Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2017-04-19T15:44:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Wartchow_.pdf: 802643 bytes, checksum: ee96b11a4d25d75065128f2d53608cbd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T15:44:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Wartchow_.pdf: 802643 bytes, checksum: ee96b11a4d25d75065128f2d53608cbd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-12 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os ativos das Entidades Fechadas de Previdência Complementar (EFPC) brasileiras, também denominadas fundos de pensão, são formados por contribuições financeiras de seus patrocinadores ou instituidores e seus de participantes. Tais recursos são administrados por uma estrutura de governança estabelecida pela legislação e recomendações de órgãos públicos. Esta estrutura de governança visa mitigar conflitos de interesses, com vistas a eficiência econômico-financeira das EFPC, possibilitando a geração de resultado aos participantes. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar se existe relação positiva entre o nível de governança e a rentabilidade das EFPC brasileiras. A amostra da pesquisa contempla 141 EFPC brasileiras, com evidências que compreendem os exercícios de 2011 a 2014, reunindo um total de 423 observações. Foi realizada a análise com o uso da técnica de análise de Mínimos Quadrados Generalizados (MQG), com dados empilhados. A variável dependente é a rentabilidade, representada pelo Retorno sobre os Investimentos (RI), e a variável explicativa o nível de governança. O nível de governança foi medido através de um índice construído com um total de 33 indicadores representativos de práticas de governança. Esses indicadores de governança foram estabelecidos através de uma revisão da legislação brasileira sobre EFPC, orientações e recomendações de órgãos públicos e na literatura sobre o tema. Foram incluídas no modelo também variáveis de controle, as quais foram apontadas na literatura revisada como influenciadores do desempenho econômico financeiro. As evidências para todas variáveis foram coletadas dos estatutos e relatórios anuais das EFPC disponibilizados em suas páginas eletrônicas na Internet. O resultado dessa pesquisa indica uma relação positiva entre rentabilidade e governança das EFPC. Ou seja, EFPC com melhores níveis de governança têm melhor rentabilidade dos investimentos. Este estudo poderá contribuir para que participantes e assistidos compreendam melhor a importância da governança nas EFPC e influenciar o maior uso de práticas de governança por estas entidades. / The assets of Brazilian private pension funds (PPFs) are formed by the financial contributions of its sponsors or its founders, as well as of its participants. These fund’s governance structure is established by law and regulated by public agencies. This governance structure aims to mitigate conflicts of interest, towards improved economic and financial efficiency of the PPF. Thus, the objective of this study is to examine whether there is a positive relationship between the level of governance and the profitability of the Brazilian PPFs. The research sample includes 141 Brazilian PPF, with data covering the years 2011 to 2014, resulting on a total of 423 observations. The analysis of the research problem was performed through Generalized Least Squares (GLS) technique, for pooled data. The dependent variable is the PPF’s profitability, with the PPF’s Return on Investments (RI) as proxy. The explanatory variable of interest is the level of governance. The level of governance was measured by an index constructed by a total of 33 indicators representative of governance practices. These governance indicators were established through a review of the Brazilian legislation on PPFs, guidelines and recommendations of public agencies and literature on the subject. Data was collected from PPFs statutes and annual reports, available on their web pages. The result of this research indicates a positive relationship between profitability and governance of PPFs. That is, PPFs with better levels of governance have better return on investments. This study may contribute to the understanding of participants and beneficiaries on the importance of governance in PPFs and, hopefully, foster a greater use of governance practices by these entities.

