Nos últimos anos, a discussão a respeito do patenteamento de invenções de segundo uso tem gerado muitas discussões técnicas e acadêmicas. Dentre as partes divergentes, destacam-se o Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial, autarquia responsável pela concessão de patentes favorável ao instituto -, e a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária ANVISA, agência cuja função é anuir previamente na concessão de patentes relacionadas à área farmacêutica - contrária a este tipo de privilégio de invenção. Na doutrina não é diferente. Alguns autores defendem a completa possibilidade de concessão dessas patentes, ao passo que outros apontam, desde o não preenchimento dos requisitos legais, até a incidência direta em impedimentos legais. O objetivo do presente trabalho é examinar tais requisitos e restrições e verificar se essas patentes podem ou não ser concedidas. Para tanto, analisaremos a história do sistema de patentes, sua natureza e funções. Em seguida, discorreremos sobre os aspectos constitucionais, concorrenciais e internacionais do sistema. Logo após, examinaremos os requisitos gerais da concessão de patentes e os impedimentos legais, a regulação do tema no Brasil, a doutrina contrária ao instituto e a possibilidade do patenteamento de segundos usos à luz dos requisitos e impedimentos legais. Abordaremos, ainda, projetos de lei, jurisprudência, direito comparado e discutiremos se os novos usos constituem ou não contrafação de patentes anteriores ainda em vigor. Em conclusão, questionaremos se as patentes de segundo uso atendem às funções do sistema de patentes. Nossa proposta é discutir a questão de forma técnica e desprovida de ideologias, procurando contribuir para a discussão do tema sob à luz dos sistema de patentes, que, em nosso entendimento, possui todas as ferramentas necessárias para o correto balanceamento dos interesses envolvidos e, caso corretamente aplicado, pode não só impedir eventuais abusos oriundos das patentes de segundo uso, como também transformá-las em um instrumento de incentivo tecnológico / Over the last years, the patentability of second use inventions has stirred extensive technical and academic debates. Conflicting parties include the Brazilian Industrial Property Institute - INPI (the Brazilian body in charge of granting patents), which advocates the patentability of second use inventions, and the National Public Health Agency - ANVISA (the regulatory agency in charge of giving prior consent to granting of patents in the pharmaceutical area), which stands against such privilege. And this also goes for legal writings. Some scholars defend that second use inventions are generally patentable, while others allege that second use inventions do not meet legal requirements and are even subject to legal impairments. This work examines these requirements and impairments to check whether second use inventions are patentable or not. To that end, this work will address the history of the patent system, its nature and functions. It will then turn to the constitutional, competition and international aspects underlying this system. Subsequently, this work will examine the general requirements and legal impairments attaching to patents, how this issue is regulated in Brazil, the legal writings contrary to such patentability, and the possibility of obtaining \"second use invention\" patents vis-à-vis the existing requirements and legal impairments. We will also look into bills, past court rulings and comparative law to discuss whether new uses should be viewed as a counterfeit to past patents still in force. In conclusion, we will question whether second use patents meet the patent system objectives. Our proposal is to give a technical and unbiased contribution to this matter and to the patent system as a whole, which apparently has the tools necessary for proper balancing of the interests involved and, if adequately applied, may not only avoid the abuse of second use patents but also turn them into a valuable instrument to foster technological improvements.

Un double constat explique l’importance des inventions de salariés. D’une part, la majorité des inventions se réalise en entreprise et est l’œuvre des salariés. D’autre part, le régime des inventions de salariés censé être dérogatoire aux règles générales de titularité des inventions constitue dans les faits la règle de principe. Les règles du droit français et de l’Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle (OAPI) ont insuffisamment pris en compte ce renversement de paradigme. La législation relative aux inventions de salariés est laconique voire lacunaire.Une approche comparative de la législation de ces deux systèmes économiques différents permet de mesurer l’effectivité du domaine des inventions de salariés à une grande échelle. Il en résulte qu’une logique travailliste très prégnante n’assure pas une réelle récompense du salarié, acteur principal de l’activité inventive. L’absence d’incitation constitue un frein à l’innovation et partant au développement économique et social. Cette situation appelle la promotion d’une logique personnaliste (d’inspiration du droit d’auteur) assurant un meilleur équilibre entre investissements de l’employeur et récompense du salarié. L’objet de cette étude est de contribuer à une approche juridique plus équitable du statut du salarié inventeur en droits français et OAPI. / A double finding demonstrates the importance of the inventions of employees. Indeed, most inventions created within the companies, are the work of the employees. Furthermore, the legal framework concerning the employees supposed to be derogatory to the general rules of the ownership of inventions, constitutes in the facts, the principle.The French law and the African Intellectual Property Organization’s rules have insufficiently taken into consideration this reversal of paradigm. Specifically, the legislation about inventions of employees is laconic and even incomplete.A comparative approach of the legislation of these two different economic systems permits to evaluate the effectiveness of the rule on the employees’ inventions on a large scale. It appears that a more oriented employee logic does not guarantee a real reward for them, despite their great implication in the inventive process. In addition, the lack of incentives is a barrier to the innovation and therefore to the economic and social development.This situation requires the promotion of a more focused logic on the needs of employees ensuring a better balance between the employees' involvements in the process of inventions and the reward granted to them for that. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the implementation of a more equitable legal approach of the status of the inventor- employee under the French and OAPI rules.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-15T14:27:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 leandrobarretodutra.pdf: 1959699 bytes, checksum: 0e63c4aa2f87dd9180ea0af6a8410db0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-15T15:46:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 leandrobarretodutra.pdf: 1959699 bytes, checksum: 0e63c4aa2f87dd9180ea0af6a8410db0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-15T15:46:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 leandrobarretodutra.pdf: 1959699 bytes, checksum: 0e63c4aa2f87dd9180ea0af6a8410db0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-04 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Aprender como um exercício potente com a vida. Aprender a aprender no processo de viver. Usar a alegria como trilha de aprendizagens. Não havendo títulos e nem chefes. Amar como proposta: amor fati. Todo conhecimento se dá no corpo. Fica-se apavorado, certamente. É poético demais! É utópico! Mas segundo Eduardo Galeano, a utopia nos faz caminhar! Caminhemos! Nessas trilhas em invenções de formação de professores, a discussão da Ciência permeia a escrita. A tentativa de inventar ciências e modos de se viver na resistência pela alegria é o que move esta dissertação e para além dela, move a vida potente de quem ousa sonhar perigosamente com outros mundos possíveis. Augusto Boal nos dirige em sonhar quando diz que nós atores temos essa responsabilidade de inventar outro mundo, porque no fundo sabemos que outro mundo é possível. Acreditemos! Nessas trilhas de mestrar: fiz-me aluno e professor. Artistar aluno. Artistar professor. Num exercício contínuo. O palhaço foi chamado para professar a alegria da criança que vibra no presente. O palhaço que improvisa, que joga, que brinca, para nos ensinar a aprender com, a inventar com. O palhaço como professor dos professores. Ri dos medos e de suas ignorâncias. Ele que sempre está em relação, em jogo, vem alegre posicionarmo-nos em outra esfera de acontecimentos. Nesses imprevistos da vida, só o improviso dá conta provisoriamente do inesperado. Tudo que se quer é improvisar bem. Isso é exercício. Às vezes se acerta... mas, o treinar é questão fundante.O convite para a leitura desta dissertação é pensar outras biologias possíveis, outras relações entre professor-aluno, outros modos de resistir às intempéries e inventar-se outra coisa! Exercitar num nevoeiro povoado em conversações, numa peça teatral junto às metamorfoses nietzschianas e numa autobiografia presençada foram os modos arranjados para dar conta do problema, também, inventado: O que se pode fazer para se autoproduzir alegremente? A contação de histórias que se faz neste mestrado tenta responder essa questão eterna. Só tenta, outras respostas são possíveis. Se quer inventar métodos improvisados e singulares que servem para o presente e só. / Learn with life as a powerful exercise. Learning and learning in the living process. Use happiness as a path of apprenticeships. With no titles neither bosses. Love with a purpose: fati love. All the knowledge occurs in body. It gets certainly terrified. It is too much poetic. It is utopian! But according to Eduardo Galeano, the utopia makes us walking! So, let’s walk! In those tracks of teachers’ formation, the discussion of science permeates writing. The trying of inventing sciences and ways of living in the resistance of joy is what drives this thesis and far from that, it drives the powerful life of who dares dangerously to dream with other possible worlds. Augusto Boal guides us to dream when he says that we, the actors have the responsibility of inventing another world, because we know that another world is possible indeed. Let’s believe! On these tracks of teaching: I was a student and a teacher. An artist student.An artist teacher.In continuous exercise. The clown was called to profess the happiness of child which vibrates in the present. A clown who improvises and plays, to teach us with, to invent with.A clown as a professor of teachers. That laughs from his fearsand ignorance.He, who is always in relation to, in the game, joyfully comes to position ourselves in another sphere of events. In this unforeseen life, only improvisation gives provisionally account of unexpected. All that is wanted is to improvise well. It is exercise. We sometimes do it right…but, the training is fundamental. The invitation to the reading of this essay is to think about another possible biology, other student-teacher relations, and other ways to resist bad moments and invent other things! To exercise in a crowded talk, in a play with the nietzchianians metamorphosis and in an autobiography, those were the ways to handle with the problems, also invented: What we may do to happily produce ourselves? The stories telling we do in this master try to answer this eternal question. It only tries to, another answers are also possible. So invent makeshifts and singular methods which serve for the present and just it.

No description available.

Mestrado em Direito / Law / O principal objectivo desta dissertação é analisar o panorama legislativo actual, no seio da Europa e, com especial incidência na União Europeia, relativo à protecção jurídica dos programas de computador, bem como os tipos de regime que foram sendo adoptados, nomeadamente, pelos países europeus, desde o surgimento do programa de computador. Os programas de computador são obras funcionais e aparentam ser obras literárias, pois apresentam-se numa expressão linguística. Contudo, têm uma espinha dorsal de natureza maquinal : são o suporte lógico, o cérebro dos computadores 1. A dissertação centra-se na protecção dos programas de computador pelos Direitos de Autor e pelo Direito de Patentes, os dois meios de protecção reconhecidos como mais adequados pela maioria da doutrina, com manifesta expressão na legislação. Analisa-se, também, de forma breve, o panorama legislativo referente à protecção conferida aos programas de computador, a nível nacional, assim como a evolução nos Estados Unidos da América. Mediante a análise de um Caso de estudo, reconhece-se a importância da previsão legal da protecção das invenções implementadas por computador, bem como a possibilidade de concessão de uma patente única, no sentido de garantir às empresas europeias oportunidades de negócio e uma protecção eficaz das suas invenções / The main goal of this dissertation is to analyze the current legal scenery, within Europe and, with particular focus on European Union, concerning the legal protection of computer programs, as well as the types of arrangements that have been adopted, particularly by European countries, since the advent of the computer program. Computer programs are functional works and appear to be literary works, because they present themselves in a linguistic expression. However, they have a backbone of 'mechanical' nature: they are the logical foundation, they are computer s brains 2. The dissertation focuses on the protection of computer programs by Copyright and the Patents law, the two means of protection recognized as the most appropriate for the majority of the doctrine, with a clear expression in the legislation. We also briefly analyzed the regulatory scenery concerning the protection afforded to computer programs, on a national level as well as developments in the United States of America. Through analysis of a case study, the importance of the legal provision of computer-related inventions protection is recognized, as well as the possibility of granting a single patent to ensure business opportunities for European companies and effective protection for their inventions.

This thesis demonstrates that, while generally seen as a non-democratic activity, lobbying should in fact be viewed as an important part of democratic policymaking, providing valuable input into law and policy, particularly in areas where expertise is at a premium. Constructing a theoretical model of democracy and using the field of intellectual property as a focal point, the role of private actors is examined across a series of case studies: the 2011 Hargreaves Review of Intellectual Property and Growth, the 2010 Digital Economy Act, and the proposed 2002 EU Computer Implemented Inventions Directive. Each case study is based upon a combination of secondary sources and the first-hand experiences of certain actors involved and in each case the lobbying activity is critically evaluated in light of the features and normative conditions of the democratic model. This study ultimately shows both the positive aspects and negative aspects of lobbying from a democratic viewpoint, noting that the importance of stakeholder input into the law and policy that will affect those stakeholders is essential. It also shows, however, that equality of access to, and influence over, policymakers is far from satisfactory and that until such inequalities can be resolved, lobbying cannot be fully justified under my model of democracy.

<p>Legislative changes in the U.S. and more recently Germany, require universities and research institutes to act as entrepreneurs, something that is not necessarily in their nature. Therefore, a number of Technology Transfer Organizations or Evaluation Agencies have been established to handle the evaluation, patenting and commercialization of inventions. The process of evaluating inventions, in this thesis termed DEAR, poses two major challenges for evaluation agencies: (1) the process must be aimed at keeping the inventions that will generate revenues and filtering out those that will not; and (2) the time spent on evaluation should be kept to a minimum, but must never be reduced below the point where potential commercial successes will be lost. The purpose of this thesis is to benchmark the practices of evaluation agencies in order to establish whether time can be reduced in any part of the DEAR process and if so where. We find that there are aspects in almost every stage of the DEAR process that could be made more effective. For instance, it may be worthwhile for the German agencies to reflect on the fact that their U.S. counterparts generally seem to rely on the scientific information given in the disclosure. Also, even though valuation of inventions often becomes a case of"Garbage In - Garbage Out", such valuation may be worthwhile for younger agencies since it may signal that the DEAR process is conducted in a thorough and accurate manner.</p>

Legislative changes in the U.S. and more recently Germany, require universities and research institutes to act as entrepreneurs, something that is not necessarily in their nature. Therefore, a number of Technology Transfer Organizations or Evaluation Agencies have been established to handle the evaluation, patenting and commercialization of inventions. The process of evaluating inventions, in this thesis termed DEAR, poses two major challenges for evaluation agencies: (1) the process must be aimed at keeping the inventions that will generate revenues and filtering out those that will not; and (2) the time spent on evaluation should be kept to a minimum, but must never be reduced below the point where potential commercial successes will be lost. The purpose of this thesis is to benchmark the practices of evaluation agencies in order to establish whether time can be reduced in any part of the DEAR process and if so where. We find that there are aspects in almost every stage of the DEAR process that could be made more effective. For instance, it may be worthwhile for the German agencies to reflect on the fact that their U.S. counterparts generally seem to rely on the scientific information given in the disclosure. Also, even though valuation of inventions often becomes a case of"Garbage In - Garbage Out", such valuation may be worthwhile for younger agencies since it may signal that the DEAR process is conducted in a thorough and accurate manner.

No description available.

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture