérapie impliquant souvent l’irradiation du sein entier. Malgré l’efficacité de cette modalité de traitement, la dose de radiation n’est pas optimale pour éliminer toutes les cellules cancéreuses résiduelles, mais plutôt pour obtenir les meilleurs résultats à long terme avec le moins de complications possibles. Les effets secondaires observés résultent tous de processus inflammatoires engendrés par la radiation. L’augmentation de l’expression et de l’activité de molécules inflammatoires, notamment la cyclooxygénase-2, dans les tissus normaux et malins stimulent l’invasion et l’angiogenèse tumorales, deux mécanismes importants menant à l’établissement de métastases. Le but global de ce projet de recherche est d’améliorer la radiothérapie en tentant de réduire la récurrence du cancer du sein. Les objectifs spécifiques étaient de déterminer grâce à l’imagerie par résonance magnétique que l’irradiation du stroma sain pouvait augmenter in vivo la capacité d’invasion des cellules cancéreuses du sein, stimuler la néovascularisation tumorale et qu’une co-administration à la radiothérapie d’un agent anti-inflammatoire inhibiteur sélectif de la cyclooxygénase-2 pouvait prévenir l’augmentation radio-induite de cette invasion. Dans notre étude, nous avons établi une méthode utilisant l’imagerie par résonance magnétique pour mesurer rapidement l’angiogenèse in vivo chez la souris dans des implants de Matrigel. Cette méthode servira ultérieurement à analyser l’effet de la radiation sur l’angiogenèse tumorale. Nous avons également suivi chez un modèle de souris l’invasion des cellules cancéreuses mammaires implantées après irradiation du tissu sain. Nous avons démontré que l’irradiation du tissu sain augmente l’invasion des cellules cancéreuses mammaires. L’invasion radio-induite est stimulée par une irradiation unique de 30 Gy tout comme avec un protocole d’irradiations fractionnées de 5x7,5 Gy se rapprochant plus des doses utilisées en clinique. Ensuite, un traitement avec un inhibiteur sélectif de cyclooxygénase-2, soit le NS-398, a été effectué. Le NS-398 limite l’augmentation radio-induite de l’invasion. Ces résultats supporteraient le développement de nouveaux traitements basés sur des inhibiteurs de COX-2 pour augmenter l’efficacité de la radiothérapie chez les femmes ayant un cancer du sein. / Abstract: Most women with early breast cancer are treated with radiotherapy to the whole breast. Despite the efficiency of this treatment, the dose of radiation is not calculated to eliminate all the residual cancer cells, but rather to obtain the best long-term results with minimal side-effects. The observed side-effects all result from inflammatory processes caused by radiation. Increase of inflammatory molecules expression and activity, such as cyclooxygenase-2, in normal and malignant tissues induce invasion and tumour angiogenesis. Both of these important mechanisms lead to metastasis formation. The general aim of this research project is to improve radiotherapy by decreasing breast cancer recurrence. Specific objectives were to determine with magnetic resonance imaging that irradiation of normal tissues could increase breast cancer cells invasiveness in vivo, stimulate tumour neovascularization and prevent radiation-enhanced invasion by the administration of an anti-inflammatory agent inhibiting selectively the cyclooxygenase-2 during radiotherapy. In this study, we have developed a new assay to monitor angiogenesis in Matrigel plugs in live mice using magnetic resonance imaging. This method would be a promising tool to test the effect of radiation on tumour angiogenesis. We also followed in a mouse model the invasion of mammary cancer cells implanted post-irradiation of healthy tissues. We demonstrated that irradiation of healthy tissues leads to an increase in mammary cancer cells invasion. Radiation-induced invasion was observed with a unique 30 Gy dose as well as with a more clinically-relevant fractionated protocol consisting in 5 irradiations of 7.5 Gy. Then, mice were treated with NS-398, a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2. NS-398 limits the increase of invasion stimulated by radiation. These results could support new treatments development based on COX-2 inhibition to increase radiotherapy efficiency for women with breast cancer.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.