本研究主要在探討投資流程之行為模式對股票型基金績效之影響，研究內容包括探討拜訪上市公司、下單積極度、下單集中度、及停損機制與基金投資績效之關係。 研究發現：（1）國內及外資券商公布評等報告前，皆有資訊事先洩漏之情況；法人說明會雖具有資訊內涵，但其資訊內涵於見報日即反應在股價上，投信公司透過拜訪上市櫃公司取得第一手資訊，才是提升基金績效之有效方法。（2）高下單積極度將對個股股價產生價格衝擊，並產生買進價格偏高及賣出價格偏低之劣勢，均不利於基金績效表現。（3）每年微幅差距之交易成本，經過複利計算，累積多年後之差異程度將非常驚人，投信公司應致力於提升下單集中度、節省交易成本，間接提升基金投資報酬率。（4）停損機制對基金績效有正面之影響，為減少經理人產生錯置效應，投信公司應確實執行停損機制，避免投資損失擴大。 依據研究結果，提出建議如下：（1）在資訊不對稱的環境下，投資人無法知悉基金經理人之投資操作，因此隱藏著基金經理人的道德危險，主管機關應善盡監督管理之責，以確保投資人權益。（2）投信公司及基金經理人應勤於拜訪上市櫃公司、謹慎訂定股票買賣價格區間、致力於節省投資交易成本、及落實損失檢討機制以提升投資績效。（3）投資人申購基金除了參考以往投資績效外，也應將基金投資交易成本高低列為參考之依據，避免基金投資交易成本過高侵蝕獲利。 / This study examines the behavior of equity funds in relation to the investment process, Include visits to companies, actively traded stock level, the concentration of stock trading, and stop-loss mechanism of the effect on fund performance. This study found that: domestic and foreign brokerages, before reporting their stock recommendations, usually leak information in advance. Although investor conferences have the information content, but its information content lies in the newspapers on the day of reaction in the stock price. Securities Investment Trust, to visit the company's way to obtain first-hand information to effectively improve the investment performance of equity funds; a high degree of active stock trading affects the stock price by resulting in a high purchase price and low selling price, which is not conducive to equity fund performance; As a result of the gap between the cost of each transaction and the effect of compound interest, there is a high degree of difference after many years. As such, securities investment trust companies should strive to enhance the concentration of trading to reduce transaction costs, thereby increasing the investment return of equity funds; and as stop-loss mechanisms have a positive effect on the performance of equity funds, securities investment trust companies should implement stop-loss mechanisms to avoid loss of the expansion. Based on the results of this study, the recommendations include: in the context of asymmetric information, investors have no knowledge of how the fund manager may conduct investment operations; therefore, regulatory authorities should take on the responsibility of protecting the interests of investors; securities investment trust companies and fund managers should be prudent when setting a stock trading price range to decrease investment transaction costs and minimize losses to improve investment performance; as high transaction costs erode profits, investors should also consider the level of transaction costs, which should be listed on a reference basis, in addition to past investment performance.

Esta pesquisa inova ao investigar a associação de práticas de governança e de características específicas de fundos de pensão brasileiros com o desempenho dos investimentos. Déficits crescentes observados desde 2011, combinados com casos de corrupção e gestão temerária, são fatores que podem contestar a efetividade de fundos de pensão e lançar questionamentos sobre a previdência complementar fechada. O estudo utiliza dados coletados de demonstrações contábeis anuais auditadas de 2011 a 2015 de 41 fundos de pensão do país e que possuem sob a gestão 72% dos investimentos do total das entidades do Brasil. As informações sobre práticas de governança foram obtidas de relatórios internos dos fundos de pensão disponíveis em seus sítios eletrônicos e, também de plataformas eletrônicas como Bloomberg, LinkedIn e Google. Foi desenvolvido estudo quantitativo para investigar o problema de aspectos de governança e de características específicas em fundos de pensão brasileiros e que podem impactar de forma diferenciada o retorno dos ativos sob a gestão. O experimento do trabalho testou dados em painel através do método dos momentos generalizados em dois estágios com uso de variáveis instrumentais. Os resultados indicam evidências de impacto positivo no desempenho dos investimentos quando há uso de melhores práticas de governança como o comitê de investimentos. Sugere-se que estão sendo efetivos a avaliação e o controle de riscos sob esta prática e em benefício dos planos sob a gestão. Porém, há evidências de associação negativa de características no nível destas organizações sobre o retorno dos investimentos. Dentre as características que puderam ser observadas, os resultados sugerem que conexões com governo pelo tipo de patrocínio e existência de contratos de gestão externa dos investimentos por fundo de pensão com patrocinador do setor financeiro, podem influenciar a busca de outros interesses que não o melhor retorno aos planos de benefícios. Entretanto, a partir das mesmas características apresentam-se evidências de associação positiva com uso de melhores práticas de governança. Entende-se que pode haver o incentivo de se manter as condições para atendimento dos interesses políticos de suas relações. Os resultados desta pesquisa trazem contribuições para a discussão de características no nível dos fundos de pensão que podem influenciar o comportamento de seus executivos e para o debate da governança dessas organizações no país. Entende-se que estas contribuições podem ser aplicadas no contexto de demais economias emergentes. Por fim, a pesquisa sugere não ser óbvio que o monitoramento e controle pelos órgãos de supervisão e regulação atual sejam suficientes para evitar a evolução de déficits nos fundos de pensão e de impacto social no longo prazo. O argumento é que sem mecanismos de governança adequados às características no nível das entidades, os executivos em fundos de pensão podem não atuar no interesse único dos participantes dos planos de benefícios. / This research innovates by investigating the association of governance practices and specific characteristics of Brazilian pension funds with the performance of investments. Increasing deficits observed since 2011, combined with cases of corruption and reckless management, are factors that can challenge the effectiveness of pension funds and raise questions about closed private pension plans. The study uses data collected from audited annual financial statements between 2011 and 2015 from 41 pension funds that accounting for 72% of investments in this system. Information on pension fund governance practices was obtained from internal reports available on its websites and also from electronic platforms such as Bloomberg, LinkedIn, and Google. A quantitative study was developed to investigate the problem of governance aspects, and specific characteristics of them that may have a different impact on the return of assets under management. The work experiment tested panel data through the generalized method of moments (GMM) in two stages and use of instrumental variables. The results indicate evidence of a positive impact on the performance of asset under management in the use of governance best-practices such as investment committee. It is suggested that under this practice, risk assessment and control are being effective for the benefit of plans under the management of pension funds. However, there is evidence of a negative association at the organization-level on the return of investments. The results demonstrate that characteristics such as the government connections by the type of sponsorship and the outsourcing of the investment management by pension funds with sponsor from the financial sector can influence the pursuit of interests other than the best return of investments for the benefit plans. However, these same characteristics present evidence of a positive association with the use of governance best-practices. It is understood that the incentive would be to maintain the conditions to attend the political interests of their relations. The results of this research bring contributions to the discussion of characteristics at the level of pension funds that can influence the behavior of its executives and to the debate of their corporate governance in the country. It is understood that these contributions can be applied in the context of other emerging economies. Finally, this paper suggests that it isn´t obvious that monitoring and controlling by current supervisory and regulatory bodies are sufficient to avoid the evolution of deficits in pension funds and greater social impact in the long term. The argument is that without appropriated governance mechanisms to entity-level characteristics, pension fund executives may not act in the sole interest of participants.

ESG (Environmental, social, and governance) investing is an investment philosophy to inform holistic and sound decision-making of investors for the purposes of both, nourishing a stable economy with acceptable rates of return while at the same time addressing stakeholders' non-financial concerns to preserve an inhabitable planet. Some scholars in finance argue that institutions subject to norms, i.e. responsible investors pay a financial cost from engaging in ESG activities. Moreover, they see ESG investing as distracting, inappropriate, risky and legally challenging. In response, several studies have emerged to show that ESG investing is a growing interest with investors, helps to mitigate financial risks, and does not need to represent a financial cost. Despite convincing evidence in a growing body of academic literature, many questions are still open to debate. Therefore, the principal objective of this thesis is to explore three dimensions of ESG investing, namely corporate environmental responsibility, renewable energy, and ESG disclosure quality. The research questions address issues relating to pension funds' investment decisions and legal obstacles resulting from utilising ESG information, financial return and risk implications of investing in renewable energy, substitutability of renewable energy for fossil fuel investments, and the effects of ESG disclosure quality on the expected cost of capital. To answer these questions, the thesis employs several standard and alternative empirical methods from the asset pricing and risk literatures. The thesis concludes the following. First, the integration of environmental responsibility into pension fund investment decision-making processes does not impede the financial and risk performance of pension funds. This means that pension funds should be allowed to consider such information in their investment decision making processes as the information does not reduce the overall financial return of the tested portfolios and does not violate trust law, i.e. the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA). Pension fund trustees have been prohibited to consider any non-financial criteria such as environmental, social, or governance criteria in their investment processes under trust law such as ERISA, when they could harm the finanical performance of the portfolio. To be more specific, a pension fund trustee breaches his fiduciary duties (the duty of loyalty and the duty of prudence), if he sacrifices the financial well-being of the pension fund for pursuing any other social goal (Langbein and Posner, 1980). In particular, the duty of loyalty is "... forbidding the trustee to invest for any object other than the highest return consistent with the preferred level of portfolio risk" (Langbein and Posner, 1980:98). Second, the thesis finds no evidence for sustained renewable energy equity premia. Furthermore, investments in renewable energy equity are considerably riskier than in fossil fuel energy equity, meaning that renewable energy firms are undergoing a period of high uncertainties related to their business model, low carbon prices, and lacking public and private infrastructure investment (Bohl et al., 2013; Kumar et al., 2012; Sadorsky, 2012b ). Finally, my thesis shows that companies with high ESG disclosure quality experience lower expected cost of equity and cost of debt financing, everything else equal.

This dissertation work focuses on evaluation of the performance and credibility of domestic pension funds. It includes information about pension systems in six selected countries in the world, specifically Chile, Hungary, Switzerland, Poland, Sweden and Slovakia, and culminates with a proposal for pension reform in the Czech Republic. The evaluation of the performance of pension funds is based on experience with measuring performance in twenty-three countries of the world processed for the OECD and cites original basis materials for proposals for the regulation of pension funds in the Czech Republic. Setting of indicators is preceded by an analysis of measurements of performance by the Association of Pension Funds in the Czech Republic and the Research Institute of Labour and Social Affairs. The most important proposed indicators include the actual result in relation to the participants' funds, which captures the influence of changes in the market values of financial assets, and the indicator of competence covers obligations, reflecting the influence of changes in costs during subsequent periods, which include yet undistributed commission for mediators of pension insurance. For a comparison of benefits and risks, mutual funds denominated in CZK were selected, which were verified as a suitable alternative to long-term saving. The method of evaluation of pension funds itself is based on explanation, evaluation and selection of favourable indicators for determining the rating of domestic pension funds, which clients of pension funds could use as a method for evaluating the credibility and benefits of a specific domestic pension fund for the purpose of securing it in retirement age.

投資決策時，除了關注資產的報酬外，更不可忽略風險。而風險的衡量上，一般常用風險值來衡量投資所面臨的風險，這是由於風險值具有動態管理、量化風險等優點。而國內研究對於不動產風險值的文獻上多以住宅市場為主，對於商用不動產較無著墨，是故本研究欲從不同風險值模型探討投資商用不動產的風險值，並分為直接投資(北市商用不動產)與間接投資(REITs)商用不動產兩個不同次市場。實證結果發現直接投資商用不動產風險值高於間接投資商用不動產。其次，本研究試圖比較靜態與動態風險值模型在估計不動產風險值的行為表現，經回溯測試(Back Testing)檢驗後發現，發現兩個模型衡量不動產風險值時，表現差異性不大。最後，本研究並以夏普績效(Sharp Ratio)來衡量直接投資與間接投資商用不動產的投資績效，研究期間為2007年6月至2009年3月。實證結果發現，直接投資商用不動產在景氣衰退與股市劇跌時具有抗跌性；而間接投資商用不動產則與股市發生同時下跌的現象，此現象可能是我國REITs具有代理問題(Agency Problem)與系統風險(Systematic Risk)等問題所致。因此，本研究建議投資者投資REITs時，應同時考量REITs存在上述的風險與問題，以避免投資上的損失。 / When making investment strategies, aside from considering the return of investment, one cannot ignore the risk factors. In measuring risk, we usually use VaR (Value at Risk) to calculate the risks of investment because, among other reasons, VaR has dynamic and quantifiable advantages. Most of the studies regarding real estate investment risk in Taiwan focus on residential markets; thus, this paper investigates commercial real estate markets using different VaR models to determine the degree of risk, distinguishing further between direct investment markets and indirect investment markets like REITs (Real Estate Investment Trust). The result of this study reveals that direct real estate investment involves higher risks than indirect real estate investment. Furthermore, there was hardly any difference in investment risk when using either static or dynamic VaR models in the computations after using Back Testing. Finally, this study employs Sharp Ratio to calculate commercial real estate investment performance covering the period between June 2007 and March 2009. Direct real estate investment shows firmness during economic downturns or stock market crashes unlike indirect real estate investment like REITs which follows stock market trends. This phenomenon may be due to Agency Problem and Systematic Risk in Taiwan’s REITs market. Therefore this study suggests that when investing in REITs one has to take into account the risks and problems in order to avoid unnecessary investment losses.

自2003年起隨著台灣壽險業國外投資比率不斷提高，至2010年底國外投資比率已達34.47%，因此為了探討壽險業國外投資與績效並了解相關因素之影響，本研究檢視壽險公司之市占率和各險種保費收入比率與國外投資比率之間的關係，同時亦檢視美國政府十年期公債殖利率與投資報酬率之間是否具有正向關係。另一方面，探討已公開發行公司是否因需揭露財務報表而與未公開發行公司之間在國外投資比率和投資績效上有所差異。 本文以2004年至2008年台灣25家壽險公司的長期資料（longitudinal data），分析總合（pooled）、固定效果(fixed effects)和隨機效果（random effects）迴歸模型，並檢視模型之適合性檢定。另因反應變數之密度估計具長尾之特性，所以亦使用Koenker（2004）和Geraci and Bottai（2007）提出的長期資料分量迴歸（quantile regression for longitudinal data）分析作為探討。實證結果顯示，若壽險公司的市占率愈高，則其資產配置於國外的比重亦相對地提高，且壽險和年金險比率與國外投資比率之間呈現顯著地正相關；此外，公開發行公司的國外投資比率顯著高於未公開發行公司。在投資績效方面，美國政府十年期公債殖利率與投資報酬率之間為顯著的正相關。 長期資料分量迴歸分析實證結果顯示，當使用Koenker（2004）提出之方法時，則一般（ordinary）分量迴歸在50%、75%和90%條件分量下，隨著樣本期間年度的增加，壽險業的國外投資報酬率相對地上升；在10% 和25% 條件分量下，壽險公司市占率與國外投資報酬率之間是顯著的正相關。而使用Geraci and Bottai（2007）提出之隨機效果分量迴歸方法時，在50%條件分量下，國外投資比率與國外投資報酬率之間為顯著地正相關，再者匯率風險將降低台灣壽險業國外投資的意願，然而實行避險策略是有益於投資績效的提升。 / The foreign investment ratio for the life insurance industry in Taiwan has risen constantly since 2003 and reached 34.47% in 2010. In order to explore foreign investment and performance, and understand the impact of relevant factors in the life insurance industry, this study examines the relationship between the market shares of life insurance companies, types of premium income ratio and the foreign investment ratio. Simultaneously, this study also examines the relationship between the 10-year US Treasury Bond Yield Currency and investment return.On the other hand, we explore whether the difference between the publicly traded companies and non-publicly traded companies on the foreign investment ratio and the investment performance. In this dissertation, we analyze 25 Taiwanese life insurance companies between 2004 and 2008 using the pooled, fixed effects and random effects regression model. Due to the distribution of the response variable is characterized by the long tail, we explore the use of the quantile regression for longitudinal data by Koenker(2004)and Geraci and Bottai(2007). The empirical results show that the more market share of life insurance companies, the higher foreign investment ratio and there is significantly positive correlation between the life insurance, annuity ratio and the foreign investment ratio. In addition, the publicly traded company's foreign investment ratio is significantly higher than non-publicly traded company. In terms of investment performance, it’s significantly positive correlation between the U.S. 10-year Treasury Bond Yield Currency and return on investment. The empirical results about quantile regression for longitudinal data show that the return on foreign investment relatively enhance for the life insurance industry with the increase of the year during the sample period under the 50%,75% and 90% conditional qauntile when using the ordinary quantile regression proposed by Koenker(2004). There is significantly positive correlation between the market share and the return on foreign investment under the 10% and 25% conditional qauntile. When using the method proposed by Geraci and Bottai(2007), there is significantly positive correlation between the foreign investment ratio and the return on foreign investment under the 50% conditional qauntile. Furthermore, exchange rate risk will reduce the foreign investment willingness of the life insurance industry in Taiwan. However, the implementation of the hedging strategy is beneficial to enhance investment performance for the life insurance industry.

保險業資金運用的限制乃民國87年台灣保險界的熱門話題之一，不但有許多保險公司要求財政部放寬資金運用的限制，因為他們認為保險法中明文規定保險資金運用的範圍和比率，使保險資金運用相當僵化，且由於企業經營環境變化極大，因此法令的限制會影響保險公司的營運狀況；而財政部保險司成立的保險革新小組中，也對資金運用的限制有深入的探討，因為限制的範圍不但影響保險公司本身的投資情況，更因為保險公司有龐大的資金可運用，而可能牽動台灣的金融經濟情勢，因此值得深入的探討。 本研究的主要目的包括下列兩點： 1.研究保險公司資金運用績效在民國81年保險法大幅修訂，對資金運用加諸更明確的規定，與保險法修訂前的資金運用績效加以詳細比較，瞭解政府設定資金運用的限制對保險公司獲利率之影響，並針對投資風險進行實證分析，因為高風險伴隨著高報酬，故同時考慮風險與收益的影響程度。 2.初步分析本國保險公司7項經營上的比率例如流動比率是否因為保險法修訂之後而受到影響。 本篇論文的資料來源是來自台北市人壽保險同業公會所出版的『人壽保險業務統計年報』與保險事業發展中心所出版的『產物保險統計要覽』，並採用年報中的資產負債表、損益表與資金運用表加以實證分析。 研究時間以民國81年保險法修訂第146條之1到第146條之5為時間上的分界點，分析民國76年到民國80年資金運用的限制未修訂前的資金運用績效與民國81年到民國86年資金運用的限制修訂後的資金運用績效做比較，但因為依照法令規定發現保險公司有2年的調整期，因此研究時間分成3段（民國76-80年，民國81、82年，民國83-86年）。 本研究同時考慮投資收益率與投資風險，發現在兩迴歸模型中投資收益率與投資收益率變異數之係數均大於0，並且為顯著，代表兩者具有正相關的情形，符合高風險伴隨高報酬的理論；由Markowitz的『平均數-變異數投資組合模式』所求出的效率前緣發現加諸投資限制後，會使效率前緣向右下方移動，亦即同時使風險增加與投資報酬率減少；經由本研究的實證發現保險法的修訂對於保險公司投資績效與投資風險均造成顯著的影響，亦即保險法修訂後，使得保險公司的投資收益率減少，並增加保險公司的投資風險，因此本研究認為目前法令對於資金運用的限制的確有放寬的必要。 由於本研究發現投資上限對保險公司的投資績效會產生顯著的影響，並且會增加保險公司的風險，因此保險公司大聲疾呼再度修改保險法第146條之1到第146條之5與放寬投資限制的確有其必要性；另外本研究之實證可得知保險公司的經營性質會影響其投資收益率，並且因為產、壽險在資金結構與業務性質均有相當程度的差異，因此建議可將產、壽險的資金運用分別規範，由於我們發現限制會對保險公司的投資情形產生影響，加上壽險公司的投資收益率比較高，而投資風險比較低，因此本研究認為對於壽險公司的資金運用規範應該要比較寬鬆。 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機 1 第二節 研究目的 2 第三節 研究流程與架構 4 第二章 保險業資金運用介紹與文獻回顧 5 第一節 保險法第146條所規定資金運用途徑之介紹 5 第二節 衡量法令限制對企業造成影響之文獻 18 第三章 研究方法 27 第一節 資料來源 27 第二節 研究方法 29 第三節 兩段迴歸 36 第四章 實證分析 37 第一節 各種IRIS比率的實證結果 37 第二節 投資收益率的實證結果 42 第三節 投資收益率之變異數的實證結果 46 第五章 結論與建議 51 第一節 研究結論與建議 51 第二節 研究限制 54 參考文獻 55