Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Biology / John M. Blair / Juniperus virginiana, an important woody plant invader in the U.S. Central Plains, has increased considerably in density and cover in large areas previously dominated by tallgrass prairie. Change in the phenology and nitrogen use efficiency of the dominant plant communities as J. virginiana replaces native prairies may lead to increased plant productivity and biomass accumulation, but may also alter the microclimate and litter quality that affect soil microbial communities responsible for key soil processes. I have focused my investigations on changes in key soil processes that could lead to differences in soil N availability, as well as changes in ecosystem C and N pools and fluxes as J. virginiana expands into native grasslands. Juniperus virginiana forest soils exhibit greater cumulative annual net N mineralization (11.52 ± 0.38 µg N g¯1 soil y¯1) compared to prairie soils (7.90 ± 0.26 µg N g¯1 soil y¯1) (F = 60.67, P = 0.016), yet slightly reduced potential soil C flux. Examination of internal soil N cycling revealed that both J. virginiana and prairie soils minimize potential soil N losses, by rapid microbial immobilization of inorganic N, and constraining nitrification via substrate limitation or environmental constraints. Leaf-level photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was over a magnitude higher in the dominant grass, Andropogon gerardii, but high annual ecosystem-level NUE and greater soil N availability may contribute to the higher productivity and rapid accrual of C in newly established J. virginiana forests. Increased plant productivity and elimination of fire in J. virginiana forests have allowed at least 80,000 kg ha-1 increase in ecosystem C storage in about half a century. Soil organic C, an important long-term sink, has also increased significantly in J. virginiana forests, with approximately 34% replacement of C4 grass-derived soil C with new C from trees in the A-horizon. The observed high productivity of J. virginiana and increased N availability necessary to support continued plant biomass accumulation are possible because of substantial (~ 44%) increase in ecosystem N in measured pools, which is a likely a result of reduced volatilization of N from biomass burning, possible increased exogenous N inputs, and/or N translocation from deeper soil horizons. Reduced fire return intervals in prairie provide an opportunity for J. virginiana to establish and facilitate N accrual, which may allow this species to accelerate is own establishment through creating conditions of increased N availability and efficient utilization of N.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Aim: The aim of this study was to report on the frequency of and radiographic features of non-odontogenic malignancies of the jaws as seen on panoramic images, stored in the radiological achieves over an eleven year period.

Les modèles climatiques prédisent une augmentation globale de la température de 1 à 4°C d’ici 2100. Les modifications de climat engendrées par ce réchauffement devraient favoriser les invasions biologiques. L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’explorer l’impact du réchauffement et du changement climatique sur quatre espèces de macrophytes invasifs en Europe. Le travail réalisé a porté sur la germination, la croissance, la physiologie et la distribution des ces espèces à travers des expérimentations en conditions contrôlées, en jardin expérimental, et via des modèles de distribution d’espèces. Nous avons montré que i) des températures plus élevées améliorent modérément les capacités de germination de Ludwigia hexapetala et Ludwigia peploides subsp. montevidensis, diminuent la survie des plantules mais augmentent leur production de biomasse, ii) l’effet d’une augmentation de température sur les macrophytes dépend de la saison à laquelle elle a lieu, iii) une augmentation de 3°C peut avoir des conséquences sur le métabolisme sans pour autant affecter la croissance, iv) la Jussie L. hexapetala est la seule espèce qui a de meilleures capacités de croissance à la fois apicale et latérale face à un réchauffement, v) les modèles prédisent une augmentation de l’aire de distribution de Ludwigia spp., Myriophyllum aquaticum et E. densa dans leurs aires d’invasion, et une diminution de leur distribution sur les autres continents, y compris dans leur aire d’indigénat. Ce travail permet de mieux comprendre les conséquences possibles des modifications climatiques sur les macrophytes invasifs, afin d’appréhender et d’anticiper leur potentiel de colonisation futur. / Climatic models predict a rise of globale surface temperature about 1 to 4°C by 2100. Climate modifications generated by this warming might favor biological invasions. The general objectif of this thesis was to explore the impacts of climate warming and climate change on four macrophytes invasive in Europe. This work focused on germination, growth, physiology and distribution of these species, through experiments in controlled conditions, in experimental garden and by using species distribution models. We showed that i) higher temperatures favor moderately the germination capacity of Ludwigia hexapetala and Ludwigia peploides subsp. montevidensis, decrease the seedlings survivorship but improve their biomass production, ii) the effect of increased temperature on macrophytes depends on the season, iii) a 3°C warming can modify metabolism without generating changes on the growth, iv) the water primroses L. hexapetala is the only species that showed both better apical and lateral growth when facing a warming, v) models predict an increase of the distribution surface of Ludwigia spp., Myriophyllum aquaticum and E. densa in their invasive ranges, and a decrease of their distribution area in the other continents, including their native range. This thesis offer a better understanding of climate changes consequences on invasive macrophytes in order to anticipate their futur colonisation potential.

Le cycle cellulaire est un processus finement régulé à différents niveaux. p27 est un inhibiteur des complexes cyclines/CDK et cette fonction lui confère un rôle antiprolifératif lorsqu'il est localisé dans le noyau. De nombreuses études ont montré que p27 se comporte comme un suppresseur de tumeur lorsqu'il est localisé dans le noyau des cellules via l'inhibition des cyclines/CDK. De manière surprenante, p27 a également des fonctions oncogéniques dans certaines situations, notamment lorsqu'il est présent dans le cytoplasme. Il s'avère qu'en plus de ses fonctions de régulateur du cycle cellulaire, p27 est également impliqué dans la régulation d'autres processus cellulaires, comme la migration, la cytocinèse, la transcription ou encore l'autophagie et la différenciation. Durant ma thèse, j'ai caractérisé deux de ces nouvelles fonctions en mettant en lumière un rôle de p27 dans la régula.on des invadopodes ainsi que dans l'oncogenèse pancréatique.Mon premier objectif a été de comprendre la fonction de l'interaction de p27 avec la protéine Cortactine, un nouveau partenaire de p27.Cette protéine joue un rôle important dans la régulation de l'invasion cellulaire. J'ai confirmé cette interaction dans différents types cellulaires et observé une colocalisation au niveau des invadopodes. J'ai également cartographié leurs domaines d'interaction respectifs et montré que l'interaction de p27 avec Cortactine était induite par une stimulation avec du sérum. L'interaction p27/Cortactine permet le recrutement de PAK1, une sérine/thréonine kinase impliqué dans l'invasion cellulaire et favorisant notamment le renouvellement des invadopodes, sur Cortactine. J'ai également observé que les cellules invalidées pour p27 présentent de nombreux invadopodes et dégradent la matrice extracellulaire de manière très importante par rapport aux cellules exprimant p27. Par des approches d'inhibiteurs et de siARN j'ai mis en évidence que ce phénotype implique la voie Rac1/PAK1/phospho-Ser113-Cortactine qui est sous-activée en l'absence de p27 à cause du défaut de recrutement de PAK1 sur Cortactine, stabilisant ainsi les invadopodes. Mon second objectif a été d'étudier les mécanismes par lesquels p27 régule l'oncogenèse pancréatique. En effet, différentes études cliniques ou chez la souris ont montré que la localisation nucléaire de p27 était requise pour son rôle de suppresseur de tumeur dans le pancréas. Or nous avons constaté dans un modèle murin génétique d'oncogenèse pancréatique induite par l'activation de K-Ras que p27 était exclu du noyau avant l'apparition des premières lésions, suggérant un rôle précoce dans l'oncogenèse de ce tissu. De manière surprenante, l'étude comparative par immunomarquage de pancréas de souris p27+/+, p27-/- et p27CK-/CK-, un modèle de souris knock-in où p27 n'est plus capable d'inhiber les cyclines/CDK, n'a pas montré d'effet de p27 sur la prolifération dans le pancréas exocrine. Par contre, ces études ont montré une localisation anormale de plusieurs marqueurs de polarité acinaire ainsi qu'une réexpression des facteurs de transcription Sox9 et Pdx1, impliqués dans le processus de transdifférenciation cellulaire à l'origine de l'oncogenèse pancréatique appelée métaplasie acino-canalaire. Nous avons montré que p27 régulait de manière directe la transcription de Sox9 en interagissant avec son promoteur, suggérant que p27 participe normalement à la répression transcriptionnelle de Sox9 dans le noyau, réprimant ainsi la métaplasie acino-canalaire.Ainsi, mes travaux de thèse ont permis l'identification de deux nouvelles fonctions de p27. Une fonction oncogénique, indépendante de son activité d'inhibiteur des CDK/cyclines, par laquelle p27 régule la protéine Cortactine, et par ce biais les invadopodes et l'invasion ainsi qu'une fonction de suppresseur de tumeur dépendante des cyclines/CDK via la répression de la transcription de Sox9 dans les cellules acinaires du pancréas. / Cell cycle is a tightly regulated process. One level of regulation is provided by p27, a cyclin/ CDK inhibitor and as such, p27 has an antiproliferative function. Several studies have shown that p27 is a tumor suppressor when it is located in the nucleus via the inhibition of cyclins/ CDKs. Surprisingly, p27 may also play oncogenic roles depending on the cellular context, especially when it is excluded from the nucleus. In fact, several lines of evidence indicate that p27 functions extend beyond cell cycle regulation and that p27 also regulates cell migration, cytokinesis, transcription, autophagy and stemness/differenciation. During my PhD, I have characterized two novel p27 functions, one in the regulation of invadopodia, and the second in pancreatic oncogenesis.My first aim was to investigate the function of the interaction between p27 and Cortactin, a new p27-interacting protein which is an important regulator of cell invasion. I confirmed this interaction in different cell lines and found that p27 and Cortactin colocalized in invadopodia. I have mapped the domains mediating the interaction in both proteins and found that this interaction is induced after serum stimulation. p27 allows the recruitment of PAK1, a serine/ threonine kinase involved in cell invasion which promotes invadopodia turnover, on Cortactin. I also found that p27 knock-out cells have an increased number of invadopodia and degrade extracellular matrix more efficiently than wild-type cells. Using inhibitors and siRNAs I have shown that this phenotype involves the Rac1/PAK1/phospho-Ser113-Cortac.n pathway, which is underactivated in absence of p27 due to the PAK1/Cortactin interaction defect, causing a stabilization of invadopodia.My second aim was to study the mechanism by which p27 regulates pancreatic oncogenesis. Severals studies in the clinic or in animal models have shown that nuclear localization of p27 is required for its tumor suppressor function in the pancreas. In a genetic mouse model of K- Ras driven pancreatic oncogenesis, I found that p27 was excluded from the nucleus before the apparition of lesions, suggesting an early function in oncogenesis in this tissue. Surprisingly, comparative studies of pancreas from p27+/+, p27-/- and p27CK-/CK- (a knock- in mouse model where p27 no longer binds cyclins/CDKs) mice by immunostaining did not show any difference in proliferation in the exocrine pancreas. However, these studies have shown the mislocalization of different acinar polarity markers and the re-expression of two transcription factors, Sox9 and Pdx1, which are involved in acinar-to-ductal metaplasia, a cell transdifferenciation process thought to be the underlying cause of pancreatic oncogenesis. I have found that p27 regulates Sox9 transcription and directly interacts with its promoter, suggesting that p27 participates in the transcriptionnal repression of Sox9 in normal conditions to prevent acinar-to-ductal metaplasia. Overall, my PhD work has allowed the identification of two novel roles of p27. An oncogenic function, independent of its cyclin/CDK inhibitory activity, by which p27 regulates Cortac.n, invadopodia and cell invasion and a tumor suppressor function dependent of cyclin/CDK via the repression of Sox9 transcription in pancreas acinar cells.

Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba found in freshwater lakes and ponds that is the causative agent of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been described in protozoa, such as Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma brucei, and Balamuthia mandrillaris, and have been linked to their increased motility and invasive capability by degrading components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In addition, MMPs are often upregulated in tumorigenic cells and have been attributed as responsible for the metastasis of certain cancers. In the present study, in vitro experiments indicated that MMPs are linked functionally to the ECM degradation process. Gelatin zymography demonstrated protease activity in N. fowleri whole cell lysates, conditioned media, and media collected from in vitro invasion assays. Western immunoblotting confirmed the presence of the metalloproteinases MMP-2, -9, and -14. The highly virulent mouse-passaged amoebae expressed higher levels of MMPs than the weakly virulent axenically grown amoebae. The functional relevance of MMPs found in media in degradation of ECM components was confirmed through the use of MMP inhibitors. The collective in vitro results suggest that MMPs may play a critical role in the invasion of the CNS. Furthermore, the expression of select metalloproteinases may serve as amenable targets for therapeutic manipulation of expansive PAM.

Ovarian cancer is a fatal disease because of the lack of symptoms and markers for early detection. Most ovarian neoplasms resemble and are classified according to the complex characteristics of Mullerian duct epithelia. We tested the hypothesis that Mullerian epithelial characteristics influence early ovarian neoplastic progression. The most common type of ovarian cancer is the serous carcinoma which resembles Mullerian-derived oviductal epithelium. We discovered that oviduct-specific glycoprotein (OVGP1), a tubal differentiation marker, was present in inclusion cysts, which are the preferential sites for malignant transformation, and in most low grade serous tumors, but absent in ovarian surface epithelium and most high grade carcinomas. OVGP1 was almost entirely limited to ovarian neoplasms with the notable exception of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma. A new antibody against OVGP1 detected elevated serum levels from most women with low grade ovarian cancers compared to normal controls. OVGP1 also identified a subset of patients with high grade serous carcinomas who had a more favorable outcome. To examine whether the differentiated phenotype of early ovarian neoplasms alters invasiveness, we established the first permanent cell line for serous borderline ovarian tumors (SBOT), which are differentiated but noninvasive. The results revealed a striking phenotypic similarity between two lines regardless of their cytogenetic diversity. They retained Mullerian epithelial characteristics in vitro, as demonstrated by their morphologic appearance and the differentiation markers keratin, E-cadherin, CA125 and OVGP1. Neither disruption of the growth pattern nor manipulations of the cadherin profile induced invasivenesss. Induction of invasiveness by SV40 early genes was associated with a loss in morphologic differentiation and of differentiation markers but increased motility. MMP secretion was independent of the invasion status. Our findings indicate that OVGP1 is an indicator of early ovarian epithelial neoplasia. It can be detected in the sera from women with early ovarian cancer, and thus, may be a new promising diagnostic marker for the early detection of ovarian cancer. In addition, the results show that Mullerian differentiation does not directly prevent invasiveness, but it diminishes in parallel with invasion caused by other factors. The lack of invasiveness by SBOT cells may depend on factors that regulate motility. / Medicine, Faculty of / Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of / Graduate

Cronobacter species cause serious infections such as meningitis and enteritis in newborns and neonates, with the major vehicle being contaminated powdered infant formula. The main objectives of this study were i) to identify potential virulence factors, such as enterotoxin production; ii) characterize the gene(s) involved in adhesion and invasion of the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC); and iii) determine whether strains from clinical, food, and environmental sources differ in their ability to produce surface-attached bacterial aggregates, known as biofilms. Random transposon mutagenesis was used on strains demonstrating the best adherence and invasion to blood- brain barrier cell lines (BBB). Isogenic mutants were then screened for increased or decreased adherence and invasion. Screening of the transposon library identified one isogenic mutant of a clinical strain which lost the ability to adhere to BBB cells. The transposon rescue revealed the insertion site to be within a diguanylate cyclase (DGC) gene. The major function of DGC in many Gram-negative bacteria is to synthesize cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP), a secondary bacterial metabolite known for regulating biofilm formation, motility, and virulence or aspects of microbial pathogenicity. Based on the findings of this study, DGC appears to play an important role in Cronobacter species’ ability to produce biofilms and may also have a role of the pathogenicity in the microorganism.

Perturbations to extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cell migration and invasion are associated with the development of placenta-mediated diseases. Dietary polyphenols have been shown to influence cell migration and invasion in models of tumorigenesis and non-cancerous, healthy cells; however, never shown in EVT cells. We hypothesize that polyphenols present in V. angustifolium leaves will promote trophoblast migration and invasion through ERK and AKT activation. Using the HTR-8/SVneo cell line as a model for EVT cells, the leaf extract increased trophoblast migration and invasion, in an ERK- and AKT-independent manner, and had no effect on cell proliferation or viability. One major polyphenol of the leaf extract was identified and may be an active compound. We have demonstrated for the first time that V. angustifolium leaf extract increases EVT migration and invasion in vitro, thus further investigations examining potential therapeutic applications of this extract in the context of placenta-mediated diseases are warranted.

O gene ADAM23 está epigeneticamente silenciado em tumores de mama de estágios mais avançados e o seu silenciamento nesses tumores confere ao paciente um maior risco de desenvolvimento de metástases e um pior prognóstico. O silenciamento do gene ADAM23 na linhagem tumoral de mama MDA-MB-435 reduz a capacidade proliferativa e aumenta a capacidade migratória e invasiva das células em modelo tridimensional de cultura. No entanto, paradoxalmente, o silenciamento do gene ADAM23 nessa linhagem reduz a capacidade tumorigênica e metastática das células em ensaios in vivo utilizando animais imunodeficientes. Ensaios subsequentes utilizando misturas de células positivas e negativas para a expressão de ADAM23 revelaram que as células negativas estimulam a proliferação, migração e invasão das células positivas e que a heterogeneidade tumoral em relação à expressão de ADAM23 é importante para a disseminação e colonização metastática. Este trabalho teve como objetivo validar a associação entre o silenciamento do gene ADAM23 em tumores primários e a progressão tumoral, e também encontrar um modelo celular alternativo para a realização de ensaios funcionais que comprovassem o papel do gene ADAM23 na proliferação, migração, e invasão celular, bem como a existência de interação celular entre células ADAM23 positivas e negativas. A análise da expressão do gene ADAM23 em amostras de gliomas de diferentes estágios através de PCR em Tempo Real revelou que a expressão desse gene diminui ao longo da progressão tumoral e está bastante reduzida em tumores de grau avançado. Porém, ao contrário do observado em tumores de mama, o silenciamento do gene ADAM23 em gliomas não é causado por hipermetilação de sua região promotora nem por mutações em sua região codificante, ou perda de heterozigose. Infelizmente, não foi possível selecionar clones derivados da linhagem celular de glioblastoma U87MG com silenciamento estável do gene ADAM23 para a realização de ensaios funcionais. Aparentemente, o silenciamento de ADAM23 nessa linhagem resulta na parada do ciclo celular na fase G0/G1, impedindo a seleção de clones com silenciamento estável do gene. O mesmo fenômeno não foi observado na linhagem de melanoma SKmel-37, permitindo a seleção de clones com silenciamento estável de ADAM23 e a realização de ensaios funcionais. Curvas de proliferação em monocamada e ensaios de incorporação de MTT em modelo tridimensional in vitro demonstraram que o silencimento de ADAM23 na linhagem SKmel-37 diminui sua taxa de proliferação em 20-50%. Ensaios de citometria de fluxo demonstraram que o silenciamento de ADAM23 interfere na expressão das integrinas αvβ3 e αvβ5 na membrana celular, resultando em diminuição de 50% na afinidade aos ligantes de matriz e aumento significativo na capacidade de migração e invasão no colágeno. Ensaios in vitro e in vivo utilizando misturas de células SKmel-37 ADAM23 positivas e negativas também confirmaram a existência de interação entre os dois subtipos celulares. Ensaios in vitro de migração e invasão no colágeno revelaram que células ADAM23 negativas induzem a migração e a invasão de células positivas e, em ensaios de tumorigienese in vivo, observamos que os tumores formados a partir da injeção de uma mistura de células positivas e negativas apresentam crescimento semelhante ao dos tumores formados a partir da injeção de células ADAM23 positivas. / The ADAM23 gene is epigenetically silenced in breast tumors of more advanced stages and its silencing in these tumors gives the patient a greater risk of developing metastasis and a worse prognosis. The ADAM23 gene silencing in the MDA-MB-435 breast tumor cell line reduces the proliferative capacity and increases migratory and invasive abilities of cells in three-dimensional culture models. Yet, paradoxically, the ADAM23 gene silencing in this line reduces tumorigenic and metastatic abilities of cells in in vivo assays using immunodeficient animals. Subsequent tests using ADAM23 positive and negative cells mixtures revealed that negative cells stimulate proliferation, migration and invasion of positive cells and the heterogeneity of ADAM23 expression in tumors is important for the spreading and metastatic colonization. This study aimed to validate the association between ADAM23 gene silencing in primary tumors and tumor progression as well as find an alternative cellular model for performing functional tests to prove the role of the ADAM23 gene in proliferation, migration and cell invasion, and to prove the existence of cell interaction between ADAM23 positive and negative cells. The analysis of ADAM23 gene expression in samples from different stages of gliomas by RT-PCR revealed that the expression of this gene decreases over tumor progression and is greatly reduced in tumors of advanced degree. However, unlike that observed in breast tumors, the ADAM23 gene silencing in gliomas is not caused by hypermethylation of its promoter region or by mutations in its coding region, or by loss of heterozygosity. Unfortunately, it was not possible to select clones derived from the U87MG glioblastoma cell line with stable silencing of the gene ADAM23 for the functional testing. Apparently, the silencing of ADAM23 in this cell line results in cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase, preventing the selection of clones with stable gene silencing. The same phenomenon was not observed in SKmel-37 melanoma cell line, allowing selection of clones with stable silencing of ADAM23 and functional testing. Monolayer proliferation curves and in vitro MTT incorporation assays in three-dimensional models showed that ADAM23 silencing in the SKmel-37 cell line reduces their rate of proliferation by 20-50%. Flow cytometry assays demonstrated that ADAM23 silencing interferes with the expression of αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins in the cell membrane, resulting in a 50% decrease in binding afinity to the matrix and a significant increase in migratory and invasive abilities on collagen. In vitro and in vivo assays using ADAM23 positive and negative SKmel-37 cell mixtures also confirmed the existence of interaction between the two cell subsets. In vitro invasion and migration on collagen assays revealed that ADAM23 negative cells induce migration and invasion of positive cells. Furthermore, in in vivo tumorigenic tests we found that tumors formed from injection of a mixture of positive and negative cells exhibit growth similar to the tumors formed after injection of ADAM23 positive cells.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第22146号 / 医博第4537号 / 新制||医||1039(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 大森 孝一, 教授 富樫 かおり, 教授 武田 俊一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM