Invasions of non-native species cause problems in ecosystems worldwide, and despite the extensive effort that has been put into research about invasions, we still lack a good understanding for why some, but not other, communities resist these invasions. In this doctoral thesis I test hypotheses on biotic resistance using a large dataset of more than 1000 both failed and successful introductions of freshwater fish into Swedish lakes. We have found that the classic species richness hypothesis is a poor descriptor of introduction success because it fails to acknowledge that resident species contribute to the resistance in different ways. We developed a new measure of biotic resistance, the weighted species richness, which takes into account that the resident species contributes to the resistance with different strength and sign. Further, we correlated performance traits of species in their role as an invader and as a resident species to predict how the biotic resistance of these communities would develop over time. We found a positive correlation between performance traits: Some species have high introduction success, they make a large contribution to the resistance, and they cause extinctions when introduced but do not go extinct themselves when other species establishes, whereas other species are weak performers in these respects. Thus, the biotic resistance of these communities should grow stronger as non-native species accumulates. These results give us clues about what type of communities that should be most sensitive to further invasions, i.e., communities harboring species weak performers.  My results show that the biotic resistance of communities is an important factor in determining invasibility of a community. They also show that methods for quantifying resistance must take into account how interactions are structured in nature. What determine the biotic resistance of a community is the type of interactions that the resident species have with the invader and not the species richness of the community.

Etudier les invasions biologiques est essentiel dans le cadre de la conservation de la biodiversité. De plus, elles représentent de véritables expérimentations grandeur nature pour appréhender les processus écologiques et évolutifs. La problématique de cette thèse est d‟étudier la contribution de processus évolutifs dans le succès envahissant de l‟ajonc d‟Europe, Ulex europaeus, à travers le monde, notamment en relation avec la perte de ses ennemis naturels (Enemy Release). La première partie s‟intéresse à l‟évolution de l‟ajonc dans sa zone d‟origine et au moment de l‟introduction dans de nouvelles régions, (i) en synthétisant les résultats concernant le polymorphisme de traits et la plasticité phénotypique, (ii) en couplant des données historiques et moléculaires pour inférer le mode d‟introduction de l‟ajonc dans le monde et ses conséquences sur la diversité génétique introduite. La deuxième partie s‟intéresse à l‟évolution post-introduction des populations d‟ajonc. Elle s‟appuie principalement sur des comparaisons en jardin expérimental d‟ajoncs issus de populations de régions d‟origine et envahies. L‟évolution des traits d‟histoire de vie et des stratégies de défense contre les ennemis a été étudiée en lien avec la perte d‟ennemis spécialistes en zone introduite. Nos résultats suggèrent que l‟histoire évolutive dans la zone d‟origine et le mode d‟introduction volontaire par l‟Homme ont conféré un fort potentiel évolutif aux populations d‟ajonc introduites. De plus, un relâchement des corrélations génétiques dans les régions d‟introduction a pu entraîner une évolution plus libre des traits d‟histoire de vie, facilitant l‟adaptation locale à une large gamme d‟environnements. Ces résultats suggèrent que l‟étude conjointe des niches écologiques et des matrices G pourrait permettre une meilleure compréhension des processus impliqués dans les invasions biologiques.

Thesis (MSc (Logistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / The primary question considered in this study is whether a small population of a biological species introduced into a resource-heterogeneous environment, where it competes for these resources with an already established native species, will be able to invade successfully. A two-component autonomous system of reaction-diffusion equations with spatially inhomogeneous Lotka-Volterra competitive reaction terms and diffusion coefficients is derived as the governing equations of the competitive scenario. The model parameters for which the introduced species is able to invade describe the realized niche of that species. A linear stability analysis is performed for the model in the case where the resource heterogeneity is represented by, and the diffusion coefficients are, two-toned functions. In the case where the native species is not directly affected by the resource heterogeneity, necessary and sufficient conditions for successful invasion are derived. In the case where the native species is directly affected by the resource heterogeneity only sufficient conditions for successful invasion are derived. The reaction-diffusion equations employed in the model are deterministic. However, in reality biological species are subject to stochastic population perturbations. It is argued that the ability of the invading species to recover from a population perturbation is correlated with the persistence of the species in the niche that it occupies. Hence, invasion time is used as a relative measure to quantify the rate at which a species’ population distribution recovers from perturbation. Moreover, finite difference and spectral difference methods are employed to solve the model scenarios numerically and to corroborate the results of the linear stability analysis. Finally, a case study is performed. The model is instantiated with parameters that represent two different cultivars of barley in a hypothetical environment characterized by spatially varying water availability and the sufficient conditions for successful invasion are verified for this hypothetical scenario.

The factors that influence the invasion of hillslopes by the shrub Pteronia incana in the communal rangelands of Ngqushwa (formerly Peddie) district were investigated. Mgwalana, one of the catchments in the district where encroachment by the species is widespread, was chosen. The study combined field observations with image analysis based on high resolution infrared imagery. The catchment was flown and high resolution infrared images (1mx1m) were taken using a Kodak DCS420 digital, colour-infrared camera. The images were analysed using Idrisi32 and Kilimanjaro GIS versions. The ability of different vegetation indices to separate P. incana from the other cover types was investigated. Field observations of the degree of P. incana invasion in relation to, inter alia, soil surface conditions, slope angle and visible forms of erosion were made. A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of 20m spatial resolution was used to derive terrain parameters. The presence and absence of P. incana in relation to slope gradient and aspect were determined. The combined influence of the two terrain parameters and land use on the invasion was also investigated. The Topographic Wetness Index (WI), a component of the TOPMODEL was derived from the DEM and its relationship with the spatial distribution of P. incana was explored. Soil moisture dependencies for P. incana and grass species as well as surrogates for runoff under the shrub and adjacent bare areas were determined in the field. A high level of classification accuracy confirmed the reliability of digital camera imagery for spatial analyses. Distinct spectral separability for the surface vegetation cover types was achieved by means of the Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI) as opposed to the ratio based vegetation indices (NDVI, SAVI and MSAVI). The absence/presence of P. incana was noted to be strongly influenced by slope angle and aspect. The probability for P. incana occurrence increased with slope steepness and southerly slope orientation. Abandoned and grazing lands were identified as the main invasion hotspots. Blanket invasion of the former signified the high susceptibility of abandoned land to P. incana invasion. The combined influence of land use, slope gradient and aspect was also noted to have promoted the invasion. This is borne out by the concentration of the invasion on abandoned steep slopes with a southerly orientation. Local topographic variations were identified as having a strong bearing on P. incana spatial distribution. The topographically driven WI confirmed this relationship, such that P. incana was associated with the low WI values of convexities. Differences in the moisture dependencies between P. incana and grass species were demonstrated by the greater rooting depth of the former. During field surveys, soil surface crusting was noted as inherent to P. incana patchiness. The coupling between local topography and soil surface crusting underpins soil moisture variability at hillslope and patch scales respectively. This in turn determines the competition between P. incana and grass species and the eventual replacement of the latter by the former. A close spatial correlation between fully established P. incana and severe forms of soil erosion was observed. Loss of patchiness and expansion of inter-patch bare areas promote runoff connectivity erosion. As most of the runoff becomes run out, hillslopes tend towards dysfunctional systems. Greater soil moisture storage after rainstorms under P. incana tussocks than the adjacent bare areas signifies the shrub’s water harvesting capabilities. The tussocks could thus serve as a starting-pointbuilding- block for the rehabilitation of dysfunctional hillslope systems.

Le capricorne asiatique Anoplophora glabripennis est un exemple d’insecte ayant bénéficié du commerce international depuis l’Asie pour envahir une partie de l’Amérique du Nord où il est présent depuis les années 1990, et de l’Europe où sa présence a été détectée au début des années 2000. Cette espèce hautement polyphage se développe dans les arbres urbains et peut causer leur mort, soulignant l’importance du contrôle de sa population. En utilisant une approche pluridisciplinaire sur la base du modèle A. glabripennis, cette thèse vise à apporter de nouveaux éléments pour la compréhension globale des invasions biologiques. Dans un premier temps, j’ai cherché à retracer son cheminement dans le monde. Dans un second temps, j’ai cherché à savoir si certaines de ses caractéristiques biologiques avaient contribué au succès de son invasion. Enfin, j’ai abordé la question de l’impact écologique d’A.glabripennis en me focalisant sur les modifications de la faune de xylophages que sa présence aurait pu entrainer. Les résultats obtenus au cours de cette thèse ont permis de mettre en évidence une invasion complexe incluant plusieurs introductions ainsi qu’un scénario de tête de pont entre l’Amérique du Nord et l’Europe. Il apparait également que certains traits de l’espèce ont contribué à modeler son schéma de distribution. Sa résistance au stress thermique notamment a probablement favorisé son installation sous des climats variés. Par ailleurs, la dispersion naturelle d’A. glabripennis semble très limitée, mais mes résultats indiquent que l’espèce n’est pas restreinte par ses capacités physiologiques pour disperser. Enfin, l’étude préliminaire des faunes envahies ne révèle pas pour le moment d’effet de l’espèce sur les autres Cérambycidés. Au regard des autres cas d’invasion documentés, le cas d’A.glabripennis souligne donc la diversité des caractéristiques des espèces devenant invasives, et confirme la difficulté d’en dresser un portrait type. / The Asian longhorned Beetle Anoplophora glabripennis provides a good example of insects that benefited from international trade from Asia. It partly invaded North America, where it has been present since the 1990s, and Europe where its presence was detected in the early 2000s. This highly polyphagous species develops in urban trees and can cause their death, highlighting the importance of its management. The aim of this thesis was to use a multidisciplinary approach to study the invasion of A. glabripennis in order to bring new elements to the global understanding of biological invasions. I therefore first wanted to retrace its invasion route through the world. Secondly, I sought to know whether some of its biological characteristics had contributed to the success of its invasion. Finally, I addressed the question of the ecological impact of A. glabripennis by focusing on the alterations of the xylophagous fauna that its presence could have caused. The results obtained in this thesis revealed a complex invasion which includes several introductions as well as a bridgehead scenario between North America and Europe. It also appeared that some traits of the species contributed to shaping its distribution pattern. Notably, its resistance to thermal stress probably favored its installation in various climates. Furthermore, the natural dispersion of A. glabripennis seems very limited, but my results indicated that the species is not limited by its physiological capacities to disperse. Finally, the preliminary study of the invaded fauna did not reveal any effects of the species on the other Ceramycidae for the moment. In the light of the other cases of invasion documented, the case of A. glabripennis highlights the diversity of the characteristics of species becoming invasive, and confirms the difficulty of drawing a typical portrait.

In South Africa, the indigenous mussel Perna perna is threatened by both an invasive species and excessive human exploitation. The Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis is an invasive species that has been introduced to many parts of the world. In South Africa, this species arrived in the 1970s and spread rapidly along the west coast where today it is the dominant mussel species. Along the west coast, M. galloprovincialis is competitively superior in all aspects to the indigenous mussel species, and, as a result, has displaced some of them. On the south coast, M. galloprovincialis found more oligotrophic waters, higher species richness, and a stronger competitor in the indigenous mussel P. perna. The rate of spread of M. galloprovincialis along the south coast has decreased over the last 10 years and the present eastern limit of its distribution in South African is East London. On the south coast, M. galloprovincialis has not yet completely replaced P. perna; instead, the two exhibit spatial segregation, with P. perna dominating the low shore, M. galloprovincialis the high shore and an overlap zone between the two. An experiment on competition was carried out at one site on the south coast. The results showed that, on the low shore, P. perna is a more dominant competitor for space than M. galloprovincialis. Also byssus attachment of the two species differs, P. perna being much stronger than M. galloprovincialis, which suffers high mortality due to wave action on the low shore, especially in monospecific beds. As a result, mortality of M. galloprovincialis through wave action is reduced by the presence of P. perna, which seems to confer protection against dislodgement. However, in the absence of strong wave action, P. perna competitively excludes M. galloprovincialis. Human exploitation along 160 km of coast was examined by sampling mussel populations and using aerial surveys to determine where harvesters were distributed. Collectors did not seem to discriminate between species. The study has shown that higher abundances of mussels were found in protected or inaccessible sites, while in unprotected sites mussels were scarce. Coastal nature reserves are being proven to be effective in protecting mussel populations.

Orientador: Miguel Petrere Júnior / Banca: Claudio José Von Zuben / Banca: Carlos Edward de Carvalho Freitas / Banca: Ronaldo Angelini / Banca: Angelo Antonio Agostinho / Resumo: Um modelo baseado no indivíduo para história de vida e interações tróficas de peixes é proposto nesta tese. Ele integra teorias sobre fisiologia, crescimento, reprodução e alimentação num mesmo arcabouço dinâmico. As comunidades são formadas por um processo seqüencial de assembleamento que seleciona espécies com melhor ajuste às condições locais. No capítulo 1, experimentos computacionais foram feitos para avaliar a resposta seletiva de 10 características bionômicas em gradientes de produtividade, taxas de ataque por predadores, distribuição do tamanho corporal no conjunto regional de espécies, e a presença/ausência de assimetrias nas habilidades dos peixes em consumir presas e em evitar predação. Este último fator inclui conflitos funcionais entre a eficiência de captura versus generalidade de dieta e intensidade de forrageamento versus defesa contra predadores. As comunidades resultantes foram fortemente afetadas pelos gradientes. Picos de riqueza ocorrem em produtividades moderadamente baixas, associadas a baixas taxas de ataque, o que pode estar relacionado ao efeito estabilizador de respostas funcionais menos saturadas e às características emergentes das espécies. Com alta disponibilidade de recursos, espécies de rápido crescimento e tamanhos variados dominaram, promovendo rápida depleção dos recursos durante a formação das comunidades e ocasionando fortes efeitos de prioridade. As assimetrias de consumo aumentaram a coexistência onde ela tende a ser mais difícil, mas a diminuíram em seus pontos de pico. Mas seu principal efeito foi o de modificar a composição ao longo dos gradientes, modulando o formato das associações emergentes entre as características biológicas das espécies bem sucedidas. No capítulo 2 foram realizados experimentos de invasão e exclusão, para avaliar como as características das espécies... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: An individual-based model for fish life history and trophic interactions is here proposed. It integrates theories for individual physiology, growth, reproduction, and feeding in the same dynamical framework. Communities are formed by a sequential assembly process which selects for species best adjusted to local conditions. Simulation experiments were carried out to evaluate the distribution of diversity and selective response of 10 bionomic features along gradients of resource productivity, predators maximum attack rates, body size distribution in species pool, and the presence/absence of asymmetries in both the abilities of fish to consume prey and to avoid being consumed. This last factor includes tradeoffs concerning capture efficiency versus diet generality and foraging intensity (associated to growth rate) versus defense against predators. The resulting communities were strongly affected by the gradients. Richness peaks are localized at moderately low productivities associated to low maximum attack rates, which might be related to the stabilizing effect of less saturated functional responses and to the emergent features of selected species. At high resource availability, fast growing species with variable sizes dominated, promoting early fast resource depletion during assembly and leading to strong priority effects. The hierarchical consumption asymmetries increased coexistence where it tends to be more difficult, but diminished it at its points of peak. But its main effect was modifying species trait composition along other gradients, modulating the shape of emergent associations among biological features of successful species. Additional invasion and deletion experiments were carried out to evaluate how species and community features are related invasion success and native extinctions. Successful invaders tend to possess similar life-history features to invaded community, but low... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Nas últimas décadas, em decorrência da globalização e do comércio internacional, o deslocamento de espécies para longe de suas regiões de origem tem crescido em frequência e extensão, aumentando o risco de invasões biológicas, que podem impactar significativamente a economia, o funcionamento dos ecossistemas e causar perdas de biodiversidade. A erradicação de espécies invasoras tem poucas chances de sucesso, de modo que prevenir a invasão constitui a melhor alternativa de manejo. Técnicas de modelagem preditiva de distribuição têm sido globalmente aplicadas para prever a distribuição potencial de espécies invasoras. No Brasil, são poucos e recentes os estudos sobre invasões biológicas. Visando ampliar o conhecimento sobre plantas consideradas invasoras e sua distribuição no estado de São Paulo, neste estudo aplicamos técnicas de modelagem preditiva a 10 espécies. Para cada uma delas buscamos caracterizar o padrão de invasão e identificar os fatores ambientais atuantes que limitam ou potencializam sua distribuição, por meio de modelos multi-hierárquicos de nicho ecológico. Para tanto, coletamos informações de ocorrência dessas espécies em todo o mundo e registramos coordenadas geográficas, características das populações e dos ambientes invadidos por essas espécies em todos os tipos de vegetação e em todas as regiões do estado de São Paulo. Com base nesses dados, caracterizamos o padrão de invasão de cada espécie e a invasibilidade de cada tipo vegetacional estudado. Aplicamos a metodologia de modelagem multi-hierárquica de nicho ecológico por meio do algoritmo MaxEnt em macro escala para todo o globo e em meso escala para o estado de São Paulo. Apesar das peculiaridades das espécies e dos tipos de vegetação, nossos resultados evidenciam a influência do estado de conservação do ecossistema e da posição na paisagem sobre a severidade da invasão e, também, sobre a invasibilidade dos tipos de vegetação em escala local. Mesmo os tipos de vegetação mais resistentes, como a restinga e a floresta ombrófila densa, podem se tornar suscetíveis à invasão em função de distúrbios e da pressão de propágulos. Em fragmentos conservados, porém, são raras as espécies exóticas capazes de se estabelecer e se tornar uma ameaça real à conservação. As fitofisionomias mais abertas do Cerrado mostraram-se como os tipos de vegetação suscetíveis à invasão pelo maior número de espécies, entre as estudadas. Em macro escala, os modelos de nicho ecológico identificaram as áreas potenciais de invasão e revelaram os limites fisiológicos de temperatura e precipitação para cada espécie, enquanto em meso escala, os modelos de nicho refinaram estas previsões e revelaram novos padrões associados com a distribuição das espécies na escala do estado de São Paulo. Este estudo gera contribuições importantes em termos de informação sobre as características e áreas potenciais de invasão para gestores e tomadores de decisão no processo de prevenção e controle de invasões, bem como identifica limites e fatores ambientais que contribuem para a melhor compreensão de invasões biológicas no Brasil. De forma geral, a abordagem multi-hierárquica se mostrou uma ferramenta poderosa para explorar padrões de distribuição em escalas apropriadas com os objetivos de conservação, prevenção e controle de espécies exóticas. / In recent decades, as a result of globalization and international trade, the movement of species away from their native regions has grown in frequency and extent, increasing the risk of biological invasions, which can significantly impact the economy, the functioning of ecosystems and cause biodiversity loss. The eradication of invasive species it is not an easy task, usually with little chance of success, so that prevent the invasion is still the best management alternative. Predictive species distribution modeling techniques have generally been applied to predict the potential distribution of invasive species. In Brazil, studies on biological invasions are recent and insufficient to understand the current invasive status. To enhance understanding about invasive plants and its distribution in the state of São Paulo, in this study we apply predictive modeling techniques to 10 species considered invasive. For each of the selected species we seek to characterize the invasion pattern and identify the active environmental factors that limit or leverage its distribution through multihierarchical ecological niche models. For this purpose, we collect information for these species occurring worldwide and recorded geographical coordinates characteristics of populations and environments invaded by these species in all vegetation types and in all regions of the state of São Paulo. Based on these data, we characterize the invasion pattern of each species and the invasiveness of each vegetation type studied. We applied the multihierarchical ecological niche modeling methodology through MaxEnt algorithm in macro scale for the entire globe and meso scale for the state of São Paulo. Despite the peculiarities of species and vegetation types, our results highlight the influence of ecosystem conservation status and position in the landscape on the severity of the invasion and on the invasiveness of vegetation types on a local scale. Even the most resistant types of vegetation, such as the restinga and the tropical rain forest, can become susceptible to invasion because of disturbances and seedlings pressure. In conserved fragments, however, exotic species were rarely able to settle down and become a real threat to conservation. The more open forms of the Cerrado vegetation types appeared as the most susceptible to invasion by most of the studied species. In macro scale, the ecological niche models identified the potential areas of invasion and revealed the physiological limits of temperature and precipitation for each species, while in meso scale, niche models refined these projections and revealed new patterns associated with the distribution of species on the scale of São Paulo. This study provides important contributions in terms of information about the characteristics and potential areas of invasion for managers and decision makers in prevention and control of invasions and identifies limitations and environmental factors that contribute to a better understanding of biological invasions in Brazil. In general, the multihierarchical approach proved to be a powerful tool to explore patterns of distribution at scales compatible with conservation objectives, prevention and control of alien species.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:31:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3434_Elementos pre-textuais.pdf: 238495 bytes, checksum: 038e364781dedc63c35cb9deef7e549c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-01 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The main objectives of this dissertation were to evaluate the risks of introduction of Euterpe oleracea in the Atlantic Rainforest and its influence over a native population of Euterpe edulis. We investigated the ecological and morphological features of these species also including pre-existing data about hybrids experimentally produced between them (Chapter 1). We did the populations sampling in two areas of Atlantic Rainforest, in southern São Paulo state: Carlos Botelho State Park (CBSP) and Ilha do Cardoso State park (ICSP). At CBSP, we sampled the co-occurring populations of E. edulis and E. oleracea and at ICSP we sampled the control population for E. edulis, which is free from E. oleracea introduction. We evaluated the characteristics of growth in diameter and height of these populations and its ontogenetic stages through the allometric relationships between diameter and height (Chapter 2). We also analyzed population ecology and distribution of these three species (Chapter 3). For the co-occurring populations we evaluated the fruit biometry and observed the frugivorous bird community (Chapter 3). Our results indicated that two Euterpe species may be well represented for the same ontogenetic stages and the three studied populations presented similar allometry. Concerning to population ecology we observed that E. edulis population at CBSP presents total individuals density lower that ICSP population. Both E. edulis populations do not show a significant aggregation. Population of E. oleracea shows a reduced N, high aggregated distribution and is also capable of dispersing itself outside the original range of plantation. We also observed that these species produce morphologically similar fruits but with different sizes, with bigger fruits from E. oleracea and smaller from hybrids. Finally, we detected that E. oleracea shares the same guild of frugivorous birds and may displace dispersers from E. edulis. We concluded that E. oleracea is capable to successfully establish, reproduce and disperse itself and, thus, it is an invasive species in Atlantic Rainforest. Its introduction affects ecological processes linked to pollination, gene fluxes and frugivore and seed dispersion. These changes may be related to genetic mixtures of populations and decreasing of population of E. edulis. Finally, the introduction of E. oleracea may perform one more threat to maintenance of E. edulis populations, which are already threatened by over exploitation. / Os objetivos principais desta dissertação foram avaliar os riscos da introdução de Euterpe oleracea na Floresta Ombrófila Densa Atlântica e sua influência sobre uma população nativa de Euterpe edulis. Para isso, levantamos as características morfológicas e ecológicas destas espécies, incluindo também dados pré-existentes sobre os híbridos produzidos experimentalmente entre elas (Capítulo 1). Realizamos a amostragem das populações em dois locais de Floresta Ombrófila Densa Atlântica, no sul do estado de São Paulo: O Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB) e o Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso (PEIC). No PECB, amostramos as populações co-ocorrentes de E. edulis e E. oleracea e no PEIC amostramos a população controle de E. edulis, que se encontra sem a presença de E. oleracea. Avaliamos as características de crescimento em diâmetro e em altura destas populações e de seus estádios ontogenéticos através das relações alométricas entre diâmetro e altura (Capítulo 2). Analisamos também a ecologia populacional e distribuição espacial das três populações. (Capítulo 3). Para as duas espécies co-ocorrentes avaliamos a biometria de frutos e a observação da comunidade de aves frugívoras (Capítulo 3). Nossos resultados indicaram que as duas espécies de Euterpe podem ser representadas pelos mesmos estádios ontogenéticos e as três populações estudadas apresentam relações alométricas similares. Quanto à ecologia populacional, observamos que a população de E. edulis do PECB apresenta menor densidade total de indivíduos do que a população do PEIC. Ambas não apresentam agregação significativa. A população de E. oleracea apresenta N reduzido, grande agregação e ainda é capaz de se dispersar além da área inicial do plantio. Observamos ainda que as espécies produzem frutos morfologicamente similares, mas com tamanhos maiores em E. oleracea e menores no híbridos. Finalmente, detectamos que E. oleracea compartilha a mesma guilda de aves frugívoras e pode deslocar dispersores de E. edulis. Concluímos que E. oleracea é capaz de se estabelecer, reproduzir e dispersar com sucesso e que, portanto, é uma espécie invasora na Floresta Atlântica. Sua introdução afeta os processos ecológicos locais ligados à polinização, aos fluxos gênicos e à frugivoria e dispersão de sementes. Tais alterações podem estar relacionadas à mistura gênica das populações e à diminuição de visitas das populações de E. edulis. Por fim, a introdução de E. oleracea pode constituir mais uma ameaça à manutenção das populações de E. edulis, que já se encontram ameaçadas pela exploração predatória.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:45:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 933167 bytes, checksum: ca9e74d4418395492daa526f1c88232c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-25 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / This work aims to study the Theory of Optimal Control its application to biological problems. We studied two models of optimal control: the first applied to biological invasions in a network of lakes and the second applied to the treatment of cancer through the use of drugs. The models that describe the dynamics of the problems considered are based on ordinary differential equations. The problems are placed in the form of an optimal control problem, where in the first we minimize the cost, which is composed of the added cost of preventing in the damage caused by invasion, and in the second we minimize the density of tumor cancer in end time of treatment and the effects (ills) caused by the drug during the treatment period. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo da Teoria do Controle Ótimo e sua aplicação a problemas biológicos. Estudamos dois modelos de controle ótimo: o primeiro aplicado a invasões biológicas em uma rede de lagos e o segundo aplicado ao tratamento de câncer através do uso de drogas. Os modelos que descrevem a dinâmica dos problemas considerados são baseados em equações diferenciais ordinárias. Os problemas são colocados no formato de um problema de controle ótimo, onde no primeiro minimizamos o custo, que é composto do custo de prevenção adicionado aos prejuízos causados pela invasão, e no segundo minimizamos a densidade do tumor de câncer no tempo final do tratamento e os efeitos (males) causados pela droga durante o tempo de tratamento.