The United States Supreme Court has not yet examined several aspects of the death penalty. One aspect is the ability for the state to forcefully medicate an incompetent inmate, which may result in the inmate appearing competent for execution. While the Supreme Court' ruled that it is unconstitutional to execute an inmate who is incompetent, inmates who would have had their executions vacated due to mental illness are executed because the state can put them on an involuntary medication regimen. According to many experts, involuntary medication regimens mask the affects of their illness instead of providing a cure. Experts often refer to this practice as the "chemical straitjacket." Because the effects of antipsychotic medication, inmates may be sedated to a point where they appear competent, but in reality, they are sedated to a point where their mental illness is still present yet undetectable. As a result, placing condemned inmates on involuntary medication regimens has the possibility to violate the inmate's Fifth, Sixth, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment rights. The intent of this thesis is to examine whether the Supreme Court has successfully upheld its duty to promote a fair judicial system by allowing the medicate to execute scheme to continue. Through the analysis of case law, law review articles, and the American Constitution, this thesis will evaluate the treatment of condemned inmates who show signs of incompetence. Through analysis, this thesis aims to raise awareness to an issue that, in the opinion of this writer, deserves the attention of American courts and other governing bodies.

Bakgrund: I Sverige vårdas cirka 3000 patienter inom tvångsvården i enlighet med lagen om psykiatrisk tvångsvård (LPT) eller lagen om rättspsykiatrisk vård (LRV). Detta gäller personer med allvarliga psykiatriska tillstånd där vård bedöms som absolut nödvändigt. Tvångsvården skapar etiska dilemman för vårdpersonalen, eftersom vård ska bota och lindra samtidigt som tvånget hotar patientens integritet och autonomi och skapar ett vårdlidande. Med teorier kring lidande som referensram, undersöktes i denna litteraturöversikt psykiatrisk tvångsvård utifrån patienternas perspektiv. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva patienters upplevelser av tvångsvård inom psykiatrisk vård. Metod: Litteraturöversikten är uppbyggd på tio kvalitativa vetenskapliga original artiklar. Artiklarna söktes i databaserna Cinahl Complete och PubMed och analyserades tematiskt enligt Fribergs modell med fyra steg. Resultat: Fyra teman framkom: “Positiv och negativ syn på tvångsvården”, “Upplevelser av trauman och tvångsvård”, “Terapeutiska relationer” och “Upprätthållande av autonomi”. Sammanfattning: Resultatet av denna litteraturöversikt visar att patienter har både en positiv och negativ syn på tvångsvården. Viktiga behov som patienter uttryckte var terapeutiska relationer med vårdpersonalen, att hållas informerade samt att bli hörda och sedda som människor och inte som en diagnos. / Background: In Sweden, approximately 3,000 patients are cared for in compulsory care in accordance with the Act on Compulsory Psychiatric Care (LPT) or the Act on Forensic Psychiatric Care (LRV). This applies to people with serious psychiatric conditions where care is deemed absolutely necessary. Coercive care creates ethical dilemmas for the care staff, because care is supposed to cure and relieve at the same time that the coercion threatens the patient's integrity and autonomy and creates suffering in care. Using theories about suffering as a frame of reference, in this literature review compulsory psychiatric care was examined from the patients' perspective.Aim:The aim was to describe patients' experiences of involuntary treatment in psychiatric care. Method: The literature review is based on ten qualitative scientific original articles. The articles were retrieved in the databases Cinahl Complete and PubMed and analysed thematically according to Friberg's four-stage model. Results: Four themes emerged: “Positive and negative view of compulsory care”, “Experiences of trauma and compulsory care”, “Therapeutic relationships” and “Maintenance of autonomy”. Summary: The results of this literature review show that patients have both a positive and a negative view of involuntary care. Important needs that patients expressed were therapeutic relationships with the healthcare staff, to be kept informed and to be heard and seen as people and not as a diagnosis.

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The present Research Topic “It's irrelevant for the task but interesting!—How children process and attend to task-irrelevant information” comprises two aspects of cognitive control from a developmental point of view. The first aspect includes the development of children's attention control in different contexts such as emotion processing or novelty processing. The second aspect focuses on the development of children's ability to inhibit actions. The Research Topic addresses research with healthy children and with children suffering from the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). It brings together different perspectives on the development of attention control during infancy, childhood, and adolescence. This combination can contribute to new perspectives for future research and can enhance our knowledge about the development of cognitive functions, particularly about the developmental pathway of mechanisms of attention control.

Even though many stock markets in the world adopted involuntary cross-listing with minimal application procedures, the cross-listing literature has widely ignored this activity. The gap in the literature is critical to U.S. restaurant companies since the number of involuntary cross-listings has significantly increased during the last ten years, despite the corporations' decisions not to cross-list or to change strategies to eliminate cross-listings. Direct communication with those foreign-listed U.S. restaurants reveals that they are unaware of involuntary cross-listing. This research uncovers the phenomenon of U.S. restaurants' involuntary cross-listing with a focus on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, in which a majority of U.S. restaurant shares have cross-listings. Specifically, the current dissertation provides trajectories of U.S. restaurant companies' cross-listing, discovers determinants of involuntary cross-listing that are specific to U.S. restaurant companies, and investigates the consequences of informational asymmetry in the U.S. and Germany, specifically the dynamics of stock prices in the two stock markets. The current dissertation finds that U.S. restaurant companies have widely chosen not to list their shares on foreign exchanges, while many of their shares are subject to involuntary cross-listing on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange by German financial institutions. This study also finds that German financial institutions consider U.S. restaurant companies' sizes, industry growth opportunities, and overall U.S. economic conditions. In addition, the current research finds that U.S. stock prices of U.S. restaurant companies lead the German stock prices of cross-listed U.S. restaurant firms. Empirical findings of this study have valuable theoretical, managerial, and regulatory implications. Theoretically, the research advances understanding of the economic consequences of involuntary cross-listing, to which the cross-listing literature has paid little attention. Specifically, this dissertation provides sharp insights into German financial institutions and German investors involved in the involuntary cross-listing. The current research also confirms the role of information asymmetry and trading volume on the dynamics of stock prices in multiple stock markets. Practically, this study's contribution to U.S. restaurant industry occurs through acknowledgement and evidence of the involuntary cross-listing phenomenon in which more and more U.S. restaurant companies unknowingly engage. The findings also prompt the Frankfurt Stock Exchange to reconsider their policies regarding involuntary cross-listing, and assist U.S. and German investors to understand better the dynamics of stock prices in both countries. / Business Administration/Strategic Management

This investigation utilized data from a previous laboratory-based study to examine the interactive contributions of trait involuntary stress responses (ISRs, e.g., rumination) and perceived familial social support (SS) on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA; as indexed via salivary cortisol) response to acute stress in a sample of 128 adolescent girls ages 12 to 16. Participants completed a modified Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), and physiologic stress response was indexed via six salivary cortisol samples. Dimensions of ISRs and familial social support were entered into regression models to predict total cortisol circulation defined by area under the curve with respect to ground (AUCG; Pruessner et al., 2003) following the TSST. Neither ISRs or SS were associated with cortisol AUCG, nor was there an interactive effect of SS on relationships between ISRs and AUCG. Implications of present results and methodological recommendations for future investigations are discussed. This may be the first investigation to consider the interactive effects of ISRs and social support on adolescent girls' HPA responses. Greater understanding of these factors in this understudied demographic will improve translational science as well as inform risk assessment and intervention development.

Ensamhet är ett stort och komplext samhällsproblem som upplevs i alla åldrar. Trots detta är ämnet tabubelagt och någonting som många inte pratar om. Upplevelsen av ensamhet kan infinna sig både i bristen på fysisk närvaro av andra och i närvaron av andra. Att känna sig ensam i sociala sammanhang kan vara en smärtsam upplevelse och ett av de mest förekommande sociala sammanhangen är med vänner. Därför är synen på vänskap relevant att lyfta i diskussionen om ofrivillig ensamhet. Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att utforska individers upplevelser av ofrivillig ensamhet i vänskapssammanhang. Den inriktar sig på att beskriva olika typer av ensamhet, orsaker till ensamhet, syn på vänskap samt åtgärder mot ensamhet. Studien använder sig av socialpsykologiska teorier om ensamhet, sammanhang och självbild för att tolka respondenternas upplevelser. 10 semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes i Skaraborg med vuxna i åldern 39-59 år om deras upplevelser av ensamhet. Resultatet visar att ensamhet kan upplevas på olika sätt där ensamhet bland andra är den mest upplevda typen av ensamhet. Studien identifierade även att ensamhet orsakas av utanförskap sedan barndomen och att ett stort socialt nätverk var önskvärt för att fylla behoven om socialt umgänge. Den främsta efterfrågade åtgärden mot ensamhet var samhällsinsatser. / Loneliness is a wide and complex societal problem experienced in all ages. Despite this, the subject is taboo and something that many people do not talk about. The experience of loneliness can appear both in the lack of physical presence of others and in the presence of others. Feeling alone in social contexts can be a painful experience and one of the most common social contexts is with friends. Therefore, the view of friendship is relevant in the discussion of involuntary loneliness. The purpose of this qualitative study is to explore individuals' experiences of involuntary loneliness in the context of friendship and focuses on describing different types of loneliness, causes of loneliness, views on friendships and measures of loneliness. The study uses social psychological theories about loneliness, context and self-image to interpret the experiences of the respondents. 10 semi-structured interviews were conducted in Skaraborg with adults aged 39-59 years old about their experiences of loneliness. The result showed that loneliness can be experienced in different ways, where loneliness among others is the most experienced type of loneliness. The study also identified that loneliness is caused by exclusion since childhood and that a large social network was desirable to fulfill the need of social interaction. The main requested measure against loneliness was community interventions.

The theoretical oeuvre of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari often looks to In Search of Lost Time as a work that exemplifies or inspires their concepts. These chapters draw on their work regarding Marcel Proust as a conceptual basis for understanding The Search. Even so, their work on Proust is neither an exhaustive study of his novel nor a totalizing application of their philosophy. As a result, this study focuses on the successive loves of The Search as an element of the novel whose analysis is facilitated by the work of Deleuze and Guattari while not being a topic that they dedicate great focus to. By framing these successive loves in terms of their relationship to writing, to time, and to the positioning of the novel's narrator, we can trace novel connections not just in Proust's work, but also in the conceptual frame that Deleuze and Guattari have constructed in order to facilitate these inquiries.